Kev sau ntawv thiab kev paub sau ntawv ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thaum ub

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 26, 1951 hauv Veliky Novgorod, tau tshawb pom ib tsab ntawv bark bark No. Niaj hnub no, ntau tshaj li ib txhiab ntawm lawv tau pom; muaj nyob rau hauv Moscow, Pskov, Tver, Belarus thiab Ukraine. Ua tsaug rau cov kev tshawb pom no, peb tuaj yeem hais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog ntawm Ancient Rus, suav nrog cov poj niam, tau nyeem ntawv.

Kev nyeem ntawv dav dav txhais tau hais tias muaj cov ntawv nyeem - tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog cov ntawv bark birch tau nyeem los ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv! Yog li dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ntawm lub ancient Lavxias teb sab? Yuav kom nkag mus rau hauv qab ntawm qhov tseeb, koj yuav tsum tau nqa cov txheej txheem keeb kwm.

Thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev xav yog los ua ib qho khoom muag ntawm cov ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob. Alas, me me tau muaj sia nyob. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol, tsawg dua 200 phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau tau tuaj rau peb. Raws li historians, qhov no tsawg dua 1% ntawm txhua yam uas tshwm sim. Lavxias teb sab nroog hlawv thaum lub sij hawm internecine tsov rog thiab nomadic raids.

Tom qab Mongol ntxeem tau, qee lub nroog tsuas ploj mus. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, txawm tias nyob rau hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, Moscow hlawv rau hauv av txhua 6-7 xyoo. Yog hais tias hluav taws puas 2-3 txoj kev, xws li ib tug trifle twb tsis txawm hais. Thiab txawm hais tias cov phau ntawv tau txais txiaj ntsig, muaj txiaj ntsig, cov ntawv sau tseem raug hlawv. Dab tsi tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no?

Feem coob yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Phau ntawv liturgical, txoj moo zoo, biography ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, cov lus qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Tab sis kuj muaj cov ntaub ntawv secular. Ib phau ntawv qub tshaj plaws uas tau nqis los rau peb yog "Izbornik" ntawm 1073. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib phau ntawv me me raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Byzantine sau ntawv. Tab sis ntawm ntau tshaj 380 phau ntawv muaj cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm stylistics, cov khoom ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, logic, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav, cov lus piv txwv thiab txawm tias riddles.

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tau luam tawm ntau - cov neeg Lavxias tsis tau txhais hais tias Ivans tsis nco qab txog lawv cov txheeb ze, lawv tau mob siab rau "qhov twg lub tebchaws Lavxias tuaj ntawm". Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug neeg keeb kwm chronicles yog zoo li niaj hnub detective ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm zajlus twist.

Zaj dab neeg ntawm kev tuag ntawm princes Boris thiab Gleb yog tsim nyog ntawm kev yoog raws: kwv tij tawm tsam cov kwv tij, kev dag ntxias, kev ntxeev siab, kev tua neeg phem - Shakespearean passions tiag tiag npau taws rau ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Boris thiab Gleb!

Kev tua neeg ntawm Gleb. Miniature Legends ntawm Boris thiab Gleb los ntawm Sylvester sau

Tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv scientific. Nyob rau hauv 1136, Kirik Novgorodets tau sau Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Tus lej, kev ua lej thiab cov hnub qub tau mob siab rau cov teeb meem ntawm chronology. Plaub (!) Cov npe (cov ntawv luam) tau los rau peb. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias muaj ntau daim ntawv luam ntawm txoj haujlwm no.

"Kev Thov Vajtswv ntawm Daniel lub Zatochnik" nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm satire, qhia tawm tsam cov txiv plig thiab boyars, tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li sau xov xwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.

Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, "Txoj Haujlwm ntawm Igor Txoj Kev Sib Tw"! Txawm hais tias "Lo lus" tsuas yog tsim los ntawm tus sau (uas tuaj yeem ua rau tsis ntseeg), nws yuav muaj ob qho tib si ua ntej thiab cov thwjtim.

Tam sim no peb yuav tsa cov txheej txheem tom ntej thiab mus rau kev txheeb xyuas cov ntawv lawv tus kheej. Qhov no yog qhov kev lom zem pib.

2nd txheej: dab tsi yog zais hauv cov ntawv

Nyob rau hauv lub X-XIII centuries, copyright tsis muaj nyob. Cov kws sau ntawv, cov kws sau ntawv thiab sau cov sau, cov lus thov thiab cov lus qhia txhua qhov chaw tau muab cov khoom seem los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv cov ntawv, tsis yog xav tias yuav tsum muab qhov txuas mus rau qhov qub. Qhov no yog ib qho kev coj ua.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev kom nrhiav tau xws li ib qho tsis muaj cim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, rau qhov no koj yuav tsum paub zoo kawg nkaus cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Thiab yuav ua li cas yog tias qhov chaw qub tau ploj mus ntev dhau los? Thiab txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov pom zoo li no. Thiab lawv tsuas yog muab lub hiav txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov lawv tau nyeem hauv Ancient Russia.

Cov ntawv sau muaj cov seem ntawm "Yehauvas Tsov Rog" los ntawm cov neeg Yudais keeb kwm thiab tub rog thawj coj Josephus Flavius (1st century), Greek keeb kwm ntawm George Amartolus (Byzantium, 9th caug xyoo), Chronographies ntawm John Malala (Byzantium, 6th caug xyoo). Pom cov lus hais los ntawm Homer thiab Assyrian-Babylonian zaj dab neeg txog Akira the Wise (VII caug xyoo BC).

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 26, 1951 hauv Veliky Novgorod, tau tshawb pom ib tsab ntawv bark bark No. Niaj hnub no, ntau tshaj li ib txhiab ntawm lawv tau pom; muaj nyob rau hauv Moscow, Pskov, Tver, Belarus thiab Ukraine. Ua tsaug rau cov kev tshawb pom no, peb tuaj yeem hais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog ntawm Ancient Rus, suav nrog cov poj niam, tau nyeem ntawv.

Kev nyeem ntawv dav dav txhais tau hais tias muaj cov ntawv nyeem - tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog cov ntawv bark birch tau nyeem los ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv! Yog li dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ntawm lub ancient Lavxias teb sab? Yuav kom nkag mus rau hauv qab ntawm qhov tseeb, koj yuav tsum tau nqa cov txheej txheem keeb kwm.

Ib tsab ntawv birch bark, uas hais txog kev yuav ib tug qhev los ntawm ib tug neeg saib xyuas

Tau kawg, peb xav paub ntau npaum li cas cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb no nyob ntawm cov neeg nyeem. Tsis yog tus uas tsis paub sau ntawv-monk tsuas yog ib tug nyob rau hauv Russia uas poob rau hauv lub tes ntawm no los yog lub neej muaj nuj nqis? Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia thuam cov seem ntawm paganism, piav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm pagan deity, tus sau hu nws ua analogue ntawm Artemis.

Nws tsis tsuas yog paub txog Greek vajtswv poj niam xwb, tsis tas li ntawd, tus sau paub tseeb tias tus nyeem ntawv kuj paub tias nws yog leej twg! Cov Greek Artemis paub ntau dua rau tus sau phau ntawv qhia thiab nyeem ntau dua li Slavic vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev yos hav zoov Devan! Yog li ntawd, kev paub ntawm Greek mythology yog ubiquitous.

Txwv tsis pub cov ntaub ntawv

Yog, muaj ib tug! Saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm nws pab yaj, lub Koom Txoos tau muab cov ntsiab lus uas nws tau teev cov phau ntawv uas yog "renunciates." Cov no yog cov lus qhia txog hmoov zoo, kev ua khawv koob, cov phau ntawv khawv koob, cov lus dab neeg hais txog tus hma, cov neeg txhais lus ntawm cov paib, cov phau ntawv npau suav, kev koom tes thiab cov ntaub ntawv liturgical lees paub tias yog apocryphal. Cov indexes qhia tsis yog cov ntsiab lus, tab sis cov phau ntawv tshwj xeeb: "Ostrologer", "Rafli", "Aristotelian rooj vag", "Gromnik", "Kolednik", "Volkhovnik" thiab lwm yam.

Tag nrho cov "cov vaj lug kub tsis muaj Vajtswv" tsis yog txwv tsis pub, tab sis raug kev puas tsuaj. Txawm tias muaj kev txwv, cov phau ntawv renounced tau khaws cia, nyeem thiab sau dua tshiab. Cov Orthodox Lavxias teb sab neeg yeej tsis tau paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv txoj kev ntseeg kev ntseeg; kev ntseeg thiab kev ntseeg tsis ntseeg tau nyob sib haum xeeb hauv Russia rau ntau pua xyoo.

Kauj Ruam 3: textual coincidences

Kev qiv cov phiaj xwm yeej tsis suav tias yog kev thuam ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv. A. Tolstoy, piv txwv li, tsis zais tias nws Pinocchio yog ib daim qauv ntawm Pinocchio Collodi. Tus yawg Shakespeare xyaum tsis muaj ib qho "tus kheej" zaj dab neeg. Ob leeg nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj, qiv cov phiaj xwm tau siv nrog lub zog thiab lub ntsiab. Thiab nyob rau hauv Russia ib yam nkaus thiab: nyob rau hauv cov biography ntawm princes, lub neej ntawm cov neeg dawb huv muaj cov kab lus los ntawm Greek chronicles, Western cov ntaub ntawv ("Cov nkauj ntawm Guillaume ntawm txiv kab ntxwv", Fabkis, XII caug xyoo) thiab txawm ancient Indian ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv Visions ntawm Txwj Laug Matthew, tus hauj sam pom ib tug dab, pom tsis tau rau lwm tus, pov petals ntawm cov hauj sam. Rau leej twg lawv lo, nws tam sim ntawd pib yawn thiab, nyob rau hauv ib tug plausible pretext, nrhiav kom tawm ntawm qhov kev pab cuam (nws tsis ua txhaum nws kev twb kev txuas nrog lub ntiaj teb no). Cov paj tsis lo rau cov khub tiag tiag. Hloov cov dab nrog ntuj ceeb tsheej, cov hauj sam ntawm lub qhov tsua nrog cov hauj sam - thiab koj yuav tau txais lub Mahayana sutra ntawm lub xyoo pua 2 BC, uas tau coj mus rau Russia los ntawm ib co incomprehensible cua.

Thiab ces cov lus nug tom ntej no tshwm sim: ua li cas cov phau ntawv tau mus rau Ancient Russia?

khawb ntxiv

Nws tau raug tsim los ntawm ntau cov ntawv sau los ntawm 10th-11th centuries yog cov ntawv luam ntawm Bulgarian keeb kwm. Cov keeb kwm tau xav ntev ntev tias lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Bulgarian tsars xaus rau hauv Russia. Nws tuaj yeem raug coj mus ua khoom plig ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav, uas tau ntes lub peev ntawm Bulgaria, Veliki Preslav hauv 968.

Nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm Byzantine huab tais John I Tzimiskes thiab tom qab ntawd muab rau Vladimir ua tus nqi zog rau Ntxhais fuabtais Anna, uas tau sib yuav Kiev tub huabtais.(Qhov no yog li cas, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, ua ke nrog Zoya Palaeologus, yav tom ntej tus poj niam ntawm Ivan III, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Byzantine emperors tuaj rau Moscow, uas tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai "Liberia".)

Nyob rau hauv lub X-XII centuries, lub Rurikovichs nkag mus rau hauv dynastic kev sib yuav nrog lub reigning lub tsev ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis, Scandinavia, Poland, Hungary thiab Byzantium. Cov txij nkawm yav tom ntej tau mus rau Russia nrog lawv cov retinue, confessors, thiab nqa me me phau ntawv nrog lawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1043, lub Code ntawm Gertrude tuaj rau Kiev los ntawm Poland ua ke nrog lub Polish ntxhais huabtais, thiab nyob rau hauv 1048 los ntawm Kiev mus rau Fabkis ua ke nrog Anna Yaroslavna - lub Reims Txoj Moo Zoo.

Ib yam dab tsi tau coj los ntawm Scandinavian warriors los ntawm princely entourage, ib yam dab tsi los ntawm cov tub lag luam (txoj kev lag luam "los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks" yog tibneeg hu tauj coob heev). Lawm, cov phau ntawv tau "nyob txawv teb chaws" hom lus. Lawv txoj hmoo yog dabtsi? Puas muaj cov neeg nyob hauv Russia uas tuaj yeem nyeem ua lus txawv teb chaws? Thiab muaj pes tsawg tus neeg zoo li no?

Basurman lus

Vladimir Monomakh txiv hais tsib yam lus. Monomakh niam yog Greek ntxhais huab tais, nws pog yog Swedish ntxhais huabtais. Muaj tseeb tus tub uas nyob nrog lawv mus txog rau thaum hluas paub Greek thiab Swedish. Kev txawj ntse tsawg kawg yog peb yam lus txawv teb chaws yog tus qauv hauv ib puag ncig princely. Tab sis qhov no yog ib tug princely xeem, tam sim no cia peb mus rau hauv lub social ntaiv.

Nyob rau hauv Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, ib tug dab ntxwg nyoog tus dab hais ntau yam lus. Cov xibhwb uas nyob ze ze tau txhais tau tias "tsis yog-Sermenian yazytsi": Latin, Hebrew, Greek, Syrian. Raws li koj tau pom, kev paub ntawm cov lus no tsis yog qhov tsis tshua muaj ntawm cov kwv tij monastic.

Nyob rau hauv Kiev, muaj ib tug tseem ceeb cov neeg Yudais diaspora, ib tug ntawm peb lub rooj vag nyob rau hauv Kiev (kev ua lag luam) txawm hu ua "Cov neeg Yudais". Ntxiv rau cov tub ua lag luam, cov tub lag luam, cov neeg nyob sib ze Khazar Kaganate - tag nrho cov no tsim cov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho ntau hom lus.

Yog li ntawd, ib phau ntawv lossis cov ntawv sau uas tuaj rau Ancient Russia los ntawm sab hnub poob lossis sab hnub tuaj tsis ploj - nws tau nyeem, txhais thiab sau dua tshiab. Xyaum nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia tag nrho cov ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm tuaj yeem taug kev (thiab nws yeej yog). Raws li koj tau pom, Russia tsis yog tsaus ntuj nti los yog downtrodden. Thiab lawv nyeem hauv Russia tsis yog phau Vajlugkub thiab Txoj Moo Zoo xwb.

Tos nrhiav tshiab

Puas muaj kev cia siab tias muaj ib hnub tsis paub phau ntawv ntawm X-XII centuries yuav pom? Kiev cov lus qhia tseem qhia rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi hais tias ua ntej kev ntes lub nroog los ntawm Mongol-Tatars hauv 1240, Kiev cov hauj sam tau nkaum lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yaroslav tus Txawj Ntse hauv qhov taub ntawm Sophia Monastery.

Lawv tseem tab tom nrhiav rau lub tsev qiv ntawv legendary ntawm Ivan the Terrible - qhov kev tshawb nrhiav kawg tau ua tiav hauv xyoo 1997. Thiab txawm hais tias muaj ob peb qhov kev cia siab rau "nrhiav ntawm lub xyoo pua" … Tab sis ua li cas yog tias?