Sab saum toj-secret atomic cog ntawm USSR los yog "Skala" chaw
Sab saum toj-secret atomic cog ntawm USSR los yog "Skala" chaw

Video: Sab saum toj-secret atomic cog ntawm USSR los yog "Skala" chaw

Video: Sab saum toj-secret atomic cog ntawm USSR los yog
Video: tag rau koj lawm - nuj xeem - nkauj tawm tshiab 2022 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1950, ib yam dab tsi coj txawv txawv pib tshwm sim ntawm ntug dej ntawm Siberian dej Yenisei. Nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb taiga ces kaum 40 kilometers sab qaum teb ntawm Krasnoyarsk, ntau txhiab tus neeg tsim, feem ntau yog neeg raug kaw, pib cua daj cua dub lub roob tsis muaj npe.

Nyob rau hauv lub granite loj loj ntawm lub Atamanovsky Ridge, ib tug grandiose enterprise, lub sab saum toj-secret "Combine No. 815", tau raug tsa. Nyob ze, tom qab ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov hlau barbed, lub nroog tau tsim rau nws cov neeg ua haujlwm, yav tom ntej Krasnoyarsk-26. Nyob rau hauv lub roob strata ntawm ib tug tob ntawm ob puas meters, peb nuclear reactors rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no tsim ib yam khoom tseem ceeb rau lub Soviet tiv thaiv kev lag luam - plutonium-239. Cov hauv qab no yog ib zaj dab neeg hais txog yuav ua li cas ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb nrog nws tus kheej submontane railway tshwm nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm Sayan Roob.

Duab
Duab

Boeing B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay" lub tswv yim foob pob. Lub foob pob tau raug hu ua Enola Gay tom qab leej niam ntawm Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr., tus thawj coj ntawm Enola Gay thiab 509th Air Regiment. Tibbets tau suav hais tias yog ib tus kws tsav dav hlau zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab kawg ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tiv thaiv Soviet yog tsim cov riam phom nuclear. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm atomic project pib hauv USSR thaum ntxov li xyoo 1942, tab sis tsuas yog Asmeskas kev foob pob ntawm Nyij Pooj lub nroog tau coj mus rau qhov kev paub ntawm tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm riam phom tshiab thiab qhov tshwm sim uas muaj nws, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws tsis tuaj yeem ua. coj mus rau. Tsuas yog ob lub lis piam tom qab hnub uas tus neeg foob pob Enola Gay tau tso lub foob pob hu ua "Kid" ntawm Hiroshima, tshwj xeeb "Special Committee" tau tsim nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog Tebchaws Meskas hauv riam phom nuclear kom sai li sai tau.

Duab
Duab

Kev sim ntawm thawj Soviet atomic foob pob.

Lub koom haum no tau txais txiaj ntsig tsis muaj kev txwv rau kev siv nyiaj txiag thiab tib neeg cov peev txheej, thiab Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Internal Affairs Lavrenty Beria tau muab tso rau ntawm lub taub hau ntawm nws (thiab tag nrho Soviet atomic project), uas tau ua pov thawj los ua tus thawj coj zoo heev hauv kev daws qhov teeb meem no.

RDS-1, "lub dav hlau tshwj xeeb", thawj Soviet atomic foob pob tau ua tiav nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw sim Semipalatinsk thaum Lub Yim Hli 29, 1949, yuav luag plaub xyoos tom qab pib ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov kev tsim, tab sis qhov kev vam meej no tau ua ntej los ntawm kev ua haujlwm. kev tsim kho ntawm virtually los ntawm kos ib tug dav scientific thiab industrial-technical infrastructure.

Duab
Duab

Lub ntsiab ntawm cov riam phom nuclear yog cov isotopes ntawm uranium-235 lossis plutonium-239, thiab lawv cov khoom tsim tau dhau los ua ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Rau kev tsim riam phom-qib plutonium, twb nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1945, nyob ze Chelyabinsk, kev tsim kho ntawm Combine No. 817, uas tom qab tau txais lub npe "Mayak", pib. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1950s, lwm lub lag luam loj ntawm ib tug zoo xws li profile twb commissioned - Muab No. 816 nyob rau hauv lub Tomsk cheeb tsam (tam sim no lub Seversky Chemical Combine). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev thov rau plutonium tau loj hlob tas li, thiab ob qho tib si tsim muaj qhov tsis zoo. Lawv tau nyob rau saum npoo av.

