Qhov cuav historian Karamzin. Ntu 3

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 6, Karamzin sau rau nws tus tij laug Vasily Mikhailovich: "Kuv xav ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, hauv keeb kwm Lavxias, txhawm rau tawm hauv qhov tsis zoo rau kuv lub tebchaws." Karamzin tsuas yog mob siab txog kev qhuas nws lub npe.

Nyob rau hauv lub preface rau "History" Karamzin sau: "Thiab fictions yog qab ntxiag. Tab sis rau tag nrho cov Library yuav tsum dag lawv tus kheej thiab xav tias lawv yog qhov tseeb" - ib kab lus uas piav qhia txhua yam.

Txhawm rau rov ua cov caj ces ntawm lawv lub tebchaws, rov qab kho cov duab ntawm cov xwm txheej dhau los ntev dhau los yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm thiab pej xeem. Tab sis Karamzin tsis tau kawm txog qhov nws pom hauv cov peev txheej, tab sis nrhiav hauv qhov chaw, nws xav qhia dab tsi, thiab yog tias nws tsis pom qhov no, ces nws tsuas yog "ua tiav" qhov tsim nyog … " Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv"- tsis yog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis kev ua nom ua tswv. Mikhail Efimov hauv nws txoj haujlwm" Karamzinskaya yog absurd "sau:" Cia peb pib nrog qhov twg lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau "History" tshwm sim. Thaum pib ntawm kev ua phem loj ntawm Fabkis Revolution ntawm 1789-92. Karamzin pom nws tus kheej hauv Western Europe. … "Yog hais tias muab kev pab yuav tseg kuv, yog hais tias ib yam dab tsi phem tshaj kev tuag, uas yog, raug ntes, tsis tshwm sim, kuv yuav kam nrog keeb kwm." "Lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab kuj tau nthuav dav ua tsaug rau qhov zoo li cov lus pov thawj zoo li cov ntawv sau ntawm Andrei Kurbsky (tus neeg tawm tsam thiab tus neeg ntxeev siab - thawj tus neeg tawm tsam Lavxias)), thiab Palitsin thiab cov lus tim khawv ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws paub. Feem ntau cov cim tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb, tab sis sib txawv ntawm ib sab, kev xav, thiab qee zaum nrog kev xav pom tseeb, qee zaum ua rau Russophobia. Yog li, Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yog sau rau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv saturated nrog tsis nyiam thiab feem ntau kev ntxub ntxaug rau txhua yam Lavxias teb sab.

Karamzin yeej tsis kho Lavxias teb sab qub txeeg qub teg thiab lub thaj neeb nrog kev hwm: "Qee lub sij hawm kuv xav tias qhov twg yuav muaj ib tug gulbisch tsim nyog lub peev, thiab kuv tsis pom dab tsi zoo dua nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej ntawm lub Moskva River ntawm lub pob zeb thiab ntoo choj, yog hais tias nws yog. muaj peev xwm ua txhaum lub Kremlin phab ntsa muaj … Kremlin phab ntsa tsis nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog lom zem rau lub qhov muag. " Nws cov npoj yaig hauv lub txaj Novikov, tus kws kes duab vajtse V. I. Bazhenov pib ua cov kauj ruam ua tau zoo rau kev ua raws li qhov kev npaj ua tsis ncaj ncees no: Kremlin phab ntsa thiab cov yees nyob ntawm Moskva River raug rhuav tshem, thiab tsuas yog tsab cai ntawm Catherine II ntawm kev tshem tawm Bazhenov ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov tuam tsev tsim vaj tsev tiv thaiv lawv. los ntawm kev ua tiav qhov lawv xav tau.

