Vim li cas Novgorod cov ntawv yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txhua leej txhua tus tau hnov txog cov ntawv birch bark, tab sis lawv paub tsawg dua txog qhov uas lawv tau hloov peb lub tswv yim txog keeb kwm Lavxias. Tab sis nws yog ua tsaug rau cov ntawv uas cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau tsuas yog muaj peev xwm xav txog qhov nthuav dav ntawm kev lag luam lub neej ntawm lub nroog thaum ub, tab sis kuj tau kawm li cas Novgorodians tau hais, thiab tib lub sij hawm pom tias kev nyeem ntawv tsis yog ntau ntawm kev sib raug zoo. cov chav kawm, zoo li yav dhau los, tab sis tau nthuav dav ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog.

Lub Xya hli ntuj 26, hnub uas thawj tsab ntawv tau pom, yog ua kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv Novgorod raws li hnub ntawm birch bark, thiab ib tug monument tau tsa rau Nina Akulova, uas nyob rau hauv 1951 pom khawb cov ntawv ntawm ib daim ntawm birch bark. Lawv hais tias thawj cov lus ntawm lub taub hau ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm, Artemy Artsikhovsky, uas tau txais los ntawm Akulova ib tsab ntawv uas tseem tsis tau tsim thiab nyeem, yog: "Kuv tau tos qhov no nrhiav tau 20 xyoo. 100 rubles lawm!"

Nws tau paub ntev ntev tias cov tawv ntoo birch tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv pheej yig. Piv txwv li, Yauxej Volotsky, hais txog kev txom nyem uas Sergius ntawm Radonezh nyob, hais tias tus Monk Sergei sau rau ntawm birch bark. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej collections muaj heev ob peb birch bark manuscripts ntawm lub 17th-19th centuries. Ib phau ntawv Siberian birch bark tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, uas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev them se tau sau tseg.

Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas tau nqis los rau peb tau sau ua tus cwj mem, thiab nws tsis tau tshwm sim rau leej twg uas tuaj yeem sau rau ntawm birch bark nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev. Yog li ntawd, archaeologists tsis muaj kev txhawb siab ntau los nrhiav cov ntawv no birch bark. Pom tseeb, cov ntawv sau tus cwj mem tsis tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv av! Tseem muaj, tau kawg, kev cia siab rau ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb, uas, los ntawm kev zoo siab coincidence, ib tsab ntawv yuav nyob twj ywm qhuav thiab nyeem. Tab sis tsis muaj leej twg cia siab rau qhov pom loj heev.

Nws tsuas tsis tau tshwm sim rau leej twg uas lawv tau sau rau ntawm birch bark tsis yog cwj mem thiab cwj mem, tab sis khawb cov ntawv nrog ib tug ntse stick ua los ntawm hlau, pob txha lossis ntoo.

Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis ntev nws tau pom tseeb tias cov khoom ntse ntse uas cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tuaj hla, uas lawv, vim tsis muaj kev piav qhia zoo dua, piav qhia tias yog ntses nuv ntses, tsuas yog "sau" - cov khoom siv rau kev sau ntawv ntawm birch bark.

Ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm birch lawv tsis sau nrog tus cwj mem, tab sis nyem tawm los yog khawb cov ntawv nrog kev sau tshwj xeeb

Yees duab: Novgorod Museum-Reserve

Hnub tom qab nrhiav tau thawj tsab ntawv, nrhiav tau ib tug, ces ib tug. Tam sim no birch bark ntawv tau pom nyob rau hauv 12 lub nroog (feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv Novgorod), thiab lawv tag nrho cov tau mus txog 1208.

Lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw

Ntawm no koj yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntawv thiab qhia me ntsis txog seb qhov kev khawb av feem ntau tshwm sim li cas. Novgorod archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm pib nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1932, ces muaj ib tug so, tab sis tsis ntev tom qab kawg ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, excavations tau rov pib dua.

Kev ntoj ke mus kawm keeb kwm yav dhau los tau ua haujlwm hauv Novgorod txij li xyoo 1932, tab sis tam sim no tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lub nroog qub tau tshawb nrhiav

Yees duab: Novgorod Museum-Reserve

Lub ntoj ke mus kawm tau tsim los ua ib txoj haujlwm ntau tiam neeg tsim los rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tiam neeg. Novgorod yog lub vaj kaj siab rau archaeologists. Ua ntej, vim hais tias nws yog ib lub nroog tseem ceeb ntawm Ancient Rus, uas nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm tau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb, uas txhais tau hais tias tsis muaj tshwj xeeb intensive kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv nws thiab nws twb dug li ntau tsawg dua Kiev los yog Moscow. Qhov thib ob, ntoo thiab lwm yam organic tshuaj yog khaws cia zoo heev nyob rau hauv Novgorod av. Kev nplua nuj ntawm noo noo tiv thaiv cov khoom hauv av los ntawm huab cua, yog li lawv tsis rot.