Ob Chelyabinsk thiab Tomsk cheeb tsam yog nyob sib sib zog nqus nyob rau hauv Soviet ib ncig, tab sis theoretically lawv yuav raug foob pob (xws li nuclear) los ntawm ib tug muaj peev xwm yeeb ncuab. Kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Soviet Union tsis tuaj yeem pheej hmoo ua kom tiav kev puas tsuaj ntawm plutonium ntau lawm, thiab yog li ntawd thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1950 Beria, hauv tsab ntawv rau Stalin, tau lees paub qhov xav tau los tsim lwm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj, No. 815, thiab tsim nws hauv av.

Duab
Duab

Tsab ntawv no kuj tau txheeb xyuas qhov chaw yav tom ntej ntawm tus tshiab zais cia loj, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Krasnoyarsk ntawm Yenisei River. Beria tau taw qhia tias, thawj zaug, nws tseem nyob deb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cua hauv paus, qhov thib ob, nws tau muab dej txaus (kom txias cov reactors), thiab thib peb, nws tso cai rau cov nroj tsuag cov qauv tso rau hauv cov pob zeb pob zeb., nrog tob tob 200-230 meters saum lub ru tsev ntawm cov tsev siab tshaj”. Ib qho tseem ceeb yog qhov ze rau lub nroog loj, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab qhov chaw tsim kho sai sai nrog kev thauj mus los, lub zog thiab lwm yam kev tsim kho vaj tse.

Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab

Kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam txhab high-tech loj hauv lub plab ntawm lub roob ua rau nce tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, tab sis cov lus sib cav uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Beria zoo li convincing rau Stalin. Txoj kev daws teeb meem saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm lub Council of Ministers ntawm lub USSR tau txais tam sim ntawd, thiab cov hauj lwm tam sim ntawd pib boil.

Duab
Duab

Peb lub hlis tom qab, nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1950, ib tug quab yuam ua hauj lwm camp "Granitny" tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm lub Yenisei - zoo li feem ntau loj-scale tsim tej yaam num ntawm no hom, kev tsim kho "Combine No. 815" tau npaj yuav ua. nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug contingent ntawm "z / k". Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg raug kaw tau sim mus rau ntawm no, vim tias kev ua haujlwm hnyav, txawm tias lub cev ua haujlwm hnyav, muaj nqi zog. Piv txwv li, yog tias txoj kev npaj tau ua tiav los ntawm 121%, ib hnub ua haujlwm raug suav rau peb hnub ntawm hnub kawg. Cov khoom zoo li no yog lub sijhawm tiag tiag kom txo tau nws.

Duab
Duab

Cov kws tshwj xeeb los ntawm Moscow Metrostroy, miners thiab tsuas yog cov tub ntxhais hluas nyiam tuaj rau taiga los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws Soviet tau ua haujlwm ua ke nrog cov neeg raug kaw hauv qhov chaw. Zoo li lwm yam ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear, uas nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm Pawg Neeg Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Beria, qhov chaw tsim kho ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm Yenisei tsis muaj teeb meem nyiaj txiag, thiab Stalin txoj kev mob siab rau nws tau ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm tsim nyog. Kev daws teeb meem nrog kev pom zoo ntawm qhov project tau tshaj tawm thaum Lub Ob Hlis, thiab twb nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis (tsuas yog 3 lub hlis tom qab!) Kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb Bazaikha tau pib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim kho vaj tse nyob, cov kab hluav taws xob los ntawm Krasnoyarsk CHPP thiab cov kab sib txuas tau pib. Thaum kawg ntawm thawj (tsis tiav) xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho, yuav luag 30 txhiab tus neeg tau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nthuav tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim thaum lub caij ntuj sov.

Duab
Duab

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1950, cov neeg tsim khoom pib tsim lub qhov loj thauj mus rau hauv lub roob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm nquag tau nthuav tawm ntawm 13 qhov chaw ntxiv: 3 qhov chaw tau muab tso rau ntawm Yenisei, ob - los ntawm sab nraud ntawm lub roob, thiab ib zaug yim shafts tau dhau los ntawm saum toj no. Ib txhia ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej nkag mus rau hauv lub tsheb thauj mus los ntawm lub complex, tus so yog siv rau nteg kev sib txuas lus: qhov cua tshuab, fais fab mov thiab dej ntws mus rau lub reactor.

Duab
Duab

Lub pob zeb rho tawm tau xa tawm sab nraud los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb, qhov chaw uas nws tau ntim nrog cov gullies hauv Atamanov ridge. Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov tsheej lab ntawm cov cubic meters no tau siv los tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb cornice raws ntug dej ntawm Yenisei, raws li txoj kev thiab kev tsheb ciav hlau tau muab tso rau hauv cov nroj tsuag hauv av. Drilling thiab blasting ua haujlwm tau ua nyob ib ncig ntawm lub moos, xya hnub hauv ib lub lis piam nrog ib lub hom phiaj - kom sai sai mus txog qhov chaw nyiam nyob ntawm qhov tob ntawm 200-230 meters ntawm qhov chaw.

Duab
Duab

Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm lub roob, ib tug loj chamber nrog ib tug siab ntawm 72 meters tau tsim. Lub tsev hauv av tau npaj rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear, lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov plutonium. Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov kev saib xyuas tau them rau cov khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig ntawm ntau txhiab tus neeg tsim khoom, cov txheej txheem tsim kho tau siv ntau xyoo. Los ntawm 1956, rau xyoo tom qab pib ua hauj lwm ntawm cov khoom, thauj tunnels thaum kawg tau muab tso rau hauv lub lag luam, ib tug railway tuaj rau hauv lub roob, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kev tsim kho yog intensified. Tam sim no cov tunnels thiab cov khoom siv rau lawv txoj haujlwm tau xa hauv av los ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv 1957, lub tiav lawm chamber raug xa mus rau lub installation ntawm reactor khoom.

Duab
Duab

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 28, 1958, tom qab ntau tshaj 8 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav, Kev Sib Txuas No. 815 tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Kev lag luam reactor ntawm AD series ua nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm lub roob mus txog lub thermal hwj chim ntawm 260 MW, thaum pib ntawm lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj nws tau coj mus rau nws lub peev xwm tsim, thiab ib hlis tom qab, lub kaum hli ntuj 9, 1959, Thawj Secretary of CPSU Central Committee Nikita Khrushchev tus kheej tuaj ntawm no nrog kev tshuaj xyuas. Qhov kev mus ntsib no ib zaug ntxiv hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub chaw tshiab nuclear rau lub tebchaws Soviet.

Yog li dab tsi yog qhov tshwj xeeb venture zoo li?

Duab
Duab

Ua ke No. 815, tom qab hloov lub npe Mining thiab Chemical Combine, tau npaj rau kev tsim cov plutonium. Plutonium tsis tuaj nyob rau hauv qhov; nws yuav tsum tau los ntawm irradiating uranium-238 nrog neutrons. Nws yog cov txheej txheem no uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nuclear reactors. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, peb lub reactors nyob rau hauv lub roob Siberian ib zaug: AD (nkag mus rau hauv 1958), ADE-1 (1961), ADE-2 (1964). Nws yog qhov xav paub tias qhov kawg, thib peb reactor, ntxiv rau kev tsim plutonium, tsim hluav taws xob thiab thermal zog rau cov nroj tsuag lub nroog satellite.

Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab

Cov uranium irradiated nyob rau hauv lub reactors ces mus rau radiochemical cog, uas kuj yog ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nws cov khoom kawg yog riam phom-qib plutonium, uas tau raug xa mus rau cov tuam txhab tsim nyog, qhov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear.

Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab

Qhov tseeb engineering txuj ci tseem ceeb tau tsim nyob ze Krasnoyarsk. Xav txog tej yam me me nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag uas tau muab coj mus rau hauv ib lub roob, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm 200-meter txheej ntawm granite uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam nuclear. Ib txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tiag tiag tau muab tso rau hauv lub roob no, ib hom hybrid nrog subway. Txhua txhua hnub, raws li lub sij hawm, zoo tib yam hluav taws xob tsheb ciav hlau ER2T, tej zaum lub feem ntau txawv txawv tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob ntawm lub Soviet Union, tawm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb ntawm lub nroog nyob sib ze nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb loj. Plaub yim lub tsheb ciav hlau ntawm txoj kab 30-kilometer-ntev ua ob nres, thiab qhov chaw nres tsheb kawg (thiab ntau li tsib mais ntawm txoj kab kev pabcuam no) nyob hauv qab roob. Ntawm Kombinat platform, qhov zoo ib yam li metro yog ntxiv txhim kho.