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 8, 1818 Artsybashev, hauv tsab ntawv mus rau DI Yazykov, qhia nws qhov kev xav ntawm kev paub nrog Karamzin phau ntawv: "Hnub peb tau txais Keeb Kwm Karamzin, txiav nws cov nplooj ntawv mob siab rau thiab pib nyeem nws nrog kev mloog. rau kuv ob lub qhov muag? Nws-nws, Kuv tseem tsis ntseeg kuv tus kheej - kev sib xyaw dab tuag ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg, tsis muaj pov thawj, tsis muaj kev ntxub ntxaug, kev hais lus thiab kev xav ruam tshaj plaws! koj tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab zaj dab neeg ntev tos! thiab kev nplij siab!.. Cov neeg txawj ntse yuav xav li cas rau peb thaum nyeem nrog kev thuam?Los ntawm txoj kev tshav ntuj ntawm tus qub tsev qub, leej twg, zaum saum lub qhov cub, tsoo cov kab laum thiab nrov hais lus dag thiab peb cov dab neeg. Kuv lub siab los ntshav. thaum kuv xav txog nws." Artsybyshev piav qhia nws "Notes" yooj yim thiab meej: nws tau qhia lub ntim thiab nplooj ntawv ntawm "History", hais txog ib qho kev tsocai los ntawm lub ntsiab lus Karamzin, muab piv nrog cov ntawv ntawm Karamzin's "Notes", hais cov peev txheej luam tawm thaum lub sijhawm ntawd thiab kos. Cov lus xaus: ntawm no Karamzin fantasizes, ntawm no distorts cov ntawv nyeem, nyob twj ywm ntawm no,ntawm no nws hais raws li precisely tsim uas yuav tsuas yog assumed, ntawm no xws li thiab xws li cov ntaub ntawv yuav muab txhais nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv txoj kev. N. S. Artsybashev sau tias Karamzin muaj "qee zaum teeb tsa tus lej txhua xyoo kom muaj hmoo." Nikolai Sergeevich sau tseg thiab kho ntau qhov yuam kev hauv tus kws sau keeb kwm: "nws zoo nkauj heev, tab sis tsuas yog tsis ncaj ncees", "peb cia li xav tsis thoob rau Mr. historiographer tias nws tsis nco ntxiv ntawm no los ntawm nws tus kheej", "Mr. historiographer muaj. yog li splendidly spoiled cov lus ntawm cov npe haratic. " "Tsis tas yuav fantasize!" - xws li yog nws thov rau Karamzin.

VP Kozlov sau hais tias: "Rau tus cwj pwm ntawm Karamzin cov ntawv nyeem cov tswv yim hauv Cov Lus Cim, kev tso tawm hauv cov ntawv luam tawm yog qhov txaus siab. Karamzin los ua ib hom kev sau ntawv: muab prepositions, pronouns, archaize lossis modernize cov ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab txawm qhia nws tus kheej ntxiv rau hauv lawv (qee zaum tsis muaj kev tshwj tseg) Yog li ntawd, qee zaum tshiab kiag li, tsis muaj cov ntawv nyeem tau tshwm sim hauv Sau ntawv." Yog li, raws li M. T. Kachenovsky, piav qhia los ntawm N. M. Karamzin's adventures, Marina Mnishek's "tuaj yeem lom zem heev nyob rau hauv ib qho tshiab, zoo li bearable hauv biography," tab sis tsis haum rau Keeb Kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab State. Cov phooj ywg ntawm Karamzin reacted tam sim ntawd: lawv tshaj tawm Kachenovsky "kev coj ncaj ncees tiv thaiv" ntawm Tsar Ivan lub txaus ntshai. Ib zaj dab neeg…

Karamzin txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm contemporaries thiab txawm ib co historians hais lus phem tawm los ntawm German adventurers Taube thiab Kruse, hais tias ib tug ntawm cov poj niam ntawm Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich - Martha Vasilyevna Sobakina, tus ntxhais ntawm Kolomna boyar tus tub - raug liam tias yog ib tug ntxhais ntawm ib tug poj niam. yooj yim Novgorod tub lag luam. "… Nws zoo li coj txawv txawv," sau FV Bulgarin, "thaum Margeret, Petrei, Ber, Paerle, ntau tus kws sau ntawv Polish thiab cov ntawv tseeb tau hais tawm tsis raug cai, txhawb kev xav ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm, tsis muaj pov thawj vim li cas, hauv ib qho. rooj plaub, lawv yuav tsum tau ntseeg, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam - tsis txhob ntseeg."

Ustryalov hais tias "Ua ntej kev tshaj tawm ntawm Volume IX ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab State," peb lees paub Yauhas ua tus huab tais loj: lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv nws tus conqueror ntawm peb lub nceeg vaj thiab ib tug txawm ntse, patronizing legislator. Karamzin, txawm li cas los xij, piav txog Yauhas ua tus saib xyuas thiab tus neeg ntxeev siab: “Yauhas thiab nws tus tub raug txiav txim raws li qhov no: txhua hnub lawv tau nthuav tawm lawv ntawm tsib puas mus rau ib txhiab Novgorodians; lawv ntaus lawv, tsim txom lawv, hlawv lawv nrog qee yam. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, khi lawv nrog lawv lub taub hau los yog ko taw mus rau ib tug sleigh, rub lawv mus rau lub Volkhov bank, qhov twg tus dej no tsis khov nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, thiab tag nrho cov tsev neeg raug pov los ntawm tus choj mus rau hauv dej, cov poj niam nrog cov txiv, leej niam nrog cov me nyuam mos. Cov kev tua neeg no tau siv sijhawm tsib lub lis piam thiab suav nrog kev ua tub sab. " Qee qhov kev tua neeg, tua neeg, hlawv cov neeg raug kaw, kev txiav txim kom rhuav tshem tus ntxhw uas tsis kam txhos caug ntawm tus huab tais … "Kuv piav txog Ivashka qhov kev phem" - qhov no yog li cas Karamzin tau sau ntawv rau cov phooj ywg txog nws txoj haujlwm. Nws yog tus cwj pwm no uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws: "… Tej zaum cov censors yuav tsis tso cai rau kuv, piv txwv li, hais lus ywj pheej txog kev lim hiam ntawm Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, dab tsi yuav yog keeb kwm?" Rov qab rau xyoo 1811, Karamzin tau sau ntawv rau Dmitriev: "Kuv ua haujlwm hnyav thiab kuv tab tom npaj piav qhia txog lub sijhawm ntawm Ivan Vasilyevich! Qhov no tsuas yog ib qho kev kawm keeb kwm! Txog tam sim no, kuv tsuas yog cunning thiab txawj ntse, extricating kuv tus kheej los ntawm kev nyuaj … ". Ntau npaum li cas kev ntxub ntxaug thiab thuam rau Lavxias teb sab Tsar. Karamzin txhob txwm distors keeb kwm ntawm lub reign ntawm John IV, txij li thaum nws yog tus yeeb ncuab tiag tiag ntawm txhua yam Lavxias teb sab.

Tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "xim" nws piav qhia txog dab neeg ntawm kev tua neeg ntawm Ivan IV ntawm nws tus tub. Ib zaug ntxiv, tsis txhob noj mus rau hauv tus account lub keeb kwm, uas tsuas yog hais txog qhov tseeb ntawm kev tuag: "… Repose Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich ntawm tag nrho cov Russia … " thiab tsis muaj dab tsi txog kev tua neeg. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov annals tsuas muaj lo lus "repose", "repose" … Thiab tam sim no tsis muaj ib lo lus hais txog kev tua neeg! Tus txivneej Fab Kis teb Jacob Margeret, uas tau ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia txog 20 xyoo, rov qab los rau Fabkis thiab sau nws cov ntawv sau tseg: “Ib txhia ntseeg tias tsar tua nws tus tub, qhov tseeb, qhov no tsis yog li ntawd, tus tub tuag thaum mus ncig ua si los ntawm kev mob nkeeg.." Tab sis Karamzin tsuas yog them nyiaj rau kev tawm tsam txawv teb chaws thiab cov qauv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg neeg tawm tsam Moscow, rau leej twg txawm tias hnub tuag tsis coincide nrog hnub tiag. Thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, irrefutable pov thawj tau tshwm sim hais tias ob tug huab tais thiab tsar raug tshuaj lom. Thaum ntxov 60s, lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tsar Ivan, Tsarevich Ivan tau qhib thiab pom tias lawv cov pob txha muaj ntau cov mercury thiab arsenic, cov tshuaj lom yog 32 lub sij hawm siab tshaj qhov siab tshaj plaws kev cai. Thiab qhov no ua pov thawj qhov tseeb ntawm kev lom. Ib txhia, ntawm chav kawm, hais (piv txwv li, tus xibfwb ntawm cov tshuaj Maslov) hais tias John muaj mob syphilis thiab tau kho nrog mercury, tab sis tsis muaj ib tug kab mob nyob rau hauv cov pob txha. Ntxiv mus, lub taub hau ntawm Kremlin Tsev khaws puav pheej, Panova, hais txog ib lub rooj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias John niam thiab nws thawj tus poj niam, feem ntau ntawm cov me nyuam, xws li Tsarevich Ivan thiab Tsar Fyodor, Tsar tus tub thib ob, tag nrho cov tshuaj lom, txij li thaum. cov seem muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj lom … Qhov no yog li ntawd, rau siv.

Tus kws sau keeb kwm Skrynnikov, uas tau mob siab rau ntau xyoo rau kev kawm txog lub sijhawm ntawm Ivan IV, ua pov thawj tias nyob rau hauv lub tsar nyob rau hauv Russia muaj "kev ntshai loj heev" tau ua, thaum lub sijhawm muaj txog 3-4 txhiab tus neeg raug tua. Thiab cov vaj ntxwv Spanish Charles V thiab Philip II, Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Askiv Henry VIII thiab Fab Kis tus huab tais Charles IX tau tua ntau pua txhiab tus neeg nyob rau hauv qhov phem tshaj plaws. Los ntawm 1547 txog 1584, nyob rau hauv Netherlands ib leeg, nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Charles V thiab Philip II, "tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom … mus txog 100 txhiab." Ntawm cov no, "28,540 tus neeg raug hlawv ciaj sia." Hauv Henry VIII's England, 72 txhiab tus vagants thiab neeg thov khawv tau raug dai rau "vagrancy" raws txoj kev loj ib leeg." Hauv tebchaws Yelemes, thaum cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tawm tsam ntawm 1525 raug tua, ntau dua 100,000 tus neeg raug tua. Thiab tseem, oddly txaus, Ivan "qhov txaus ntshai" tshwm raws li ib tug incomparable, tshwj xeeb tyrant thiab executioner.

Thiab tsis tau, nyob rau hauv 1580, lub tsar tau ua lwm yam uas ua rau kom kev noj qab haus huv ntawm German kev sib haum xeeb. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Pomeranian Xibhwb Oderborn piav txog cov xwm txheej no hauv cov xim tsaus thiab ntshav: huab tais, ob leeg ntawm nws cov tub, oprichniks, tag nrho cov khaub ncaws dub, tawg mus rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb pw tsaug zog thaum ib tag hmo, tua cov neeg dawb huv, raped poj niam, txiav lawv tus nplaig., rub tawm rau tes, pierced neeg dawb nrog liab-kub hmuv, lawv hlawv, poob dej thiab plundered. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau keeb kwm Walishevsky ntseeg tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus xibhwb Lutheran yog qhov tsis ntseeg tiag. Oderborn sau nws "ua hauj lwm" nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab tsis yog ib tug tim khawv rau cov xwm txheej, tab sis nws muaj ib tug pronounced tsis nyiam rau John vim hais tias tus tsar tsis xav txhawb cov Protestants nyob rau hauv lawv tawm tsam Catholic Rome. Tus txiv neej Fabkis txoj Jacques Margeret piav txog qhov xwm txheej no nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv: "Cov Livonians, uas raug ntes thiab coj mus rau Moscow, tshaj tawm txoj kev ntseeg Lutheran, tau txais ob lub tsev teev ntuj hauv nroog Moscow, xa cov kev pabcuam pej xeem rau ntawd; tab sis thaum kawg, vim lawv txoj kev khav theeb thiab tej tuam tsev uas hais tias tsis muaj nuj nqis … raug rhuav tshem thiab tag nrho lawv lub tsev raug rhais chaw, thiab lawv cov khaub ncaws zoo nkauj heev uas lawv txhua tus tuaj yeem yuam kev rau cov thawj coj thiab cov ntxhais huabtais … Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb lawv tau muab. txoj cai muag vodka, zib ntab thiab lwm yam dej qab zib, uas lawv ua tsis tau 10%, tab sis ib puas, uas zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tseeb ".

Cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws yog muab los ntawm tus tub lag luam German los ntawm lub nroog Lubeck, tsis yog ib tus neeg ua pov thawj xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib tus neeg koom nrog cov xwm txheej. Nws tshaj tawm tias txawm tias qhov kev txiav txim tsuas yog txhawm rau txeeb cov khoom, cov neeg ua txhaum tseem siv nplawm, yog li nws tau txais thiab. Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li Margeret, tus tub lag luam tsis hais txog kev tua neeg, rape, lossis tsim txom. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov txhaum ntawm Livonians, leej twg poob lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab cov txiaj ntsig ib hmos? German Heinrich Staden, uas tsis muaj kev hlub rau Russia, tshaj tawm tias cov Russians raug txwv tsis pub ua lag luam hauv vodka, thiab qhov kev lag luam no suav tias yog kev txaj muag loj ntawm lawv, thaum tsar tso cai rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws khaws lub tsev noj mov hauv lub tshav puam ntawm nws lub tsev thiab kev lag luam. nyob rau hauv cawv, txij li thaum "cov tub rog txawv teb chaws yog Poles, Germans, Lithuanians … los ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej lawv nyiam haus." Cov kab lus no tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog cov lus ntawm Jesuit thiab ib tug tswv cuab ntawm papal Embassy Paolo Kompani: "Txoj cai txwv tsis pub muag vodka rau pej xeem hauv taverns, vim qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev sib kis ntawm kev qaug cawv." Yog li, nws pom tseeb tias cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Livonian, tau txais txoj cai los tsim thiab muag vodka rau lawv cov neeg nyob hauv, tau tsim txom lawv cov cai thiab "pib ua rau cov neeg Lavxias tsis ncaj ncees hauv lawv cov taverns." Michalon Litvin tau sau tias "hauv Muscovy tsis muaj shanks nyob qhov twg, thiab yog hais tias tsawg kawg ib tee dej caw pom nrog ib co tswv tsev, ces nws tag nrho lub tsev puas lawm, cov cuab yeej cuab tam raug txeeb, cov tub qhe thiab cov neeg zej zog nyob rau tib txoj kev raug txim., thiab tus tswv nws tus kheej raug kaw mus ib txhis rau hauv tsev lojcuj … Txij li thaum cov Muscovites tsis txhob qaug dej qaug cawv, lawv lub nroog muaj ntau cov neeg ua haujlwm rau siab rau hauv ntau pawg neeg, leej twg, xa peb cov tais ntoo … Saddles, hmuv, hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab ntau yam riam phom, nyiag peb. kub."

Yog li qhov no yog Ivan IV qhov txhaum. Yog li ntawd rau leej twg yog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab State sau? Ntxiv mus, Karamzin tus Peter kuv yog yuav luag ib tug neeg dawb huv, dua, rau leej twg? Rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws, yog. Tab sis rau lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab thiab cov neeg Lavxias teb sab - los ntawm tsis muaj txhais tau tias … Nyob rau hauv Peter, txhua yam Lavxias teb sab raug puas tsuaj thiab alien qhov tseem ceeb tau implanted. Qhov no tsuas yog lub sijhawm thaum lub teb chaws Ottoman cov pejxeem poob qis. Russia raug yuam kom haus thiab haus luam yeeb, chais plaub hau, hnav wigs thiab tsis xis nyob German khaub ncaws. Nws ntseeg hais tias txog 200,000 tus neeg tuag thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm St. Thiab hais tias Peter kuj tua nws tus tub - tsis suav? Vim li cas cov cai no? Rau dab tsi? Cov lus teb yog qhov tseeb.

Nov yog qhov uas Karamzin sau: "Tus huab tais tau tshaj tawm ua tsov rog rau peb cov kev lis kev cai qub, thawj zaug, vim lawv hais lus phem, tsis tsim nyog ntawm lawv lub hnub nyoog; qhov thib ob, thiab vim lawv tiv thaiv kev qhia lwm yam, tseem ceeb dua thiab tseem ceeb tshaj xov xwm txawv teb chaws. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog. Yog li hais, tig lub taub hau ntawm inveterate Lavxias teb sab tawv ncauj kom peb hloov tau, muaj peev xwm kawm thiab saws. Cov Germans, Fabkis, cov British tau ua ntej ntawm Russians rau tsawg kawg yog rau centuries; Peter tsiv peb nrog nws. txhais tes muaj zog, thiab nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos peb yuav luag ntes tau nrog lawv Peb tsis zoo li peb cov poj koob yawm txwv shabby: ntau qhov zoo dua! Sab nrauv thiab sab hauv rudeness, ignorance, idleness, dhuav yog lawv feem nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws lub xeev - tag nrho cov kev mus rau lub refinement. Yog vim li cas thiab kev zoo siab ntawm sab ntsuj plig qhib rau peb, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov neeg, tsis yog Slavs, dab tsi yog qhov zoo rau cov neeg, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua phem rau cov neeg Lavxias, thiab cov British lossis Germans tau tsim rau cov txiaj ntsig, txiaj ntsig ntawm txiv neej, nws yog kuv, vim kuv yog tib neeg. ua dexter! Tab sis kev siv zog npaum li cas nws raug nqi huab tais kom kov yeej peb txoj kev tawv ncauj ntawm kev tsis paub! Yog li ntawd, cov Russians tsis raug pov tseg, tsis npaj txhij mus kawm ntawv. Peb ua tsaug rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws rau lawv txoj kev nkag siab, rau ntau lub tswv yim ntse thiab kev xav zoo siab uas tsis paub txog peb cov poj koob yawm txwv ua ntej lawv txuas nrog lwm thaj av nyob sab Europe. Da dej cov qhua nrog kev hlub, peb nyiam ua pov thawj rau lawv tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis tshua muaj qis dua rau cov kws qhia ntawv hauv kev ua neej nyob thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog tib neeg. "Qhov ntawd yog tag nrho zaj dab neeg. Koj tsis tas yuav tawm tswv yim …

Thiab qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm qhov project kom deprive peb cov neeg ntawm keeb kwm nco. Yuav ua li cas cov yeeb ncuab xav kom peb, saib keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws, kom txaj muag ntawm lawv ntawm peb cov hauv paus hniav. Lawv xav kom peb paub tseeb tias cov tsars Lavxias teb sab zoo li cov neeg vwm uas ua rau pej xeem tua neeg, thiab cov neeg Lavxias tau saib nws nrog kev hlub thiab kev ntshai. Marasmus…

Txhua tus neeg Lavxias tuaj yeem nug nws tus kheej, puas yog qhov no tiag tiag? Thiab sim seb nws tawm. Nws tus kheej, tsis yog "ib tug"! Lawv twb ua li no rau peb, thiab ntau tshaj ib zaug. Txaus, nws yog lub sijhawm los pib xav thiab paub txog koj cov hauv paus hniav, thiab tom qab paub txog, mus rau pem hauv ntej nrog koj lub taub hau tuav siab! Peb tsim nyog nws! Txhua haiv neeg nyob hauv peb lub teb chaws yog tsim nyog, vim peb yog ib leeg rau nws. Peb txhua tus yog nws cov menyuam. Thiab tsuas yog ua ke peb yuav muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv nws thiab xa rov qab nws Great yav dhau los. Tom qab paub txog nws txoj kev sib koom siab, txhua tus yeeb ncuab tsis tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, cia peb nkag siab qhov no, thaum kawg, thiab tsis txhob ua rau lub cim xeeb ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv!

Cov ntaub ntawv (sources):

D. Nefedov "Historical detective. Simbirsk masons thiab dab ntawm lub kiv puag ncig"

E. I. Sturgeon "Peb lub neej ntawm Karamzin"

V. P. Kozlov "Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab State" N. M. Karamzin nyob rau hauv kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm nws contemporaries

E. K. Bespalova, E. K. Rykova "Simbirsk xeem ntawm lub Turgenevs"

R. Epperson "Lub Invisible Tes. Ib qho Kev Taw Qhia rau Kev Koom Tes Saib ntawm Keeb Kwm"

A. Romanov "Tus thawj historian thiab lub xeem chronicler"

M. Efimov "Karamzinskaya yog absurd"

Yu. M. Lotman "Lub Creation ntawm Karamzin"

N. Yaj. Eidelman, "Lub Xeem Chronicler"

N. Sindalovskiy "Cov Ntshav Kinship, los yog qhov twg lub hauv paus ntawm St. Petersburg Internationalism mus"

V. V. Sipovsky "Rau cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm N. M. Karamzin"

N. M. Karamzin "Cov ntawv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Traveler"

G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko "Reconstruction of the world history"

Lavxias teb sab Bulletin: "Ib daim duab ntawm cov ntshav, los yog li cas Ilya Repin ntawm Tsarevich Ivan" 2007-27-09

Lavxias teb sab Bulletin: "Karamzinskaya yog absurd" 2005-22-02

Cov neeg ntawv xov xwm: "Ghosts ntawm Goncharovskaya pavilion" 2007-06-12

Ulyanovsk kev sau ntawv thiab keeb kwm hauv zos magazine "Monomakh" 02.12.2006

Russian portraits ntawm 18th-19th centuries 22.02. 2010

"Golden Lion" No. 255-256

Simbirsk xa xov 2012-06-03