Teb chaws Europe, nws keeb kwm yog saturated nrog Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Hauv Cologne Cathedral, uas tau xeeb tub thiab tsim ua lub qhov ntxa loj heev ntawm Peb Tus Txiv Neej Txawj Ntse, nws lub thaj neeb tseem ceeb yog khaws cia - lub nkoj ntawm Peb Tus Khawv koob lossis Vaj Ntxwv Dawb Huv. Tab sis yog leej twg yog cov Magi uas nyob sab hnub tuaj, leej twg, raws li txoj moo zoo ntawm Mathais qhia peb, tuaj pe hawm Yexus Khetos?

Muaj ib tug ntsuj plig Russian…

Lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Cologne, lub plawv ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, yog nws lub cim. Raws li txoj cai, lub tuam tsev hu ua Cathedral of Saints Peter thiab Mary thiab yog lub rooj zaum ntawm Archbishop ntawm Cologne. Nws muaj lub tsev teev ntuj loj tshaj plaws façade hauv ntiaj teb. Nws qhov ntev yog 144.5 m, dav yog 86.5 m. Lub tsev teev ntuj no tuaj yeem ua tau ntau dua 20,000 tus neeg tib lub sijhawm. Lub tsev zoo nkauj GOTHIC nthuav dav mus rau saum ntuj nrog nws cov ntxaib yees 157 meters siab. Lawv pom los ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv nroog.

Thawj pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tuam tsev yav tom ntej, zoo kawg li architecture, tau muab tso rau hauv 1248, thiab nyob rau hauv 1322 nws lub thaj tseem ceeb twb muab fij tseg.

Nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, muaj nws lub tsev teev ntuj tseem ceeb - lub nkoj ntawm peb Magicians los yog Vajntxwv Dawb Huv. Lub tsev teev ntuj no nws tus kheej tau tsim thiab tsim raws nraim li lub qhov ntxa loj loj ntawm peb Magi. Xyoo 1164, Reinald von Dassel tau kov yeej lub relics rau Cologne. Tau kaum xyoo, ib qho tshwj xeeb sarcophagus tau tsim rau lawv los ntawm cov nyiaj, kub thiab pob zeb muaj nuj nqis - mob qog noj ntshav ntawm Peb Vaj-Magi, uas yog thawj zaug pom qhov kaj ntawm lub hnub qub ntawm Npelehees thiab coj khoom plig rau tus me nyuam Khetos - ib qho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj muaj nqi tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Lub trapezoidal pem hauv ntej sab ntawm crayfish hauv siab yog tshem tau. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj Tim 6, hnub ua kev zoo siab ntawm peb tus txiv neej txawj ntse, nws raug tshem tawm, thiab cov neeg tuaj saib pom tau peb lub pob txha taub hau, CROWNED WITH GOLDEN CROWNS, khaws cia hauv lub hauv siab tom qab lub lattice.

Kev nyem ntawm cov crayfish qhia txog kev cai raus dej ntawm Yexus, cov Thwj Tim, zaum thib ob los ntawm Tswv Yexus, nrog rau kev qhuas ntawm Magi. Pilgrims los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no tau tuaj rau Cologne mus pe hawm lub reliquary ntawm peb tus txiv neej txawj ntse, thiab emperors tuaj tom qab CORONATION los ua kev txi.

Lub hauv siab yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog 1000 lub pov haum thiab pearls. Ntau tshaj 300 antique gems thiab cameos raug ntsia rau ntawm nws, uas tau suav hais tias yog cov khoom muaj nqis tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsuas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau siv hauv kev tsim khoom.

Los ntawm cov saum toj no, nws yog tseeb hais tias tau ntev lub nkoj ntawm Peb Magicians los yog Vaj Ntxwv Dawb Huv yog ib lub thaj neeb uas txawm emperors mus xyuas. Yog vim li cas, tom ntej no, qhov chaw dawb huv no rau cov ntseeg, yog tias tsis tau hushed, yog qhov ntsiag to kiag li. Puas yog cov neeg nyeem cov ntaub ntawv no puas tau hnov txog qhov kev faus neeg ntawm Magi nyob rau hauv xov xwm lossis hais lus ntawm cov pov thawj hlob?