Duab
Duab

Qhov loj ntawm qhov teeb meem daws teeb meem kuj tseem hais txog qhov tseeb tias lub nroog tshiab nrog cov pej xeem ntawm 100,000 tau tsim los ntawm kos hauv taiga ib sab ntawm Mining thiab Chemical Combine. Nws qhov muaj nyob yog qhov tsis pub leej twg paub, thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov hlau thaiv, cov pej xeem ntawm Soviet tib neeg raug txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau ntawm no, thiab txhua tus neeg nyob hauv zos tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus tsis pub nthuav tawm lawv qhov chaw nyob thiab hom kev ua si.

Duab
Duab

Txij li thaum xyoo 1956, qhov kev sib hais haum no tau raug hu ua Krasnoyarsk-26. Paub, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv nqaim voj voog, dav - mus txog rau thaum lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo 1980s, lub era ntawm glasnost, nws lub neej tsuas yog tsis xav tsis thoob.

Duab
Duab

Nyob rau hauv 1994, lub zais cia "mailbox" thaum kawg tau txais nws tus kheej lub npe - Zheleznogorsk.

Duab
Duab

Cov nqi ntawm kev nyob hauv lub nroog kaw, kev zais cia, kev tsim khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj tau raug them los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv thiab kev coj ncaj ncees. Ua ntej, lub nroog nws tus kheej tau xis nyob. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1950 los ntawm Leningrad architects ua piv txwv zoo ntawm neoclassicism, yog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kaum xyoo no. Cov peev nyiaj ntau dhau ua rau nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov nruab nrab ntawm Krasnoyarsk-26 nrog cov tsev zoo li lub sijhawm ntawd.

Duab
Duab

Qhov thib ob kom zoo dua nyob rau hauv Krasnoyarsk-26 yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws (los ntawm Soviet qauv) lub nroog mov. Nws cov neeg nyob hauv tsis paub tias qhov kev tsis txaus thiab cov kab yog dab tsi. Cov khw muag khoom noj ib txwm muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus, cov khw muag khoom lag luam - cov khoom tsim khoom hauv cov khoom lag luam zoo. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj no tsuas yog mus rau hauv zos xwb, vim tias cov neeg sab nrauv tsis tau tso cai rau hauv nroog. Ib yam yog qhov teeb meem nrog kev ua txhaum cai, uas tsawg dua qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaws.

Duab
Duab

Cov tuam txhab siv high-tech (thiab ntxiv rau Mining thiab Chemical Combine hauv nroog, lawv nyob hauv NPO ntawm Applied Mechanics, uas tsim cov tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm tag nrho cov Soviet satellites) implied ib theem tsim nyog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov neeg tsis nyob hauv lub tebchaws nrog rau kev nkag mus tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo tau qhov muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai rau kev xyaum xoom.

Duab
Duab

Zheleznogorsk thiab Mining thiab Chemical Combine tseem yog cov chaw ua haujlwm niaj hnub no, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias riam phom-qib plutonium tsis tau tsim nyob rau hauv av reactors tau ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau tso tseg tsis pub leej twg paub rau tus yeeb ncuab muaj peev xwm ntev dhau los, txawm tias thawj xyoo ntawm kev lag luam ua haujlwm. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1962, cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam ntawm CIA hais txog lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug loj underground plutonium ntau lawm ze Krasnoyarsk.

Duab
Duab

Asmeskas cov neeg soj xyuas satellites tau ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab kev tsim kho loj nyob ze ntawm lub chaw lag luam loj tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau raws li lawv cov kev xav. Qhov xwm ntawm lub tuam txhab thiab nws qhov chaw nyob tau kwv yees indirectly. Cov dej kub los ntawm cov cua txias ntawm cov reactors tom qab kev ntsuas purification raug tso tawm los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb tunnels ncaj qha mus rau Yenisei. Ua ntej kev tsim kho ntawm Sayano-Shushenskaya chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, nws yog qhov zoo rau tus dej no kom khov rau lub caij ntuj no, tab sis tsis nyob ze Krasnoyarsk-26. Sib piv cov ntaub ntawv muaj, cov neeg Asmeskas tau kos cov lus xaus los ntawm nws.

Duab
Duab

Tam sim no lub Mining thiab Chemical Combine, kev txaus siab ntawm Soviet nuclear engineers thiab builders, specializes nyob rau hauv cia thiab ua cov siv nuclear roj. Cov reactors uas ib zaug muab lub teb chaws nrog plutonium yuav raug decommissioned thiab mothballed nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Lub plawv atomic ntawm lub roob Siberian yuav tsum tsis txhob ntaus, tab sis nws yuav nyob mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo monument rau lub omnipotence ntawm tib neeg genius.

Pom zoo: