Lub Yim Hli Zoo Kawg: Yuav Ua Li Cas NATO's Counterweight Tau Tsim

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub Tsib Hlis 14, 1955, hauv Warsaw, yim lub xeev ntawm "kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev coj noj coj ua", coj los ntawm USSR, tau kos npe rau Treaty of Friendship thiab Kev Koom Tes, uas ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua tub rog nto moo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm. Izvestia nco txog keeb kwm ntawm Warsaw Pact.

Thaum lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg raug muab tshem tawm

Lub NATO bloc, uas pib koom ua ke 12 lub teb chaws nrog pom tseeb US hegemony, tau tsim nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 4, 1949. Lub Soviet Union tsis nrawm los tsim kev sib koom ua tub rog hauv kev teb. Nws tau ntseeg hais tias lub tog ntsug, uas cov thawj coj ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm lub Soviet bloc, thiab li no lawv pab tub rog, yog subordinate, yog heev txaus. Thiab nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland thiab GDR lawv vam tias yuav muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau kev sib koom ua rog nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm X teev.

Ntawm kev tshaj tawm xov xwm, Moscow teb lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj txhij txog tshaj plaws. Thaum lub Peb Hlis 1954, Soviet Union txawm thov koom nrog NATO. "Lub Koom Haum North Atlantic Treaty yuav tsum tsis ua tub rog nyob rau hauv lub xeev, yuav qhib rau kev nkag mus rau lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, uas, nrog rau kev tsim kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo hauv Tebchaws Europe, yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhawb nqa. ntiaj teb kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, "cov ntaub ntawv tau hais.

Cov lus pom zoo tau raug tsis lees paub vim tias USSR cov tswv cuab yuav khiav tawm tsam kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov hom phiaj kev ywj pheej thiab tiv thaiv. Hauv kev teb, Soviet Union pib liam rau sab hnub poob ntawm cov phiaj xwm nruj. "Lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg tau raug rhais tawm" - xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Moscow, kwv yees nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov rooj kaw ntawm NATO.

Lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm ntawm cov tog neeg thiab cov tub rog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov teb chaws ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, muaj nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv Joseph Stalin, nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1951, yog suav hais tias yog ib tug forerunner ntawm cov tub rog bloc ntawm "socialist lub teb chaws". Nws yog nyob rau ntawd tus thawj coj ntawm pab pawg neeg ntawm Soviet Forces nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, General ntawm cov tub rog Sergei Shtemenko, tau hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau los tsim ib tug tub rog alliance ntawm fraternal socialist lub teb chaws - rau ncaj qha confrontation nrog NATO.

Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, lub USSR twb tau txais lub humanitarian arsenal ntawm "sib ntaus sib tua rau kev thaj yeeb". Tab sis qhov kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm Moscow yog, qhov ntau lawv ntshai "Soviet hem" "ntawm sab nraud." Muaj txawm tias ib qho lus piav qhia nrov: Stalin (tom qab versions - Khrushchev thiab Brezhnev) tshaj tawm tias: "Yuav tsis muaj tsov rog. Tiamsis yuav muaj kev tawm tsam kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb uas yuav tsis muaj pob zeb uas tsis tau tig rov los.” Ob tog convinced ntiaj teb no tias tus yeeb ncuab yog txhoj puab heev.

German kev hem thawj

Ntawm chav kawm, Shtemenko tsis yog tib tug "hawk" uas tau tawm tswv yim rau kev tsim cov tub rog "ntiv nrig" ntawm lub tebchaws socialist. Txoj cai ntawm cov tub rog Soviet nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog siab heev. Cov neeg uas raug kev txom nyem los ntawm Nazism paub zoo tias leej twg thiab yuav ua li cas rhuav nws nraub qaum. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv av tsis ntev los no, cov neeg tawm tsam, uas tshuav lawv txoj kev cawm seej rau Moscow, tau dhau los ua lub zog hauv lub tebchaws socialist. Ntau tus xav koom nrog lub zog no. Ob tus nom tswv thiab cov thawj coj ntawm lub xeev ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Tebchaws Europe vam rau ob qho tib si Soviet riam phom thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tub rog. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem xav txog qhov kev kawm zoo dua rau lawv tus kheej.

Cov thawj coj ntawm kev sib koom ua tub rog feem ntau yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Poland, Czechoslovakia thiab GDR. Lawv muaj laj thawj ntshai "kev hem thawj los ntawm Bonn." Teb Chaws Asmeskas ua tsis tau raws li nws txoj kev npaj ua ntej tawm hauv West German demilitarized. Xyoo 1955, lub teb chaws Yelemees tau los ua tswv cuab ntawm NATO. Qhov kev txav no ua rau muaj kev npau taws hauv lub tebchaws Soviet. Cartoons ntawm "Bonn puppets" tau luam tawm txhua hnub nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawv xov xwm Soviet.

Cov neeg nyob ze tam sim ntawd ntawm FRG tseem ntshai "Hitler tshiab". Thiab nyob rau hauv GDR, tsis yog vim li cas, lawv ntseeg tias FRG, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm NATO, tuaj yeem sai dua los yog tom qab nqus lub teb chaws Yelemees sab hnub tuaj. Cov lus hais txog "lub tebchaws Yelemes" tau nrov heev hauv Bonn. Romania thiab Albania tau txhawj xeeb txog qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws hauv Ltalis. Nws kuj tau maj mam ua tub rog los ntawm NATO.

Tom qab Stalin tuag, lub USSR me ntsis tempered qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm tag nrho cov fronts - ob leeg tub rog thiab ideological. Tsov rog Kauslim tau ploj mus. Txij li thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1953, peb cov phooj ywg yav dhau los hauv kev tawm tsam Hitler, cov neeg Askiv thiab Asmeskas, tau ua phem ntau dua. Cov ntawm lawv uas exaggeratedly xa mus rau lub "lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg nyob rau hauv keeb kwm" xav tias tom qab Stalin txoj kev tuag lub Soviet Union yuav, yog hais tias tsis yog "multiply by zero," ces noticeably nyem tawm nyob rau hauv thoob ntiaj teb kev nom kev tswv. Tab sis tsis yog Khrushchev los yog nws cov npoj yaig ntawm Presidium xav kom capitulate.

Warsaw noj hmo

Nyob rau hauv Warsaw thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1955, Lub Rooj Sab Laj ntawm Tebchaws Europe rau Kev Thaj Yeeb thiab Kev Nyab Xeeb hauv Tebchaws Europe tau qhib. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Treaty twb tau ua tiav los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov teb chaws socialist ntawm Eastern Europe tau kos npe rau Treaty of Friendship, kev koom tes thiab kev sib nrig sib pab. Qhov tseem ceeb - kev sib koom ua tub rog, feem ntau hu ua Lub Koom Haum (tsis yog "tus yeeb ncuab" alliance) ntawm Warsaw Pact (abbreviated - ATS).

Albania yog thawj tus kos npe rau Treaty hauv cov ntawv sau. Tom qab ntawd - Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, USSR thiab Czechoslovakia. Txhua yam npaj noj hmo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Treaty, raws li nyob rau hauv cov tub rog cov lus qhuab qhia tau txais ob peb xyoos tom qab, nws tau muab sau tseg tias lub Internal Affairs Directorate yog ib tug ntshiab kev tiv thaiv. Tab sis qhov defensive xwm ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia tsis tau txhais hais tias passivity. Kev npaj sib ntaus sib tua tau tso cai rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam preemptive tawm tsam pawg tub rog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab uas muaj peev xwm, "npaj rau kev tawm tsam."

Nws tsis yog tsis muaj dab tsi uas rau lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb thiab - tsis muaj exaggeration - keeb kwm ua, Khrushchev thiab nws cov koom tes tau xaiv Warsaw. Ua ntej, nws tsis tsim nyog hais txog lub hegemony ntawm USSR ib zaug ntxiv. Qhov thib ob, Warsaw tau nyob ze rau lwm lub nroog tus phooj ywg - Berlin, Budapest, Prague … Thib peb, cov Poles raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov neeg German ntau dua li lwm cov neeg ntawm Eastern Europe thiab xav tau kev ruaj ntseg lav … Thiab ob tog ntawm Kev Cog Lus, tau kawg., tau cog lus tias yuav pab txhua lub tebchaws los ntawm txhua txoj kev ATS thaum muaj kev ua phem ua tub rog.

Saib xyuas kev thaj yeeb thiab kev coj noj coj ua

Soviet Marshal Ivan Konev tau los ua Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Sib Koom Tes ntawm Warsaw Pact lub teb chaws. Lub tsev hauv paus tau coj los ntawm General ntawm Army Alexei Antonov, tus tswvcuab ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees thaum ua tsov rog. Kev teem caij ntawm Konev, ib tug ntawm cov tub rog ntawm yeej, ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau Washington. American tub rog keeb kwm Colonel Michael Lee Lanning nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Ib puas puas Great Generals" sau hais tias lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Konev nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm armed rog ntawm lub Warsaw Pact yog heev tseem ceeb tshaj lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Georgy Zhukov ua tus Minister of Defense. USSR.

Konev thiab Antonov, uas tau coj tus phooj ywg pab tub rog rau tag nrho tsib xyoos, yeej ua tau ntau heev. Lawv muab ATS ua tub rog siv zog. Nws txaus kom rov qab ATS Unified Air Defense System, uas tau tswj hwm hauv nruab nrab thiab koom ua ke tag nrho cov tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua.

Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1955, qhov xwm txheej tau tshwm sim rau sab hnub poob: Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis, thiab Great Britain tau raug ntes ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm ob lub tebchaws loj - USSR thiab Asmeskas. Tom qab Warsaw Pact, lub ntiaj teb bipolar, uas twb dhau los ua qhov tseeb tiag, tau dhau los ua ib qho kev cai lij choj. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, qhov no tau pab lub Soviet Union los txhim kho kev sib raug zoo nrog Paris thiab Bonn, uas nyob rau hauv 1970s ua rau lub "era detente".

Systems confrontation

Cov lus qhuab qhia tub rog Asmeskas yeej tsis tau muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb sab nraud, tso cai rau kev siv lub preemptive nuclear tawm tsam. Tab sis kev ntshai ntawm kev ua pauj tseem yog qhov cuam tshuam loj. Thiab qhov nres thib ob ntawm Asmeskas nthuav dav yog Warsaw Pact Organization.

Hauv qee txoj kev, OVD zoo li lub Koom Haum Dawb Huv, tsim los ntawm cov huab tais - cov yeej ntawm Napoleon. Tom qab ntawd Russia, ua yeeb yam thoob plaws Eastern Europe, thwarted sim ntawm revolutionary unrest. Rau "cov tub rog phooj ywg" qhov kev sim hnyav tshaj plaws kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev xav ntawm cov nom tswv tswj hwm kom khaws lub xeev uas twb muaj lawm, txwv tsis pub muaj kev tawm tsam. Qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej thaum lub sijhawm ua tub rog nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Sab Hauv - hauv 1956 hauv Hungary thiab xyoo 1968 hauv Czechoslovakia.

Tab sis nom tswv lub luag hauj lwm, raws li koj paub, tsis dag nrog cov tub rog hais. Lub USSR, zoo li Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm lub Holy Union, hu ua lub gendarme ntawm cov teb chaws Europe los ntawm nws cov yeeb ncuab.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv lub USSR, cov teeb meem ntawm nthuav lub zog ntawm lub Internal Affairs Directorate tau kho nrog ib tug nkag siab ntawm kev faib ua feem. Albania tau thim tawm ntawm lub koom haum hauv xyoo 1968. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los, lub koom haum tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv ib qho kev sib tshuam. Thiab PRC (rau lub sijhawm tam sim no), Nyab Laj, Teb chaws Cuba, Nicaragua, thiab ntau lub xeev tau pom muaj kev xav koom nrog Txoj Cai. Tab sis Lub Koom Haum tseem nyob sab Europe nkaus xwb.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo 1968, Romania cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim: lub tebchaws no tsis ua raws li kev txiav txim siab ntawm feem coob thiab tsis koom nrog Kev Ua Haujlwm Danube. Thiab tseem lub capricious Bucharest tseem nyob ntawm tub ceev xwm chaw nres tsheb. Cov Romanian communist tau txaus siab nrog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua tub rog txaus ntshai ntawm lub tebchaws socialist camp.

Thaiv ruins

Daim ntawv cog lus tas sij hawm rau lub Plaub Hlis 26, 1985. Txog thaum ntawd, cov tub rog ATS suav yuav luag 8 lab tus tub rog. Tom qab ntawd tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem kwv yees tias tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev, uas tau hloov pauv tus neeg tuag Konstantin Chernenko ib hlis dhau los, yuav dhau los ua tus thawj coj Soviet kawg. Kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm Treaty zoo li (thiab yog) qhov teeb meem ntawm cov txheej txheem. Nws tau txuas ntxiv rau 20 xyoo, ua raws li tag nrho cov kev cai lij choj subtleties.

Tab sis tom qab ob peb xyoos, keeb kwm tau nrawm nrawm. Xyoo 1989, cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov teb chaws Europe sab hnub tuaj pib tawg zoo li cov menyuam yaus cov xuab zeb fortresses. Lub Department of Internal Affairs tseem muaj nyob - thiab cov tub rog coj nws tiag tiag. Hmoov zoo, lawv tsis ua nrawm nrawm thiab ntxhov siab tom qab xyoo 1990, thaum "lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev sib raug zoo" tsis muaj nyob. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 25, 1991, cov xeev uas koom nrog ATS tau tshem tawm nws cov tub rog cov qauv, tab sis thaj chaw thaj yeeb ntawm Txoj Cai tau khaws cia tseg.

Tsuas yog rau lub hlis tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, thaum Lub Xya hli ntuj 1, 1991, tag nrho cov xeev uas yog ib feem ntawm lub ATS thiab lawv successors nyob rau hauv Prague tau kos npe rau raws tu qauv ntawm tag nrho cov kev txiav txim ntawm lub Treaty. Yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws Warsaw Pact tam sim no yog NATO cov tswv cuab. Txawm Albania.

Tab sis Txoj Cai Lij Choj, uas muaj nyob rau 36 xyoo, tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv European keeb kwm uas yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab. Yam tsawg kawg rau lub Ntiaj Teb Qub, cov no tau muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb xyoo. Ib feem ua tsaug rau Department of Internal Affairs.