Medieval genocide, los yog vim li cas tsev neeg feudal thiaj li muaj zog

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ib qho nthuav taw tes ntawm kev pom ntawm Klim Zhukov ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm tsev neeg feudal nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Raws li ib txwm muaj kev lom zem.

Kev nyeem ntawv tsis tu ncua hauv cov peev txheej thiab / lossis cov ntawv tshawb fawb, yuav ua li cas hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog ib tus neeg raug ntaus hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, koj xav paub qhov twg txhua tus tib lub npe tuaj ntawm - lawv zoo li tau tua txhua tus, thiab lawv rov qab! Yog lawm, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab qhov ntawd. Txiv yawg ncaim mus tsis rov los, tab sis cov me nyuam loj hlob tuaj thiab yuav sai sai khaws daim ntawv pov tseg thiab tseem yuav mus ua rog. Qhov no system muaj nws cov kev txwv, tab sis nws tseem yog heev ruaj.

Tab sis qhov twg yog qhov kev dag ntxias dag ntxias tuaj yeem tuaj ntawm? Nyob rau hauv Cressy nyob rau hauv 1346, lub paj ntawm Fabkis chivalry perished. Qhov ntawd tsis tiv thaiv Fabkis txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua kom txog rau thaum 1356, thaum lub paj ntawm Fabkis chivalry tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Poitiers. Qhov ntawd tsis txwv Fabkis txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv Bretigny. Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov "tso tseg" ntawm cov tub rog hauv Fabkis yog qhov tsis muaj qab hau.

Los yog nco txog Novgorod lub Great.

1268, Lub Ob Hlis 18, Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Rakvere (aka Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Rakovor). Pab neeg Lavxias yeej qhov kev sib ntaus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kim heev rau Novgorodians.

tua tus kav nroog Mikhail, thiab Tverdislav Chermny, Nikifor Radyatinich, Tverdislav Moisievich, Mikhail Krivtsevich, Ivach, / l. 145./ Boris Ildyatinich, nws tus tij laug Lazor, Ratsha, Vasil Voiborzovich, Osip, Zhiroslav Dorogomayudovykh, muaj ntau, muaj ntau. tau ntau tus neeg dub; thiab lwm tus tsis tuaj yeem yog yam tsis muaj kab: txhiab tus Kondrat, Ratislav Boldyzhevich, Danil Mozotinich, thiab muaj ntau lwm tus, Vajtswv yog qhov tseeb, thiab Pskovich kuj yog Ladojan; thiab Yurya yog tus huab tais ntawm lub xub pwg nyom, lossis yog tias nws tau muab txhais ua nws, ces Vajtswv yog. (Novgorod thawj chronicle ntawm cov ntawv qub. Synodal luam).

Hauv kev sib cav nrog "hlau tub rog" ntawm Teutons, Novgorod poob 14 "vyatshih" boyars, cov uas yog tus kav nroog Mikhail Fedorovich, uas yog, tus thawj tswj hwm. Peb ntxiv tau ploj mus, suav nrog Tysyatsky, Minister of Defense. Cais, nws tau hais ntxiv tias ntxiv rau cov npe, "ntau tus tub zoo" ntawm qib qis dua, tsis tsim nyog ntawm tus kheej hais hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm, kuj raug tua. Hais txog "lwm cov neeg dub tsis muaj tus lej" peb yuav nyob twj ywm, leej twg suav lawv thaum twg. Kev poob yog xws li Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yuri "vda lub xub pwg nyom", uas yog, khiav tawm ntawm tshav rog.

Xws li kev ntaus tsis tau tshwm sim ntau zaus hauv Novgorod thiab hauv keeb kwm Lavxias feem ntau. Qhov no tau qhia meej meej los ntawm cov xov xwm keeb kwm yav dhau los, lossis theej, ib qho tsis tshua muaj npe ntawm cov neeg ua nom ua tswv tua neeg. Pom tau tias, feem ntau qhov kev poob qis dua me ntsis thiab tsis ua rau cov neeg mob poob siab ntau heev.

Vim li cas 17 tus tub tua neeg tua neeg (raws li kev xav ntau, ib tus yuav tsum xav tias 3 tus neeg ploj lawm kuj tuag) ua rau cov neeg tuag coob heev uas nws tau hais txog lub tsev teev ntuj synodikon thiab yug los piav txog kev ntseeg ntev ntawm vim li cas kev tua neeg ntawd tshwm sim? Yog, tsuas yog vim Novgorod yog approx. 220-250 hectares, tsis pub tshaj 30,000 tus neeg nyob. Boyar "loj" cov tsev neeg-tsev neeg tau, txiav txim los ntawm cov vaj tse khaws cia hauv archaeology, 35-45. Qhov ntawd yog, los ntawm ib nrab mus rau ib feem peb ntawm cov tsev neeg raug kev txom nyem hauv ib hnub. Qhov kev poob siab tuaj qhov twg.

Txawm hais tias cov ntshav ntawm Novgorod tau ua tiav muaj zog, qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv txhua txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv 1269 lub Livonian Germans tau sau 180 knights thiab mus rau Pskov, qhov twg cov tub rog Novgorod tshwm sim 10 hnub tom qab. Nws yog qhov ntseeg tau tias Livonians sai sai ua kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab tawm mus.

Nws tshwm sim li cas tom qab cov tub rog txaus ntshai poob?

Pom zoo li no:

1. Boyarin tsis yog ib tug tub rog aristocrat xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tsoom fwv nroog.

2. Boyarin kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam hauv nroog, uas yog, ib lub koom haum kev lag luam ywj pheej.

3. Boyarin tsis hais lus ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub xeem, uas nws tau txuam nrog kev sib nrig sib kinship, phooj ywg thiab ua lag ua luam luag hauj lwm.

Koj tuaj yeem xav txog ib yam ntawm tsev neeg nruab nrab ntawm Perdyatichi (Kuv tuaj nrog lawv kom tsis txhob ua phem rau leej twg). Thiab yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1268, lub taub hau ntawm tsev neeg tuaj ntawm lub veche thiab hais tias: peb yuav mus tua ib tug German. Ces nws khawb nws hwj txwv nruj.

Muab: Perdyata Perdyatich (dad); Ghoul, Rukosuy, Tverdolob, Zhiroslav thiab Bludoruk Perdyatichi (cov tub); Zhidyata Smerdyatich thiab Zhlobosvin Smerdyatich (cov xeeb ntxwv); Fat Pyat Ebestoevich (tus kwv tij yau).

Perdyatich cov laus yuav tau daws qhov teeb meem hauv zos: leej twg yuav mus tua?

Bludoruk yog tus yau tshaj, nws tsis muaj menyuam, nws tseem ntxov dhau los rub nws mus ua rog. Zhiroslav yuav tsum tau tso tseg ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, vim tias leej twg yuav tswj hwm tsev neeg? Koj rov qab los, thiab tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov neeg txawj ntse tau khiav tawm, tag nrho cov smerds tau kov yeej - koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas lawv. Lub taub hau tawv yuav tsis mus ua rog, vim Nws mob thiab feem ntau yooj yim heev yuav tsis nyob kom pom qhov pib ntawm kev sib tw. Koj tsis tuaj yeem nqa Zhidyat Smerdyatich mus ua tsov rog, vim Nws tab tom noj ntawm tus choj - tam sim no nws tab tom kho cov choj hla lub Volkhov. Zhlobosvin Smerdyatich ntawm kev lag luam tawm mus rau Karelians, los ntawm txoj kev, nrog 25% ntawm pawg tub rog tub ceev xwm.

Yog li, Perdyata tus Txwj Laug, kwv tij txheeb ze Ebestoevich thiab ob tug tub, Ghoul thiab Rukosuy, tab tom mus ua rog. Ntawm 10 tus neeg, rau lub hom phiaj yog vim li cas, tsuas yog 4 tus tuaj yeem raug coj tawm mus ncig. Thiab koj mus tsis tau qhov twg. Tsis rub tus yau thiab tsis muaj menyuam? Thiab yuav ua li cas kom tau tus cunning Smerdyatich tawm ntawm Karelian hav zoov? Lossis koj tuaj yeem tshem Zhidyatushka ntawm tus choj li cas?

Yog li 40% ntawm tsev neeg tab tom mus es tsis yog 100% theoretically lav rau kev ua tub rog. Nyob rau hauv Rakovor (cia peb hais), Ebestoevich raug tua thiab Fart tus Txwj Laug raug mob tuag. Yog li, lub zog ntawm pawg neeg tau txo qis los ntawm 20%. Qhov no tu siab heev, tab sis tsis tuag kiag li. Ntawd yog, xyoo tom ntej lub koom haum boyar tau yooj yim nthuav tawm 4 tus neeg ua haujlwm ntxiv los ntawm lub tebchaws. Thiab nyob rau ntawd, nws tau txais cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Bludoruk, ob tug tub Ebestoevich los rau hauv lub hnub nyoog, thiab tom qab 3 xyoo lub koom haum twb muaj 11 fighters es tsis txhob ntawm 10 ua ntej Rakovor.

Ntawd yog, feudal "loj" tsev neeg tub qhe muaj objectively tsawg heev muaj peev xwm los mus, vim muaj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub nroog cov lag luam thiab lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsev neeg feudal muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo heev, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov muaj peev xwm qis los ua kom muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ib zaug. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ib txwm medieval genocide tsis tau siv lub cev rau lawv.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev los rhuav tshem xws li xeem ntawm lub hauv paus los yog tsuas yog los ntshav nws. Ntau yam txaus ntshai rau nws yog tus kab mob sib kis, uas ua rau txhua tus neeg tsis sib haum xeeb, ua tau zoo dua ntaj thiab xub.