Secrets ntawm Magi

Cia peb nco txog Txoj Moo Zoo. Mathais hais tias cov Magi tuaj rau Yeluxalees los ntawm sab hnub tuaj, los pe hawm Yexus Khetos yug los. Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum Lavxias hu ua Magi cov neeg txawj ntse. Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm Mark thiab Yauhas qhia peb tsis muaj dab tsi txog Magi. Lukas, tsis yog Magi, qhia txog qee tus tswv yug yaj. Lawv lub npe tsis tau muaj npe.

Thawj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm relics. Tsis muaj 3 leeg nyob hauv lub nkoj, 5. Cov npe hu ua: Baltasar, Melchior, Caspar, Set thiab Felix. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, muaj ob peb artistic reproductions ntawm lub heev zajlus ntawm muab khoom plig rau yug Yexus, nyob rau hauv lub sarcophagus nws tus kheej, ib tug ntawm cov ancient stained iav qhov rais (hnub rov qab mus rau 1320) thiab ob peb lwm qhov chaw. Lwm qhov xav tsis thoob tshwm sim - Magus-poj niam, dhau li ntawd, nws kuj yog poj huab tais, vim tias, zoo li 2 Magi-txiv neej, nws hnav lub kaus mom.

Cov lus nug tshwm sim: yog vim li cas lawv thiaj nkaum ntawm peb tias Magi yog ib tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, ib tug ntawm lawv yog ib tug poj niam, lossis lub thaj neeb no nws yog lwm qhov kev dag ntxias keeb kwm? Ces yog vim li cas nws tseem tsis tau nthuav tawm?

Thawj qhov uas ua rau pom lub qhov muag ntawm ANCIENT stained-iav qhov rais ntawm Cologne Cathedral yog qhov ci ntsa iab Slavic zoo li ib qho ntawm Magi, Tsar Balt, ua rau kev xav tsis thoob. Nws tau hais nyob rau hauv Phau Qub tej lus faj lem ntawm Daniyee, qhov chaw uas nws hu ua Vajntxwv Npanpiloo.

Los ntawm lub npe nws tus kheej - nws yog heev ua tau - tus huab tais Baltic. Lub Baltic Hiav Txwv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm hu ua lub VARYAZH SEA. Archbishop Gregory Konissky sau hauv Keeb Kwm ntawm Rus lossis Me Me Russia: "Cov Slavs sab hnub tuaj hu ua Scythians lossis Scyths. Ib tag hmo (sab qab teb) - Sarmatians thiab Russy / Rusnyak. Northern - Varangians. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus cheeb tsam los ntawm lawv, raws li cov NATIVES, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub Afetovs, raws li Prince Rus, Roksolans thiab Ross, - raws li Prince Mosokh … Muscovites thiab Moschs, uas yog vim li cas tom qab lub nceeg vaj tau txais lub npe. ntawm Moscow, thiab tom qab ntawd Lavxias teb sab … ".

Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm lwm cov neeg paub txog keeb kwm yav dhau los, piv txwv li Mavro Orbini, nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv ltalis (1601) thiab txhais ntawm Peter nyob rau hauv Russia (1722) phau ntawv "Slavic Kingdom". Yog li, Baltic - txhais tau tias SLAVIC TSAR.

Raws li ntau yam kev kawm muaj nyob rau hauv Cologne Cathedral, muaj kev xav zoo txog cov duab ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm uas peb tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe tuaj xyuas lawv cov txheeb ze - Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv thiab tus me nyuam yug los ntawm Tswv Yexus.

Fragment ntawm scene ntawm adoration ntawm Magi-Magi-Vajntxwv ntawm mosaic "Qhov rais ntawm Vaj" nyob rau hauv 1311.

Nws kuj ua rau muaj lus nug tias ob peb puas xyoo dhau los lub nkoj zoo li txawv. Muaj ib daim duab tsis tshua muaj ntawm lub nkoj, ua nyob rau hauv 1671. Qhov no yog ib tug qub engraving depicting cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv lub treasury ntawm lub tsev ntawm Cologne (raws li lub tsev teev ntuj yav tas los hu ua). Nco ntsoov tias nrog rau lub nkoj, lub engraving qhia ntau lwm yam relics, ib co ntawm cov uas tsis tau nthuav tawm hnub no vim qee yam.

Nws paub tias lub nkoj tau rov qab los ob peb zaug. RESTORATION txhais tau hais tias kev kho dua tshiab ntawm cov khoom ploj lossis puas tsuaj los ntawm cov duab kos thiab cov lus piav qhia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv sim rov tsim cov qub qub qub kom raug raws li qhov ua tau, thiaj li tsis cuam tshuam qhov tseeb keeb kwm. Peb cov duab ntawm Magi lub nkoj tuaj yeem muab piv nrog rau ib leeg: 1671, 1781 thiab niaj hnub.

Daim duab ntawm lub nkoj rau xyoo 1671.

Muaj 64 daim duab ntawm sab phab ntsa ntawm lub sarcophagus hauv 1671. Nees nkaum yim loj nyob rau hauv thawj thiab thib peb kab thiab peb caug rau rau ib tug me me nyob rau hauv lub thib ob thiab plaub. Thiab cov no tsis yog ib co pa, abstract duab. Cov no yog cov cim keeb kwm tshwj xeeb. Lawv kuj muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm 1781.

Daim duab ntawm lub nkoj thiab nws cov khoom rau xyoo 1781.

Thiab ntawm no peb tau ntsib nrog qhov tseeb txaus ntshai. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub nkoj niaj hnub no tag nrho cov duab ntawm lub thib ob thiab plaub kab tau ploj mus rau qhov twg. THIRTY SIX duab! Hloov chaw, muaj cov pob zeb kub uas tsis muaj cov ntawv sau nyob rau hauv kab thib ob, thiab cov phiaj kub nrog lub koov hauv kab plaub. Tsis tas li ntawd tsis muaj cov ntawv sau uas nyob rau hauv engraving hauv 1671 thiab hauv daim duab hauv 1781. Lawv muab tso rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm - nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, rov qab nyob rau hauv lub 17th-18th centuries - muaj ib co duab.

Yees duab ntawm lub nkoj hauv peb lub sijhawm

Txoj hmoo ntawm cov duab ploj nyob hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshawb fawb txog cov duab no yog TAG NRHO SILENCE. Vim li cas cov duab coj los ntawm sarcophagus los ntawm ib tug neeg? Tam sim no lawv nyob qhov twg? Cov neeg rov qab los ntawm 18th-20th centuries pom tseeb tau ntawm lawv cov duab qub pov tseg ntawm 1671 thiab 1781, qhia meej meej tias muaj qee qhov 36 ntxiv duab ntawm lub nkoj. Txij li tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas tau ua tiav, qhov kev ua xyem xyav tshwm sim tias cov duab muaj feem cuam tshuam tsis raug xwm txheej. Tias lawv khaws qee yam ntaub ntawv keeb kwm uas lawv tau npog.

Tab sis nws muaj peev xwm kwv yees txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhob txwm poob cov ntaub ntawv, yog tias peb txheeb xyuas qhov seem. Nyob rau hauv cov dluab nyob rau hauv lub cathedral, nplooj siab rau lub ntsiab ntawm kev pe hawm tus nkauj xwb thiab tus me nyuam, piv txwv li, muaj ib daim duab nrog cov inscriptions "Otto". Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm ntau tus huab tais ntawm Dawb Huv Roman faj tim teb chaws ntawm German lub teb chaws ntawm X-XIII centuries AD. Ua ntej cov keeb kwm keeb kwm tam sim no ntawm Scaliger-Petavius, uas tau tsim ntau pua xyoo tom qab, ntau cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev yug los ntawm Yexus Khetos nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Yog li ntawd, lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug cim los ntawm tib lub sij hawm keeb kwm yog heev ua tau.

Lo lus nug yog tias cov Magi thiab Theotokos, thiab hauv qee cov duab tus menyuam yaus Yexus, muaj CROWNS ntawm lawv lub taub hau, thiab tus EMPEROR Otto - TSIS TAU. Nws tuaj yeem xaus lus tias nyob rau hauv cov hierarchy uas twb muaj lawm, nws tau qis dua hauv STATUS. Qhov no puas yog thiab puas muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm qhov no?

Kingdom of Presbyter John

Ntau cov ntaub ntawv MEDIEVAL Western European qhia txog kev muaj nyob hauv thaj av deb, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, ntawm lub nceeg vaj Christian loj thiab muaj zog, kav los ntawm huab tais muaj hwj chim, Presbyter (lub taub hau ntawm ob qho kev ntseeg thiab lub xeev lub hwj chim) John. Niaj hnub nimno historians, ib txwm, xav txog cov ntaub ntawv no yog "myth", "legend", "fairy tale" ntawm erring Europeans. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau cov "lus dab neeg" no ua tim khawv rau qhov kev nplua nuj zoo heev thiab kev nom kev tswv tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub nceeg vaj "mythical", coj los ntawm "zoo heev" Christian huab tais hla lub xeev tiag tiag ntawm sab hnub poob.

Hauv phau ntawv los ntawm J. K. Wright "Kev sawv cev ntawm thaj chaw nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Crusades" - tus sau tau sau cov ntaub ntawv dav dav ntawm kev paub hauv thaj chaw no ntawm Tebchaws Europe ntawm XII-XIV centuries. Nws sau hais tias: ".. Txawm tias tag nrho nws qhov kev ua yuam kev (" legends " - tus sau), qhov kev ntseeg no tau nyob ntev ntev thiab tau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw txoj kev xav ntawm cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab lig thiab nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tom qab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb."

Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws sau ntawv txuas ntxiv cov lus hauv qab no hais txog "cov ntawv tseeb medieval": "Cov lus piav qhia ntxaws tshaj plaws ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm Presbyter John muaj nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv, raws li qee cov ntawv sau rau ntawm Byzantine huab tais Manuel (Comnenus), raws li lwm tus - rau lub Roman huab tais Frederick, raws li qhov thib peb - rau Pope. Hauv tsab ntawv no, cov ntawv sau ntxov tshaj plaws uas tau sau hnub tsis pub dhau 1177, Yauhas tshaj tawm tias hauv kev nplua nuj thiab lub hwj chim nws tshaj tag nrho cov vajntxwv hauv ntiaj teb. Peb Indies thiab lub ntxa ntawm St. Thomas nyob rau hauv nws txoj cai. Nws lub nceeg vaj nthuav dav thoob tebchaws Npanpiloos mus txog rau lub Tuam Tsev Npanpiloo, thiab muaj 72 lub xeev, txhua tus kav los ntawm vajntxwv. Nws yuav siv sijhawm plaub lub hlis los hla nws thaj chaw hauv ib qho kev taw qhia …”.

Nrog rau qhov loj thiab lub zog ntawm lub nceeg vaj super, yog li ntawd, txhua yam yog qhov tseeb. Nws txoj kev nom kev tswv zoo dua los ntawm dab tsi? Yog, tsawg kawg los ntawm cov ntawv sau saum toj no ntawm John. Piv txwv li, ib tsab ntawv mus rau tus huab tais Manuel: "Presbyter John, los ntawm lub omnipotence ntawm Vajtswv thiab txoj cai ntawm peb tus Tswv Yexus Khetos, tus huab tais ntawm huab tais, lub hwj chim ntawm overlords, thov kom nws tus phooj ywg Manuel, Prince of Constantinople, noj qab nyob zoo thiab kev vam meej."

Adoration ntawm Presbyter John ntawm European "cov vaj ntxwv"

Xws li kev khav theeb ntawm "mythical" presbyter rau tus huab tais Byzantine tiag tiag tsis tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg keeb kwm niaj hnub xav tsis thoob. Piv txwv li, L. N. Gumilyov chim siab txog qhov no: "Qhov kev thov no ib leeg tuaj yeem ceeb toom rau tus nyeem ntawv, txawm tias muaj peev xwm thuam me ntsis, John hu nws lub vassals tsars, thiab tus huab tais huab tais Manuel Komnenus - tus huab tais ntawm Constantinople. Xws li kev saib tsis taus pom tseeb, thiab tsis yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib yam dab tsi, yuav tsum tsis ua rau kev sib koom tes thiab kev phooj ywg, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev sib tawg ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Tab sis … nyob rau hauv lub Catholic West (qhov chaw nyob - tus sau) twb perceived li ib yam dab tsi implied … ".

Nws paub tias Roman Emperor Frederick John nthuav tawm lub pob zeb, uas (raws li kev kwv yees kwv yees - tus sau) yog kim tshaj nws lub teb chaws Ottoman. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau muab Frederick lub luag haujlwm ntawm seneschal (los ntawm Lat. Senex thiab Old German. Scalc - tus tub qhe laus - nyob hauv Europe yog ib lub tsev hais plaub siab tshaj plaws hauv X-XII centuries) ntawm nws lub tsev hais plaub. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev thov no, tab sis txaus siab heev rau nws.

Hauv txhua lub hnub nyoog, cov neeg dag ntxias tau raug cuam tshuam sai thiab ua phem heev. Cov ntawv dab neeg thiab cov ntaub ntawv, tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua txhaum cai ntawm lub xeev lub hwj chim tsis raug khaws cia rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, tsuas yog cov lus tim khawv ntawm kev tua neeg ua phem hauv lub xeev. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum saib cov ntaub ntawv Western European thiab cov pov thawj nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv kiag li.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov ua tau, tsim nyog, txuas lub nceeg vaj ntawm Presbyter John nrog keeb kwm Lavxias. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog xws li lub teb chaws Christian loj nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau bypass peb Fatherland nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws. Thiab kev tshawb nrhiav hauv qhov kev taw qhia no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Thiab tsis tsuas yog vim nws tsuas yog tsis muaj qhov chaw tso nws txawv ntawm nws qhov loj.

Nyeem kuj: Slavic artifacts nyob teb chaws Europe

Thaum qhov kev ntshai ntawm Russia tshwm sim

Cov keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Europeans 'kev ntshai ntawm Russians tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab. Thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm Western keeb kwm qhov chaw tuaj yeem raug hu ua ceev faj twb mus rau medieval Russia. Sigismund Herberstein, piv txwv li, uas tau sau nws Cov Lus Cim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, tau hais ntau txog "kev tsis txaus ntseeg" ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Tab sis nws yog suav hais tias yog ib tug Russophile ntawm medieval txawv teb chaws sau ntawv.

Tus cwj pwm no ntau dua li coj txawv txawv, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm nws ntseeg tau hais tias Russia ua ntej Peter lub Great yog ib tug kaw "bearish" ces kaum. Nws tuaj qhov twg los ntawm qhov ntawd thiab tseem muaj kev ntshai ntawm cov tsoos: "Cov Russians tuaj!" Thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tsis txaus ntseeg ua pov thawj tias qhov kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia, thoob plaws lub sijhawm ntawm nws keeb kwm, tseem ntshai.

Qhov tseeb tias Orthodoxy yog lub xeev kev ntseeg tseem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab txawm tias khaus. Lub npe ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm sab hnub tuaj, koom ua ke ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab lub hwj chim, yog Caliph lossis hauv daim ntawv ntawm Caliph. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv txawm ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. muaj cov lus hais tias: "Lawv hwm Pope li peb ua Caliph." Kuj tseem muaj tus cwj pwm tiag tiag hauv peb zaj dab neeg - Ivan Kalita. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, lo lus thib ob tom qab lub npe raug txhais ua lub npe menyuam yaus (lub hnab nyiaj, hnab nyiaj). Tab sis hauv kev sau ntawv qub, cov ntawv T thiab F zoo ib yam. Yog li tsis yog qhov laj thawj zoo rau tsuas yog suav nws ua pov thawj-tus thawj coj?

Hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm Mongol khas, lawv kuj xa mus rau European huab tais ua lawv cov vassals (rau Emperor Frederick II, piv txwv li, lossis King Louis IX). Tus neeg nyeem siab ntev yuav nug tiag tiag - YUAV UA LI CAS RAU COV MONGOLS muaj rau RUSSIANS, tshwj tsis yog "Horde yoke"?

Hauv "Annals ntawm Burton Monastery" ntawm XIII xyoo pua. (England), piv txwv li, cov ntaub ntawv tau muab hais tias Genghis Khan raug hu ua ntau qhov chaw nyob sab Europe: Presbyter John, David, Caesar thiab ntau lwm tus. Medieval Russia yog yooj yim txuas nrog cov Tatar-Mongols. Yuav ua li cas cov nom tswv Lavxias teb sab thaum ub? Cov huab tais loj, raws li phau ntawv qhia peb.

Peb qhib cov ntawv qub Lavxias teb sab "Lo lus ntawm Txoj Cai thiab Kev Hlwb" ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab Metropolitan Hilarion thiab, nrog kev xav tsis thoob, peb kawm tias nws hu ua Vladimir - KAGAN. Academician B. A. Rybakov nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Rus" sau hais tias lub Byzantine tsar (Caesar) hloov lub sab hnub tuaj title ntawm lub Grand Dukes "Kagan". Kagan, khan, khan tsuas yog daim ntawv qub qub ntawm "Khan". L. N. Gumilyov tau sau tias: "Khanami yog cov thawj coj ntawm Avars, Bulgarians, Hungarians thiab txawm tias Russians: lub npe no tau tuav los ntawm Saint Vladimir, Yaroslav the Wise thiab nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv, Oleg Svyatoslavovich. Nyob rau lub npib ntawm Dmitry Donskoy, uas kuj muaj ib sab nrog "Arabic" ntawv, nws yog teev raws li Toktamysh Khan.

Raws li cov keeb kwm tam sim no, Russia tau pov tawm ntawm Tatar-Mongol "yoke" nyob rau hauv 1480. Ces yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv 1754 "Ie Carte de l" Asie, tag nrho cov thoob lub teb chaws ntawm peb lub teb chaws mus rau lub hiav txwv Pacific, suav nrog. Mongolia, Far East hauv cov tsiaj ntawv loj "Grande Tartarie" (Great Tartary) thiab peb zaug me me "Emperie Russinne"?..

Thiab qhov no tsis yog tib qho kev xaiv uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm kev ua yuam kev lossis tsis paub ntawv ntawm cov tshaj tawm. Nyob rau lwm daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. - tib daim duab. Yog li, puas yog nws tsis yog ze li ntawm 3 centuries rau cov neeg European los hloov kho lub npe ntawm lub teb chaws loj? Tab sis dua li "Zoo heev", lwm cov Tatars kuj tau muab cim rau hauv daim duab qhia chaw: Moscow, nyob rau thaj tsam ntau tshaj li cov xeev ntawm Western Europe, suav nrog ib feem ntawm Siberia; Kev ywj pheej; Suav, ntes ib feem ntawm tam sim no, suav nrog Tibet; Me me - Crimea, sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Ukraine hnub no.

"Boorish", nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm enlightened historians, cov lus los ntawm ib tug huab tais mus rau lwm tus, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv lawv, zoo li cov Mongol rulers, lawv hais rau cov European vajntxwv raws li lawv vassals" kuj paub los ntawm cov nom Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Lawv nyob rau hauv lub sovereigns ntawm Moscow. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv los ntawm Ivan the Terrible rau Askiv poj huab tais Elizabeth I. Nws tau nqis los rau peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv thawj.

Yog li ntawd, peb muaj qhov laj thawj zoo los nrhiav qhov laj thawj rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb, pom meej meej ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm lub thaj neeb ntawm KOLN HOUSE, qhov tseeb tias cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau VASSALS ntawm RUSSIAN STATE tau ntev.

Nyeem kuj: Lus tim khawv ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe