Txoj hmoo ntawm tus tsim ntawm tua missile systems - tus hero G.A. Efremova

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Los ntawm 1956 txog rau tam sim no, Herbert Alexandrovich Efremov, uas muaj 87 xyoo nag hmo, tau ua hauj lwm ntawm OKB-52 (txog 1984 nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm ib tug zoo heev Soviet kws tshawb fawb thiab designer, ob zaug Hero ntawm Socialist Labor, ib tug tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev vibration txoj kev xav. thiab missile tsim VN Chelomeya). Ntawm no, cov cuab yeej cuab tam tshwj xeeb rau Navy, Strategic Missile Forces, thiab Space Forces ntawm USSR tau tsim thiab tab tom tsim.

Herbert Alexandrovich Efremov yug nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Maloye Zarechye, Belozersky District, Vologda cheeb tsam, lub Peb Hlis 15, 1933, nyob rau hauv ib tug tub rog tsev neeg. Nws yog tus tub hlob hauv tsev neeg, nws muaj ib tug kwv tij thiab ob tug muam.

Txij thaum pib ntawm 30s. txiv G. A. Efremov tau ua haujlwm nyob deb nroog - nrog rau nws, nws tus tub hlob pib nws txoj kev mus los ntawm lub neej. Lub zos ntawm Maloye Zarechye, lub zos ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Kamen-Rybolov, Manzovka, Sakhalin nroog Toyokharu (tom qab ntawd YuzhnoSakhalinsk), ces nws txiv tau pauv mus rau Konigsberg (txij li thaum 1946 - Kaliningrad). Herbert siv nws xyoo kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Leningrad, thiab ces nyob rau hauv Reutov ze Moscow.

Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv nrog ib tug silver puav pheej, Herbert Alexandrovich nkag mus rau lub Leningrad tub rog Mechanical lub koom haum, uas kawm tiav los ntawm xws li luminaries ntawm lub domestic tiv thaiv kev lag luam raws li DF. Ustinov, tus tsim qauv dav dav, koom nrog V. P. D. I. Koroleva Kozlov, L. N. Lavrov, cosmonauts G. M. Grechko, S. K. Krikalev thiab lwm tus.

Cov chav kawm ntawm lub koom haum tau qhia los ntawm ntau tus kws tshaj lij, xws li, piv txwv li, tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias Boris Nikolaevich Okunev, uas tau qhia txog theoretical mechanics, sab nraud thiab sab hauv ballistics. B. N. Okunev yog ib tug passionate collector ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting. Nws tso nws cov khoom zoo kawg nkaus ua khoom plig rau lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Lavxias (nws cov nqi nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 80s yog kwv yees li ntawm ob peb lab daus las).

Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm OKB-52, Efremov tau koom tes ncaj qha hauv kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws nrog cov foob pob hluav taws rau kev tua ntawm cov phiaj xwm hauv av P-5, P-5D. Ob peb nco ntsoov tias P-5 cruise missile, uas muaj ntau yam ntawm 300 mus rau 500 km, yog thawj lub missile ntawm lub Soviet Union.

Tsim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Korolev foob pob hluav taws R-7 (nrog kev pab los ntawm Yu. A. Gagarin tau tso rau hauv lub voj voog) tuaj yeem tso rau hauv lub xeev uas muaj roj rau ob peb hnub xwb. Thiab nws cov refueling (lub foob pob hluav taws tau nruab nrog oxygen-krosene roj) yuav luag ib hnub thiab, qhov tseeb, kev tsim kho ntawm tag nrho cov pa oxygen cog nyob ze ntawm qhov pib. Lawm, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, tsis muaj lus nug txog kev teb raws sijhawm rau Asmeskas kev tawm tsam. thiab ceg txheem ntseeg tau muab tso rau ntawm Chelomey P-5 cruise missiles. Nws tau txiav txim siab los tsim ntau lub nkoj submarines (cov phiaj xwm 644, 655, 651 thiab 659), txhua tus uas nqa 4-6 P-5 lossis P-5D missiles thiab yog li hem Tebchaws Meskas los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv Pacific thiab Atlantic. Qhov kev pab cuam no tau siv nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 60s.

Txij li thaum nruab nrab xyoo 50s, NPO Mashinostroyenia tau ua haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv nkoj missile systems (P-6, P-35, Progress, Amethyst, Malachite, Basalt, Vulcan, Granit, Onyx, "Yakhont"), uas armed Soviet submarines thiab nkoj nto.

Qhov no yog ib qho asymmetric, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau Teb Chaws Asmeskas Navy: lub nkoj loj loj, kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab cov neeg caij nkoj tau tawm tsam los ntawm Soviet submarines nrog cov foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv nkoj.

Xyoo 1962, lub teb chaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua tau teeb tsa lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsim kho ob-theem hnyav UR-500. Tom qab ntawd, lub foob pob hluav taws tau hu ua "Proton". Los ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws no thiab nws cov kev hloov kho ("Proton-K" thiab "Proton-M") qhov chaw nres tsheb tsis siv neeg "Zond" ob peb zaug ya ncig lub hli thiab xa rov qab chaw nres tsheb rau lub ntiaj teb, qhov chaw hnyav tshaj plaws tau muab tso rau hauv lub voj voog: "TGR", "Mir", "Zarya", "Salut", "Zvezda", "Almaz", "Almaz-T", ntau yam satellites thiab spacecraft.

Nco ntsoov tias cov tsev ntawm Salyut chaw nres tsheb tau xub tsim thiab tsim ntawm NPO Mashinostroeniya raws li kev coj ua thiab nrog kev koom tes ntawm V. N. Chelomey, tom qab ntawd, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm D. F. Ustinov tau pauv mus rau Korolev NPO Energia.

Lub foob pob hluav taws Proton kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev sib tw lunar. Nrog nws txoj kev pab, ntau lub davhlau tsis siv neeg ntawm lub hli tau ua tiav. Lub chaw nres tsheb Mars-3 tau pib mus rau Mars.

TsKBM tau thov kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab tsim kom muaj kev ncaj ncees UR-700, tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov missiles UR-100, UR-200 thiab UR-500, muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ya mus ntev.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 60s, ntawm no, ntawm TsKBM, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tug ua ntej project, tejzaum nws nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm S. P. Korolev, kwv yees tau ua rau UR-900 foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw ua haujlwm, uas yog kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm UR-700, cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov tshuab hydrogen-oxygen.

V. N. Chelomey tau npaj nws tus kheej txoj haujlwm rau kev ya mus rau lub hli, uas suav nrog ob lub foob pob hluav taws (raws li "Proton"), thiab nws lub dav hlau ya dav hlau, thiab lub tsheb qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob. Hauv tag nrho cov haujlwm no, G. A. Efremov.

Hauv nws cov lus, nws ib txwm ua "systemist", uas yog, zoo versed nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov possibilities ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov Cheebtsam ntawm missile systems nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nqa tawm cov tsim nyog ua hauj lwm kom raug thiab raug. Txawm li cas los xij, tus thawj coj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm Soviet ntawm lub hli yog S. P. Korolev, nws colossal N-1 foob pob ua ntxaij los ua lub hauv paus ntawm qhov project. Tsis yog Korolev, los yog Mishin, uas hloov nws, yog "cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv cov kab ke", thiab qhov no cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm thawj theem ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws, uas muaj 30 (!) NK-33 xyaw, tsis muaj lub cav tsis siv neeg synchronization tsim tom qab. Lub foob pob hluav taws ua rau plaub lub foob pob ua tsis tiav, thiab kev ua haujlwm nrog lub hli lunar hauv USSR tau ua tiav.

Thaum qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov phiaj xwm cuaj luaj hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau ua phem, raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm V. N. Nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoos, Chelomey tsim ib tug "ampulized" ballistic missile UR-100. Nws qhov kev hloov kho uas muaj kev tiv thaiv kawg, UR-100N UTTH, tseem nyob hauv kev pabcuam nrog lub teb chaws Lub Hom Phiaj Missile Forces.

Rau lub foob pob hluav taws UR-100, kev thauj khoom bimetal thiab tso tawm ntim tau tsim: ntawm ib sab tes, stainless hlau, ntawm qhov tod tes - aluminium alloy … Cov hlau tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv lub foob pob hluav taws los ntawm kev ua haujlwm puas tsuaj, suav nrog cov uas tshwm sim thaum refueling. thiab thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia ntev.

Ntawm 165 qhov kev sim thiab kev cob qhia kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm UR-100N UTTH missiles tau ua nyob rau xyoo tas los no, tsuas yog peb qhov ua tsis tiav.

Herbert Aleksandrovich tau koom nrog hauv txhua qhov kev txhim kho ntawm NPO Mashinostroyenia, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 70s los ua ib qho ntawm cov neeg tsim tawm tshaj plaws ntawm lub koom haum.

Nco ntsoov tias G. A. Efremov ntsib nrog S. P. Korolev, M. P. Yangel, V. P. Glushko, nrog rau N. S. Khrushchev, L. I. Brezhnev, A. N. Kosygin, G. V. Romanov…

Los ntawm txoj kev, G. V. Romanov thaum lub rooj sib tham nrog G. A. Efremov thiab aircraft designer G. V. Novozhilov nruj me ntsis thov kom tiv thaiv lawv cov neeg sib tw thiab cov kws kho mob tam sim ntawd. Tab sis Herbert Alexandrovich tiv thaiv tsuas yog tus neeg sib tw thesis. "Tsis muaj sijhawm ntxiv," nws ib txwm hais.

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 8, 1984, poob nthav, vim muaj ntshav txhaws, V. N. Chelomey, thiab twb nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 29 G. A. Efremov tau raug xaiv los ua tus tsim qauv ntawm NPO Mashinostroyenia.

Xyoo 1984 yog xyoo tragic rau peb qhov chaw tiv thaiv. D. F. tuag yuav luag ib txhij. Ustinov, V. N. Chelomey, P. S. Kutakhov, tus kws tshaj lij nuclear physicist I. K. Kikoin…

Txij li thaum xyoo 1984, kev txhim kho ntawm Meteorite cruise missile tau txuas ntxiv mus, nrog kev ceev txog li 3M, qhov ntev txog li 5500 km, nqa lub taub hau hnyav dua 1 tuj, uas tsis muaj qhov sib piv hauv ntiaj teb. Ua hauj lwm txuas ntxiv mus txhim kho UR-100 N UTTH thiab Proton-K ballistic missiles, thiab ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv nkoj tau hloov kho tshiab.

Xyoo 1987, Almaz-T tsis siv neeg orbital chaw nres tsheb tau ua tiav, uas tau nyob hauv orbit rau ntau tshaj ob xyoos.

Xyoo 2002, Onyx cruise missile, hu ua Yakhont hauv kev xa tawm, tau txais los ua ib feem ntawm Nakat MRK.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub lig 1980s, nrog los mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm M. S. Gorbachev, kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam mus rau qhov tsis zoo: kev them nyiaj tau qeeb, kev nce nqi sai tau nqis peev nyiaj. Nyob rau hauv lub 90s nws tau phem dua …

Cov neeg tsav nkoj tsis kam lees peb, lawv tsis tuaj yeem tsis kam, tab sis lawv tus kheej tsis muaj nyiaj, tsuas yog qhov uas lawv tau txais nyiaj nyob rau xyoo ntawd yog kev saib xyuas niaj hnub nrog Lub Hom Phiaj Missile Forces, tab sis muaj nyiaj tsis txaus. Peb tau muab los nrhiav kev hloov dua siab tshiab, - nco qab Herbert Alexandrovich. “Tab sis peb tsis muaj kev paub dhau los. Rau qhov lawv tsuas yog tsis lees paub. Thiab rau lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev tsis muaj chaw cia rau zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab rau cov chav tsev tsis muaj zog, thiab rau cov roj thiab cov roj ua haujlwm tshiab … Nws tshwm sim tias peb tau daws cov teeb meem uas nyuaj heev rau cov neeg siv khoom, uas, ntawm chav kawm, cuam tshuam hauv tus nqi. Nws tshwm sim tias lawv dag ntxias peb. Yog li, tau thov los ntawm peb tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub chaw cia khoom cryogenic, suav nrog kev suav, peb tau hais tias - peb pom zoo, tab sis peb yuav muab nyiaj tsawg dua peb zaug. Thaum peb tau txais cov nyiaj, nws hloov tawm hais tias nws tau txo los ntawm rau lub sij hawm vim kev nce nqi”.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xyoo 1998, Lavxias-Indian kev sib koom ua lag luam BrahMos tau tsim, muaj npe tom qab Indian Brahmaputra River thiab Lavxias Moskva River. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam yog ua haujlwm ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws xob supersonic, uas tau txais lub npe zoo sib xws - "BrahMos". Thawj lub foob pob hluav taws tau tshwm sim rau lub Rau Hli 12, 2001 los ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws hauv ntug dej hiav txwv.

Thawj lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim kev sib koom tes tau ua si los ntawm G. A. Efremov thiab Dr. Abdul Kalam, uas tsim kev sib raug zoo tshaj plaws nrog Herbert Alexandrovich. Feem ntau vim muaj kev vam meej nrog kev txhim kho thiab kev sim ntawm BrahMos cruise missile, Abdul Kalam tau raug xaiv tsa Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Is Nrias teb thaum Lub Xya Hli 2002.

Nws yog lub tuam txhab Soviet-Indian tsim los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm G. A. Efremov thiab nws cov phooj ywg, tso cai rau khaws NPO Mashinostroeniya, tsis txhob cia nws raug nyiag los ntawm kev xauj tsev thiab lwm lub lag luam. Nrog Asmeskas, uas qee tus pinned lawv qhov kev cia siab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim.

"Qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev tsim ib tsob nroj Double-Cola tau tshwm sim," nco qab G. A. Efremov. - Lub tsev tshiab loj loj ntawm peb lub tsev noj mov raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov neeg Amelikas ntxhov siab, hais tias: peb xav tau koj lub rooj sib txoos loj lossis lub tsev uas cov chaw sawv hauv qab dej …… Tsis yog! - tawm tsam cov neeg Amelikas - peb yuav tsum muaj kev txhim kho kev lag luam: peb yuav tsum tau nqis peev tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob.

Tom qab ntawd peb tau mus rau Tebchaws Meskas ob peb zaug los ua haujlwm hauv lub moj khaum ntawm txoj haujlwm Chernomyrdin-Gora. Peb tau txais txoj haujlwm los tsim qee yam kev pabcuam rau chaw xa ntawv lossis rau khaub ncaws. Peb pib ua haujlwm …

Tsis ntev, ob tug siab, hnav khaub ncaws zoo, cov txiv neej grey plaub hau tuaj txog ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas. Peb tau saib peb qhov kev kwv yees thawj zaug - uh, tsis yog, qhov ntawd yuav tsis ua haujlwm, - lawv txiav txim siab - ntawm no cov lej ntawm qib siab tshaj yog koom nrog. Koj ua tsis tau li ntawd. Yog li nws zoo li no: lawv tsis tsuas yog sim txiav txim siab seb peb ua dab tsi, tab sis sim, cia peb hais, txav ntawm tus xibfwb mus rau chav kawm hauv tsev kawm theem siab.

Thaum peb sib tham nrog Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tebchaws Europe sab hnub poob, peb tau paub txog ntau yam riam phom txawv tebchaws. Tab sis tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi ua rau peb muaj kev zoo siab rau peb, es, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qee tus tau thuam nws.

Lawv kuj tau sim thiab tau mus rau hauv peb cov tub rog ua tau zoo heev. Ntau tshaj ib zaug peb tau pom kev xav tsis thoob thiab txawm tias xav tsis thoob ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm peb cov neeg sib tw muaj peev xwm.

Kev nce qib ntawm peev txheej hauv tebchaws Russia txhais tau tias tsis lees txais tsoomfwv cov nyiaj pab rau feem ntau cov kev pabcuam tiv thaiv. Kuv nco qab lub rooj sib tham nrog Gorbachev nyob rau hauv Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Lub Tsev Koom Tes, thaum, nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau kev tsom xam ntawm qhov teeb meem hauv kev lag luam tiv thaiv, nws tau tawm tsam cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg tawm tsam kev lag luam tiv thaiv, liam tias yuav luag kev lag luam poob. ntawm lub teb chaws."

Thaum ntxov 2000s. Herbert Alexandrovich ntsib nrog A. B. Chubais, tau caw nws mus rau lub tuam txhab (Chubais tuaj txog ntawm NGO, nrog rau tag nrho cov kev pabcuam se - los ntawm qhov qis tshaj "Reutov", mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws, tseemfwv qib siab), qhia nws txog cov se tsis ncaj ncees thiab ua tiav qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm lub tuam txhab. nyiaj xiab, uas los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd tau nce ntau heev vim cov paj laum.

Herbert Aleksandrovich pom muaj txiaj ntsig nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia tshiab uas tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub teb chaws tseem tau hnov cov tswv yim tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam. Thiab nws tau hu kom txav deb ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev lej lej, uas tau txais thiab kov yeej hauv kev tsim riam phom Asmeskas-Soviet: koj muaj peb txhiab missiles - peb muaj peb txhiab, koj muaj 11 txhiab warheads thiab peb muaj 11. txhiab … Tam sim no tus yeeb ncuab tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav muaj kev sib tsoo los ntawm sab uas tsis tau xav txog.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov txoj cai tiv thaiv tau ua los ntawm lub rooj sib tham nco txog G. A. Efremov nrog V. V. Putin rau Novo-Ogaryovo thiab mus ntsib Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation rau NPO Mashinostroyenia. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Asmeskas Thawj Tswj Hwm D. Trump tau hais kom nws cov kws tshaj lij txhawm rau txhawm rau ua haujlwm ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws xob. Tam sim no cov neeg Amelikas nyob hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ntes.

Rau yim lub xyoo dhau los, nws tau tuav lub luag haujlwm ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Thawj Coj - Honorary General Designer ntawm NPO Mashinostroyenia. Txawm tias nws muaj hnub nyoog siab heev, Herbert Alexandrovich yog tag nrho ntawm kev muaj tswv yim lub zog thiab cov phiaj xwm tshiab.

Herbert Alexandrovich thiab Irina Sergeevna Efremov tau ua ke rau ntau tshaj rau xyoo lawm. tsa tau tub thiab ntxhais.

Laureate ntawm Lenin thiab State Prizes ntawm lub USSR, nqi zog ntawm tsoom fwv ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, lub xeev nqi zog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation muaj npe tom qab V. I. Marshal Zhukov Herbert Alexandrovich Efremov tau txais lub npe ntawm Hero of Socialist Labor thiab Hero of Labor ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, ua thawj tus tuav ntawm ob lub hnub qub kub hauv peb keeb kwm. Nws yog tus tuav lub Orders of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, "Badge of Honor"; Orders of Merit to the Fatherland, II thiab III degrees, as well as Indian Order of Padma Bhushan.

Hauv lub npe G. A. Efremova hu ua lub ntiaj teb me ntawm lub hnub ci system.