Qhov zoo khaws cia ntawm tsob ntoo qub ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim ib txoj hauv kev rau kev sib tham meej ntawm qhov pom. Raws li kev ntsuas, archaeologists siv cov ntoo qub pavements, uas muaj ntau tus neeg muaj sia nyob hauv av. Nyob rau hauv cov av nkos txoj kev, txoj kev ntawm ancient Novgorod nteg nyob rau hauv cov av nkos thiab ua nyuaj rau hla, yog li ntawd lawv yuav tsum tau tsim pavements los ntawm tuab ntoo thuv cav. Xws li ib tug pavement sawv saum av, yog li av tsis poob rau nws.

Tab sis txoj kev pavement tsis ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Qhov tseeb yog tias kev khaws khib nyiab tsis muaj nyob hauv lub nroog medieval. Shards ntawm tawg cov tais diav, qub ceg thiab tshauv los ntawm qhov cub, shavings thiab lwm yam kev siv pov tseg nyob rau hauv txoj kev, maj nce qib ntawm av (nyob rau hauv Novgorod - nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 1 cm ib xyoos twg). Thaum av tau nce siab tshaj theem ntawm cov ntoo pavement, lwm tus yuav tsum tau muab tso rau saum nws. Qhov no tshwm sim ib zaug txhua 20-25 xyoo.

Hauv av theem tau nce, cov ntoo pavements pom lawv tus kheej hauv av, thiab cov txheej txheem tshiab yuav tsum tau muab tso rau. Ntawm cov pavements qub, archaeologists pom txog li 28 txheej ntawm cov cav pw saum ib leeg

Yees duab: Novgorod Museum-Reserve

Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm excavation ntawm lub qub txoj kev ntawm Novgorod, ib yam ntawm cov txheej ncuav mog qab zib tau tshwm sim rau lub qhov muag ntawm archaeologists, muaj 28 txheej ntawm cav, uas yog ib zaug pavements. Thiab txij li tsob ntoo tsis tshua muaj rot nyob rau hauv cov av ntub, cov cav ntoo tau zoo khaws cia thiab txhua xyoo rings ntawm cov ntoo qub tau pom zoo. Txhua xyoo ntawm tsob ntoo lub neej yog cim nrog ib lub nplhaib, thiab txij li thaum nws kub nyob rau hauv ib xyoos, txias nyob rau hauv lwm, ntub nyob rau hauv ib tug, thiab qhuav nyob rau hauv lwm yam, qhov dav ntawm cov rings yog txawv.

Ua tsaug rau cov ntoo loj heev, nyob rau hauv uas txhua txheej yog 20-25 xyoo yau dua li yav dhau los, nws tau los ua ib qho dendrochronological nplai rau thaj tsam no. Tam sim no, hais txog ib qho ntawm Novgorod cav, koj tuaj yeem hais kom paub tseeb tias xyoo twg nws tsis ua tsob ntoo. Yog li, txhua lub tsev qub tuaj yeem sau hnub tim, txawm tias nws tau raug rhuav tshem ntev dhau los thiab tsuas yog qee qhov ntoo tawg ntawm nws.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm txhua xyoo rings ntawm cav los ntawm Novgorod pavements ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug dendrochronological scale uas tso cai rau koj mus txiav txim kom meej lub hnub nyoog ntawm tej log

Yees duab: Anatoly Morkovkin, TASS newsreel

Cov txheej txheem no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus rau hnub tim nrog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg uas pom cov ntawv thiab lwm yam khoom. Qhov xwm txheej thaum archaeologists khawb ib lub tsev medieval thiab nrhiav birch bark ntawv nyob ze lub tsev ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb muaj ntau lub sijhawm rau kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev sib piv.

Nws pom tseeb tias tus neeg uas nyob hauv lub tsev no, feem ntau yuav yog tus neeg nyob ntawm cov ntawv. Yog tias muaj ob peb tsab ntawv nyob ze rau tib tus neeg, ces tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias peb paub lub npe ntawm tus tswv cuab. Yog tias tus neeg no tseem ceeb txaus, ces muaj caij nyoog los nrhiav lub npe no hauv keeb kwm thiab lwm qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug historian hloov mus ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug criminalist, uas, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ob peb random khoom thiab ib tug crumpled daim ntawv, reconstructs daim duab ntawm yav dhau los.

Novgorod lub neej txhua hnub

Ua ntej lub advent ntawm birch bark ntawv, tsawg heev twb paub txog lub neej txhua hnub ntawm Lavxias teb sab nroog. Ntawm chav kawm, muaj cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau khawb los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, ntawm qhov uas ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab tias lub tsev tau npaj li cas, cov zaub mov tau npaj li cas, cov khaub ncaws thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub lawv hnav li cas. Tab sis tsis muaj qhov twg los kawm txog tib neeg kev sib raug zoo uas tau tshwm sim nrog rau cov khoom no. Tom qab tag nrho, cov keeb kwm tau sau nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tus huab tais los yog lub nroog. Thiab cov ntawv, raws li, qhia txog kev nom kev tswv loj, thiab tsis yog cov teeb meem niaj hnub uas cov neeg nyob hauv nroog yuav tsum tau daws.

Xav txog tej yam koj nyiam, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia lawv qhia nyeem thiab sau li cas. Koj puas paub qhov no nyob qhov twg? Qhov tseeb ntawm kev kawm nyeem thiab sau ntawv tau hais hauv ntau qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, "The Tale of Bygone Years" hais tias Yaroslav the Wise tau npaj qhia cov menyuam nyeem thiab sau ntawv. Qee Lub Neej kuj qhia txog nws.

Tus tub Onfim, uas pib sau cov ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm ib daim ntawm birch bark, tsis ntev tau nkees ntawm txoj hauj lwm no, thiab nws kos ib tug neeg caij tsheb kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab

Yees duab: DIOMEDIA

Txhua leej txhua tus nco qab txog qhov nyuaj npaum li cas phau ntawv kev txawj ntse tau muab rau cov hluas Bartholomew, yav tom ntej Sergius ntawm Radonezh. Tab sis tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog yuav ua li cas raws nraim txoj kev kawm zoo li hauv Lub Neej thiab Keeb Kwm. Tam sim no peb muaj ntau tshaj 20 daim nplooj ntoo birch uas muaj ntau yam ntaub ntawv tub ntxhais kawm. Ntawm no thiab cov tsiaj ntawv, thiab cov npe ntawm cov lus ("warehouses"), thiab kev tawm dag zog, thiab kos duab. Thiab ib tug yuav yooj yim xav txog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas cov me nyuam tau qhia nyob rau hauv ancient Novgorod.

Kev lag luam sau ntawv ntawm ib tsev neeg

Cov thwj tim kev tawm dag zog tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv birch bark sau los ntawm archaeologists. Qhov tseem ceeb, feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv yog mob siab rau ntau yam ntawm kev lag luam lub neej. Birch bark ntawv tau siv los qhia rau tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav ua li cas, thov kev pab lossis tswv yim, hu nws mus rau tsev hais plaub, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas lub tsev ntawm noble Novgorodians ib zaug sawv, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev lag luam ntawv tau pom. Ntau precisely, tsis yog archives, tab sis khib nyiab heaps, qhov twg cov ntawv nyeem tau muab pov tseg. Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog 26 tsab ntawv ntsig txog rau tiam neeg ntawm ib tsev neeg Posadnici. Txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntawv no, tsev neeg muaj thaj av loj thiab tau txiav txim rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas nyob hauv cov av no. Cov ntawv no hais txog dab tsi?

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog kev lag luam ntawv.

Ondrik sau rau Onzifor:

“Koj muab xaj rau ntses. Smerds tsis them kuv yam tsis muaj se, thiab koj tsis tau xa ib tug neeg nrog daim ntawv pov thawj. Thiab raws li rau koj qhov kev poob qis, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev faib tawm tuaj."

Ntawd yog, cov smerds tsis kam them se hauv cov ntses, txij li tus neeg xa mus rau lawv tsis muaj npe ntawm leej twg yuav tsum them nyiaj ntau npaum li cas. Daim ntawv no yog dab tsi? Thiab birch bark ntawv muab lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Feem coob ntawm cov ntawv birch bark yog mob siab rau kev lag luam nyiaj txiag. Hauv tsab ntawv no, Ondrik yws rau Onisiphorus tias nws tsis tuaj yeem sau se, vim tsis muaj npe ntawm leej twg yuav tsum them ntau npaum li cas

Yees duab: gramoty.ru

Muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov npe ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb cov luag num sau tseg ntawm birch bark. Nyob rau hauv lawv, nyob ib sab ntawm lub npe ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, nws tau sau ntau npaum li cas thiab nws yuav tsum xa mus rau tus tswv. Nov yog cov npe Ondrik xav tau los ntawm Ontsifor.

Seb Ondrik tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog lossis tsis, peb tsis paub. Feem ntau, Onzifor xa tag nrho cov npe, thiab nws xaus rau kev thaj yeeb. Txawm hais tias qhov no tsis yog ib txwm muaj. Ntawm tib 26 tsab ntawv muaj ib tsab ntawv ntawm birch bark uas tus txiv neej hem nws cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tias yog lawv tsis mloog nws, nws yuav xa ib tus thawj coj tshwj xeeb uas yuav daws cov teeb meem.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nrog tus tswv cov tub qhe, xa mus rau tswj lawv, tsim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv ib tug birch bark tsab ntawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub XIV caug xyoo. muaj cov lus tsis txaus siab ntev ntev txog tus neeg saib xyuas tsev: “Yuav hneev rau Yuri thiab Maxim los ntawm txhua tus neeg ua liaj ua teb. Leej twg koj muab peb ua tus tseem ceeb tsis sawv rau peb, nws muab peb nplua nyiaj, peb raug nws nyiag. Tab sis zaum thiab tsis txhob twv kom tsav deb ntawm nws! Thiab vim li no peb thiaj raug puas tsuaj. Yog nws yuav tau zaum ntxiv, peb tsis muaj zog zaum. Muab ib tug neeg siab mos siab muag rau peb - peb tuav koj lub hauv pliaj ntawm tus ntawd."

Pom tau tias, Yuri thiab Maxim tsis quav ntsej qhov kev thov no, txij li tsis ntev cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau xa lwm qhov kev tsis txaus siab. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib raug zoo nrog tus neeg tuav ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tuaj yeem tsim muaj ntau txoj hauv kev. Nyob rau tib lub xaib, ib tsab ntawv tau pom nyob rau hauv uas tus neeg saib xyuas tsev tab tom sim thov los ntawm tus tswv cov noob tsim nyog rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, uas yog, nws ua raws li kev sib tham.

Thiab qee cov ntawv qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb, raws li ib tus neeg xav sau tsab ntawv rau kev ua yeeb yam hauv zej zog. Ntawm no, piv txwv li, yog ib tsab ntawv txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th: Koj cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov neeg nyob hauv lub zos Cherenskoye, tab tom ntaus lawv nrog lawv lub ntsej muag rau koj tus tswv Mikhail Yuryevich. Koj muab lub zos rau Klimts Oparin, tab sis peb tsis xav tau nws: tsis yog ib tug neeg nyob ze. Vajtswv pub dawb, koj nyob.”

Ntawd yog, Mikhail Yuryevich tau hloov lub zos nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob hauv nws mus rau Klim Oparin, tab sis cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis xav txog qhov kev hloov pauv no kom raug cai. Feem ntau, qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej zoo thaum lub tuam txhab hloov pauv nws tus tswv, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm txhawj xeeb.

Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv no Zhiznomir yws rau Mikula tias nws raug liam tias nyiag ib tug qhev thiab tam sim no nws yuav tsum mus rau lub tsev hais plaub: "Tsab ntawv los ntawm Zhiznomir rau Mikula. Koj yuav ib tug qhev nyob rau hauv Pskov, thiab tam sim no tus ntxhais huabtais rub kuv rau nws (raug txim tub sab nyiag - A. K.). Thiab tom qab ntawd pab pawg tau vouched rau kuv. Yog li ntawd, xa ib tsab ntawv mus rau tus txiv yog tias nws muaj ib tug qhev. Tab sis kuv xav tau, tau yuav nees thiab muab [rau tus nees] tus tub huabtais tus txiv, [mus] mus rau tim ntsej tim muag. Thiab koj, yog tias koj tsis tau txais cov nyiaj ntawd, tsis txhob nqa ib yam dab tsi los ntawm nws"

Yees duab: gramoty.ru

Cov tswv cuab ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe sib txuas tsis yog nrog lawv cov tub qhe, tab sis kuj nrog ib leeg. Ntawm 26 tsab ntawv ntawm ib tsev neeg, kuj muaj ib tsab ntawv los ntawm tus kav nroog Onzifor, hais rau nws niam: “Ib tsab ntawv thov rau Mrs. niam los ntawm Onsifor. Qhia Nester kom sau cov ruble thiab mus rau Yuri tus txiv neej folding. Nug nws (Yuri) mus yuav ib tug nees. Yog lawm, mus nrog Obrosiy rau Stepan, noj kuv cov khoom. Yog tias nws (Stepan) pom zoo coj tus ruble rau nees, yuav lwm tus nees. Yog, nug Yuri ib nrab thiab yuav nws nrog ntsev. Thiab yog tias nws tsis tau txais lub hnab thiab nyiaj ua ntej kev mus ncig, ces xa lawv ntawm no nrog Nester,”thiab lwm yam.

Hauv tsab ntawv ntawd, tus kav nroog Onzifor muab nws niam ntau yam haujlwm hauv tsev

Yees duab: gramoty.ru

Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm tsab ntawv uas txhua tus neeg hauv tsev neeg, ob leeg txiv neej thiab poj niam, tau koom tes hauv kev daws teeb meem nyiaj txiag. Txawm li cas los xij, cov poj niam ntawm medieval Novgorod yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm zaj dab neeg tshwj xeeb.

Koj ua phem dab tsi rau kuv uas hnub Sunday no koj tsis tuaj rau kuv?..

Peb tau siv los xav tias nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog ib tug poj niam tsis muaj hwj chim, tsaus nti thiab tsis paub ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawm birch bark ntawv, nws tau pom tias cov poj niam tau koom nrog kev sib tham heev. Cov poj niam cov ntawv ua tim khawv, thawj zaug, rau cov poj niam kev nyeem ntawv thoob plaws, thiab qhov thib ob, rau qhov tseeb tias lawv tau ua haujlwm ob qho tib si hauv kev lag luam thiab hauv kev teeb tsa lawv tus kheej lub neej.

Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog daim ntawv thov kev sib yuav. Nws feem ntau lees paub tias kev sib yuav tau ua ntawm cov niam txiv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, thiab tus ntxhais raug nug kawg. Tam sim no, tau tshawb pom ib daim ntawv thov kev sib yuav, hais ncaj qha rau tus poj niam, lub tswv yim no yuav tau hloov pauv li cas:

Los ntawm Mikita mus rau Melania. Mus rau kuv - Kuv xav tau koj, thiab koj xav tau kuv; tab sis tus tim khawv yog Ignat Moiseev …”(ntxiv tsab ntawv lov tawm).

Ntawd yog, qee qhov Nikita qhia Melania txog qhov hnyav ntawm nws qhov kev xav thiab pom zoo Ignat Moiseev ua tim khawv.

Thiab ntawm no yog tsab ntawv hlub los ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, uas ib tug hluas nkauj cem nws tus hlub tias nws twb tau xa xov xwm rau nws peb zaug, tab sis nws tseem tsis tuaj. Nws nug tias, "Koj ua phem dab tsi rau kuv," uas koj tsis tuaj cuag kuv hnub Sunday? Thiab kuv kho koj zoo li ib tug kwv tij! Puas yog kuv ua phem rau koj los ntawm kev xa kuv mus rau koj? Thiab koj, kuv pom, tsis nyiam nws. Yog hais tias koj nyob rau hauv kev hlub, ces koj yuav tau dim ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag thiab rushed … Txawm hais tias kuv kov koj tawm ntawm kuv ruam, yog hais tias koj pib thuam kuv, ces Vajtswv thiab kuv thinness yuav txiav txim rau koj."

Kev thov Vajtswv thiab cov ntawv liturgical feem ntau tsis pom ntawm cov ntawv. Tsab ntawv no muaj cov npe ntawm cov neeg ntseeg uas tus pov thawj hu thaum foom koob hmoov rau cov neeg thov Vajtswv tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Yees duab: gramoty.ru

Daim ntawv ntawm birch bark yog qhov sib piv me me, thiab cov ntawv kos tsis tuaj yeem me dhau. Yog li koj tsis tuaj yeem sau cov ntawv ntev ntawm no, thiab cov qauv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv zoo li birch bark ntau dua li cov qauv ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv instant messengers tshaj li cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov ntawv los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv thiab goose cwj mem. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev xav siv zog tag nrho them rau qhov yuam kev brevity. Cov kev xav zoo li no zoo li xav tsis thoob. Tom qab tag nrho, cov ntaub ntawv medieval tsis tau hais txog kev xav, thiab peb tau siv los xav tias tib neeg tau kawm sau txog lawv tsuas yog nyob rau niaj hnub no.

Cov poj niam cov ntawv rhuav tshem peb lub tswv yim ntawm cov poj niam uas tsis muaj hwj chim thiab kev poob siab ntawm Hnub Nyoog Kawg. Nws hloov tawm tias 800 xyoo dhau los, kev xav, kev xav thiab kev xav tau zoo ib yam li tam sim no.

Thiab tus poj niam uas tau tso tseg tau tawm tsam rau nws txoj cai thiab sau ntawv mus rau ib tus txheeb ze, hais kom nws los pab: Los ntawm Guest mus rau Vasil. Yam kuv txiv thiab cov txheeb ze muab rau kuv ntxiv, tom qab nws. Thiab tam sim no, los ntawm kev yuav ib tug poj niam tshiab, nws tsis muab dab tsi rau kuv. Tuav kuv txhais tes (raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm ib tug tshiab kev koom tes), nws ntiab kuv mus, thiab coj ib tug ua nws tus poj niam. Cia li los pab kuv.” Qhov ntawd yog, ib tug poj niam tig mus rau nws tus txheeb ze lossis tus neeg saib xyuas nrog kev tsis txaus siab txog nws tus txiv, uas, tau txais nws cov nqi tshoob, yuav mus yuav lwm tus poj niam.

Tus poj niam yog tus sau daim ntawv pov thawj loj tshaj plaws uas paub txog niaj hnub no. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm 1200 thiab 1220, Anna xa ib tsab ntawv bark rau nws tus tij laug Klimyata. Nws nug nws tus tij laug los ua nws tus neeg sawv cev hauv kev sib foob nrog Kosnyatin. Lub ntsiab ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog raws li nram no. Kosnyatin liam Anna ntawm vouching rau nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv (dab tsi raws nraim, peb tsis paub), thiab hu ua nws ib tug poj niam dissolute, uas Fedor, thaj nws tus txiv, ncaws Anna tawm.

Ntawm ib daim ntawm birch bark, Anna tau sau ib daim ntawv khib nyiab rau Klimyata, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus uas nws yuav tsum muab, xa mus rau Kosnyatin. Txhawm rau ua kom nws yooj yim rau nws tus kwv nyeem nws cov lus hauv ib daim ntawv, nws sau txog nws tus kheej hauv tus neeg thib peb: “Tom qab koj tso lub luag haujlwm lav rau kuv tus muam thiab nws tus ntxhais (uas yog, tshaj tawm tias lawv tau vouched) thiab hu kuv tus viv ncaus ua curvoy, thiab kuv tus ntxhais - b … U, tam sim no Fedor, tau los txog thiab tau hnov txog qhov kev iab liam no, tau ntiab kuv tus muam thiab xav tua”.

Los ntawm Klimyatu, Anna tab tom hais rau kev hais plaub. Klimyata yuav tsum thov kom Kosnyatin ua pov thawj nws cov lus iab liam thiab cov pov thawj tam sim no uas yuav lees paub tias Anna tau ua qhov tseeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Anna tau cog lus los ntawm txhua qhov kev cog lus phem rau nws tus kwv tias nws yog.

Nws sau hais tias, “Thaum koj, kwv tij, kos,” nws sau hais tias, “qhov kev liam dab tsi thiab qhov tseeb nws tau muab rau kuv, yog tias muaj cov neeg pov thawj lees paub qhov no, kuv tsis yog koj tus muam, thiab tsis yog koj tus txiv tus pojniam. Koj tua kuv."

Ntawm cov ntawv birch bark kuj muaj cov ntawv sau los ntawm nuns ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Barbara. Lub suab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev mob siab rau thiab kev tsis txaus siab, raws li qhov tseeb, befits monastic ntawv. Ntawm no Pelageya qhia Fotinya qhov twg cov nyiaj pauv mus rau lub monastery yog, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm xav txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj heifer: "Puas yog tus heifer ntawm St. Barbara noj qab nyob zoo?" Ntawm no tus abbess ntawm lub monastery thov kom sai sai xa nws ib co ntsiab lus ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab yws tias tsis ntev nws yuav tsum tau tonsure cov novices raws li ib tug nus thiab nws muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog qhov no.

Thaum nyeem cov ntawv no, kuv xav tias kuv tau nyeem cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm British poj niam ntawm Victorian era. Tsuas yog thaum tsib teev lawv haus kvass, tsis yog tshuaj yej.

Teeb meem lus

Nyob rau hauv qhov dhau los ntawm tsab xov xwm no, kuv tau hais cov ntawv birch bark nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab txhais lus, vim hais tias nws yog feem ntau nyuaj heev kom to taub cov thawj cov ntawv ntawm xws li ib tsab ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teeb meem tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog ntawm cov neeg nyeem tsis tau npaj, tab sis kuj ntawm cov kws tshaj lij cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Russia.

Tau ntev, lawv pom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv feem ntau yog keeb kwm keeb kwm, thiab tsis yog lus Askiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tau ua tiav los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov tsiaj ntawv birch bark tau sau los ntawm cov neeg tsis paub ntawv uas tsis paub txog kev sau ntawv, arbitrarily distorting cov lus thiab ua qhov yuam kev zoo kawg.

Yog hais tias ib tug neeg deciphering ib tug ancient phau ntawv ua rau muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm inexplicable yuam kev, ces qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim yuav yog ib tug txhais lus nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm arbitrary txhais.

Qhov xwm txheej pib hloov tom qab xyoo 1982, thaum Andrei Anatolyevich Zaliznyak pib decipher birch bark ntawv. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, Zaliznyak muaj lub koob npe nrov raws li ib tug zoo heev linguist, uas tsim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, ib tug formal piav qhia ntawm lub grammatical system ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, uas tom qab tsim lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab Internet.

Thaum txheeb xyuas cov ntawv, Zaliznyak tau los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj qhov yuam kev yuam kev. Ib qho yuam kev yog piav qhia, ntawm ib sab, los ntawm qhov peculiarities ntawm cov lus uas tus neeg hais lus, thiab lwm yam, los ntawm cov cai uas nws kawm thaum qhia nyeem thiab sau ntawv.

Los ntawm nws tus kheej, qhov kev xav no tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab. Obviously, yog hais tias ib tug neeg uas tsis paub dab tsi txog Lavxias teb sab pib kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv thiab pom tias nws yog heev nquag sau lo lus "nyuj" los ntawm tsab ntawv "a", nws yuav xaus lus tias cov me nyuam kawm ntawv hais lus nyob rau hauv lo lus no lub suab suab. ze rau "a".

Kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntsiab lus dav dav uas piav qhia txog kev sau txawv txawv thiab zoo li qhov tsis txaus ntseeg yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas ntau ntawm cov ntawv, thiab cov ntawv tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua haujlwm. Kev sib piv ntawm cov ntawv ntawm tib hom sau los ntawm cov neeg sib txawv ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas lawv cov yam ntxwv sib xws. Lub systematization ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo li no qee zaum ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob.

Ntawm no peb muaj ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv uas ib tug neeg raug liam ntawm kev embezzlement los yog negligence. Cov phiaj xwm tsis tseem ceeb rau peb ntawm no. Tshwj xeeb, tsab ntawv no hais tias kev puas tsuaj rau kev lag luam tau ua tiav, tab sis lub xauv yog "kule" thiab lub qhov rooj yog "kul". Tus sau ntawm lwm tsab ntawv txaus siab sau tias nws muaj tag nrho cov khoom "k'l". Lub ntsiab lus zoo li pom tseeb tias "kul-" thiab "kl-" yog "tsel-". Tab sis vim li cas nws thiaj sau ntawm no "k" tsis yog "c"?

Cov lus piav qhia, uas npau taws rau qhov tseeb tias tus sau tsis paub txog kev sau ntawv, yog li nws sau tias tus Tswv yuav muab dab tsi rau nws tus plig, tsis zoo li kev ntseeg. Yuav ua li cas ob tus neeg sib txawv ua qhov yuam kev ib yam, tsis yog kev sau ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog lawv cov lus? Thiab ntawm no yog lub sijhawm los nug cov lus nug, puas yog qhov kev sau ntawv tiag tiag cuam tshuam rau cov lus ntawm Novgorodians thaum ub?

Nws yog paub los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Slavic lus hais tias lub suab "c" nyob rau hauv no thiab cov lus zoo sib xws yog los ntawm lub suab "k", uas nyob rau hauv ib tug tej txoj hauj lwm dhau mus rau hauv "c". Kev hloov pauv ntawm Proto-Slavic consonants * k, * g, * x ua ntej lub vowels ě (nyob rau hauv lub qub Lavxias teb sab lus no vowel yog denoted los ntawm tsab ntawv "yat") thiab "i" rau hauv lub consonants "ts", "z.”, “s” cov keeb kwm ntawm cov lus hu ua ob palatalization.

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm "yuam kev" ntawm cov ntawv birch bark ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab tias cov txheej txheem no, feem ntau rau tag nrho cov lus Slavic, tsis yog nyob rau hauv Old Novgorod dialect. Thiab tam sim ntawd ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev nyeem tau paub meej tias yog incomprehensible.

Piv txwv li, ib tsab ntawv hais tias ib qho Vigar raug muab "19 cubits of khri". Qhov no mysterious "khѣr" yog dab tsi?

Yog hais tias peb nco ntsoov hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Novgorodian lus ua ntej lub vowel ě lub consonant "x" tsis mus rau hauv "s", peb pom tias "хѣр" yog "sѣr", uas yog, grey, unpainted ntaub.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov haujlwm zoo li no, kev sau txawv txawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm birch bark ceased zoo li ib yam dab tsi chaotic thiab haphazard. Cov qauv dav dav uas piav qhia tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tau pom meej.

Nws yog qhov xav paub tias thaum xyoo 2017 pom ib tsab ntawv, tus kws sau ntawv tau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm dysgraphia thiab rov ua ib feem ntawm cov lus ob zaug, cov tswvcuab ntoj ke mus zoo siab hais tias lawv thaum kawg pom ib tsab ntawv uas muaj ntau qhov yuam kev. Qhov ntau ntawm qhov yuam kev tsis tau pom tias yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm cov neeg tsis paub ntawv, tab sis yog qee yam tsis tshua muaj thiab tshwj xeeb.

Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, nws muaj peev xwm yuav reconstruct ntau yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus hais ntawm lub ancient Novgorodians, thaum nws muab tawm hais tias lub qub Novgorod cov lus txawv heev los ntawm lwm yam East Slavic dialects. Kev hais lus ntawm Muscovites thiab Kievites muaj qhov sib xws ntau dua li cov lus hais ntawm Muscovites thiab Novgorodians.

Kev txawj ntse qhia

Txij li thaum nruab nrab-1980s, Andrei Zaliznyak pib nyeem ib qho kev qhuab qhia rau pej xeem txhua xyoo, uas nws tau tham txog cov ntawv uas tau pom nyob rau lub caij nyoog qub txeeg qub teg, thiab hais txog cov teeb meem, kev xav thiab cov tswv yim uas tau tshwm sim thaum nyeem ntawv birch bark ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia no, deciphering cov ntawv hloov mus rau hauv kev daws teeb meem kev hais lus zoo siab. Lub intrigue txuas ntxiv mus txog rau lub sijhawm kawg, thiab txhua tus neeg tam sim no tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov lus teb.

Cov lus qhuab qhia txhua xyoo, thaum lub sijhawm Andrei Anatolyevich Zaliznyak tau tawm tswv yim txog cov ntawv tshiab pom birch bark, tau los ua ib qho kev txawj ntse, uas tsis yog cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws paub lus Askiv tau sim mus rau

Yees duab: Efim Erichman / Orthodoxy thiab lub ntiaj teb

Thawj cov lus qhuab qhia tau tuaj koom feem ntau los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov kws tshawb fawb, tab sis tsis ntev cov neeg tuaj saib tau tso tseg kom haum cov neeg uas xav los ua tus koom nrog hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntawv qub. Kev qhuab qhia txhua xyoo yuav tsum raug xa mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv streaming, tab sis nws kuj tsis haum rau cov neeg xav tau. Txhua leej txhua tus tuaj ntawm no - linguists, historians, thiab lej … Cov xib fwb ntawm humanitarian chav kawm xa lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm mus rau kev qhuab qhia. Cov neeg tuaj ntxov los zaum.

Cov xibhwb laus zaum ntawm cov kauj ruam tom ntej ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Rau ntau tus, Zaliznyak lub caij nplooj zeeg Novgorod qhuab qhia yog lub ntsiab kev txawj ntse ntawm lub xyoo, uas yuav tsum tau ua ntej.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, lectures tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub loj auditorium ntawm lub ntsiab lub tsev ntawm Moscow State University nrog lub suab txhawb zog thiab projection ntawm lub vijtsam ntawm txhua yam uas tau sau rau ntawm lub blackboard. Cov neeg uas nco txog thawj chav tsev hais lus tso dag tias lub chaw ntau pob yuav yog qhov chaw tom ntej rau Novgorod cov lus qhuab qhia.