Cov menyuam yaus raug tsa los ntawm TV thiab Is Taws Nem - tus kws qhia ntawv pom ntawm lub tsev kawm theem siab niaj hnub no

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Parasites mob siab rau pov tseg txhua yam ntawm tsev kawm ntawv uas tso cai rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kom tau txais yam tsawg kawg ib qho kev paub. Parasites tsis xav tau cov pej xeem nyeem ntawv. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kev paub rau cov tub ntxhais kawm mob siab rau txav mus rau qhov deb tshaj plaws …

General xeev

Thawj qhov kev xav ntawm kuv lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj: muaj me nyuam tsawg dua, tom qab ntawm lub rooj sib tham pedagogical kuv kawm tias tam sim no muaj txog 700 tus menyuam kawm ntawv, thaum kuv kawm - hauv 90s, muaj 1200 tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov me nyuam raug coj los ntawm yim lub zos nyob ib ncig ntawm lub zos (ib lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub nroog-hom kev sib hais haum). Thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv uas nyob ntawd raug kaw, nws tau dhau los ua kev lag luam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los tswj lawv, nws yooj yim dua los muab ib lub tsev kawm ntawv 2-3 lub tsheb npav thiab coj menyuam mus thiab tawm hauv tsev kawm txhua hnub.

Qhov tom ntej no kuv pom yog hais tias lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm cov me nyuam yog zoo flimsy, mob. Tom qab ntawd kuv nrhiav qhov tseeb los txhawb kuv lub tswv yim. Lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj chav kawm cadet (qee tus tub, ntau teev ntawm kev kawm lub cev, xyaum, thiab lwm yam), yog li yog tias koj saib daim ntawv kho mob, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov menyuam yaus nyob rau hauv pab pawg npaj thiab tshwj xeeb, ob tug neeg xiam oob qhab, ib feem peb. ntawm chav kawm no yeej raug zam los ntawm kev kawm lub cev - tsuas yog mus kawm cov chav kawm xwb. Hauv tib chav kawm, ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm, twb nyob rau qib 9, tau haus cawv nyob rau theem pib - lawv tau haus ntau xyoo 2-3 zaug hauv ib lub lis piam. Lawv muab ib chav kawm, los ua ib chav kawm, 25 tus tub ntxhais kawm, tsuas yog ob (!) ntawm thawj pab pawg noj qab haus huv, yuav luag ib feem peb ntawm cov chav kawm muaj teeb meem tsis pom kev, ntau dua ib nrab yog ntau yam kab mob.

Lwm qhov "xav tsis thoob" hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntau dua 20 tus menyuam raug kuaj pom tias muaj F 70 (mob hlwb retardation), ntau dua 30 cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas hlwb (hlwb retardation), tib cov menyuam yaus khiav yam tsis muaj kev kuaj mob, thiab "tsuas yog" teeb meem puas hlwb, ntau hauv yuav luag txhua chav kawm … Raws li kuv pom tom qab, yuav luag tag nrho cov menyuam yaus no yog "khoom plig" los ntawm niam txiv haus cawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv thawj pem teb, muaj ib tug tas li tsis hnov tsw ntawm cov pa luam yeeb - cov me nyuam haus luam yeeb nyob rau hauv lub chav da dej. Yog li, yuav luag tag nrho lub tsev kawm ntawv yog cov neeg haus luam yeeb. Txawm hais tias lawv raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm saib xyuas, tus kws qhia ntawv hauv lub luag haujlwm, tus thawj coj nws tus kheej tsis hem tus menyuam kawm ntawv nrog ib qho loj, zoo, lawv yuav cem (kev sib tham tiv thaiv), tej zaum lawv yuav hu rau niam txiv, tab sis tsis yog qhov tseeb tias lawv yuav tuaj. Thiab yog tias lawv tuaj, lawv yuav ua li cas - lub sijhawm ploj mus, lawv cog lus tias yuav ntsuas qhov dav dav. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "khoom plig" cov menyuam yaus haus luam yeeb hauv qib 2-3, feem pua ntawm cov neeg haus luam yeeb loj hlob txhua xyoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai yog qhov tseeb tias cov ntxhais kuj tau haus luam yeeb. Cov ntxhais haus dej cawv thiab cawv ntawm 4-6 qib, thiab lawv niam lawv txiv ncuav nws - Xyoo Tshiab, hnub yug. Kev qias neeg thiab kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo tau ntev dhau los ua tus qauv.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tsis raug cai thiab tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm - tus menyuam kawm ntawv tuaj yeem siv lus tsis zoo, xa tus kws qhia peb tsab ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd hais qhov nws tau hnov, thaum lwm tus yuav lees paub tias nws yog li ntawd. Qee tus txawm sim hem cov xibfwb nrog lawv niam lawv txiv ua txhaum. Feem ntau ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv tau hais txog qhov xwm txheej no - tsis muaj kev txhawb siab rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov nyiaj hli me me, lawv xav tau ntau heev, kev teeb tsa yog qhov no: tus kws qhia ntawv yog liam rau txhua yam. Yog hais tias koj muab ib tug ncaj ncees deuce rau ib lub hlis twg, nws yuav ua phem rau koj - koj lwj qhov kev qhia.

Tsis txhob xav tias cov kws qhia ntawv tsis ua dab tsi - kev sib tw tsis tu ncua, muaj kev sib tw ntau yam, lawv tham txog kev phom sij ntawm kev haus luam yeeb, cawv, xov tooj ntawm tes, computer games, tab sis tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog poob hauv dej hiav txwv. Cov menyuam yaus raug tsa los ntawm TV thiab Internet. Ntau tshaj ib zaug kuv tau soj ntsuam cov tub ntxhais kawm - tus phab ej ntawm cov tub yog Kab laug sab-txiv neej, Hniav, Terminator, Harry Potter (nws kuj nrov nrog cov ntxhais), Gandalf, thiab lwm yam, tsis yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab cim, txawm hais tias nws yog zoo. xov xwm hais tias cov no yog cov cim zoo uas tawm tsam kev phem, i.e.lub siab xav rau kev ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam yog, lawv tseem yog Lavxias teb sab.

Nrog cov ntxhais, qhov xwm txheej yog qhov phem dua, lawv poob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Western kab lis kev cai tag nrho - lawv cov mlom, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov suab paj nruag pop, cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm ntau lub TV series, cov tswv yim ntawm txiv neej kev zoo nkauj Timberlake, Brad Pita. Lawv yog cov nyiam los ntawm sab nrauv ci ntsa iab, lawv tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm sab ntsuj plig, txawm tias ntawm lawv muaj cov ntxhais uas nyeem (!) Phau ntawv, paj huam, tab sis lawv poob rau hauv cov huab hwm coj ntawm cov neeg siv khoom yav tom ntej.

Kev txaus siab ntawm cov menyuam yaus rau cov suab paj nruag nrov, diluted nrog kev ua txhaum cai romanticism (chanson) thiab rap, mus xyuas discos ntawm qib 5-6. Tam sim ntawd kuv nco qab cov lus ntawm A. Hitler, los ntawm lub rooj sib tham: …lawv yuav tsum muab cawv thiab luam yeeb rau lawv ntau npaum li lawv lub siab xav … Tau kawg, lawv tuaj yeem muaj suab paj nruag ntau npaum li lawv xav tau … txhua yam uas cov neeg zej zog xav tau yog suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag thiab dua suab paj nruag … Kev lom zem suab paj nruag yog ib qho kev txhawb zog rau kev ua haujlwm hnyav; muab sijhawm rau lawv ua las voos, thiab txhua tus neeg hauv zos yuav ua tsaug rau peb …”.

Thiab ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob xav hais tias xws li ib tug lub tsev kawm ntawv yog ib qho kev zam, peb lub tsev kawm ntawv yog ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam - nyiaj thiab kub medalists, thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Olympiads, muaj zog cov xib fwb, yeej ntawm ntau yam kev sib tw. Nyob rau hauv cov nroog, qhov teeb meem yog aggravated los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias muaj ib tug thiaj li hu ua. "Golden hluas", nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog nws tsis yog li ntawd tseem ceeb heev.

Hauv tsev kawm ntawv, kev ua haujlwm pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv tau raug tshem tawm, tam sim no nws yog txwv tsis pub "siv" cov menyuam yaus: vim li ntawd, tsis quav ntsej lub tsev kawm ntawv, koj tuaj yeem kos rau ntawm rooj, nto qaub ncaug rau hauv pem teb, kos rau ntawm phab ntsa.

Cov xib hwb

Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tuav nyob rau hauv 20 xyoo dhau los ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntawm Soviet margin ntawm kev nyab xeeb; cov kws qhia so haujlwm tseem ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Soviet era. Lawv muab cov kev paub tseem ceeb, tab sis lawv tau dhau los ua tsawg thiab tsawg txhua xyoo. Cov kws qhia ntawv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug ntev hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thaum kuv muaj 4 xyoos, 2-5 tus kws tshaj lij hluas tuaj txhua xyoo, feem ntau tsis muaj leej twg ua haujlwm ntau tshaj ib xyoos. Lawv tawm thiab tau txais txoj haujlwm, nyob qhov twg, tsuas yog tsis nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv - ua tus muag khoom, hauv Ministry of Internal Affairs, hauv kev ruaj ntseg, cov thawj coj. Feem ntau cov neeg muaj peev xwm tseem nyob, leej twg tsis quav ntsej txog tus thawj coj ntawm kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm thiab kev txo qis ntawm cov menyuam yaus, uas tsis quav ntsej.

Cov xib fwb tsuas yog crushed los ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua hauj lwm - ceeb toom, tsom xam, kev npaj, kev kuaj mob, thiab lwm yam, thiab lwm yam, ntxiv rau cov computerization "ua rau kuv zoo siab", tam sim no koj yuav tsum tau sau tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, tab sis kuj. kuj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv electronic. Txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv tau koom nrog hauv qhov rais hnav khaub ncaws, tab sis peb muaj txhua yam ntawm lub teb chaws tej yaam num nyob rau hauv zam, yog li cov ntaub ntawv yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias, peb urgently yuav tsum tau qhia yuav ua li cas tshiab peb yog, advanced nyob rau hauv kev kawm technologies, peb tab tom ua txhua yam kev tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb. Yog li ntawd, ntawm tus me nyuam tus nqi dua, thaum tus kws qhia ntawv sau tiav, nws tsuas tsis muaj sij hawm los saib tus me nyuam cov teeb meem, pab nws. Feem ntau, "txhua yam zoo, zoo nkauj marquise," ntawm daim ntawv - peb tab tom qhia txog kev kawm txuj ci tshiab, thiab ob lub khoos phis tawj, thiab chav qhia hluav taws xob, thiab peb lub tsheb npav tshiab, thiab cov menyuam yaus tau mob thiab mob.

Nyob rau hauv lub 90s, lawv luag ntawm American dab neeg ntawm Mikhail Zadornov, lawv hais dab tsi American yog ruam, thiab lawv cov me nyuam kawm ntawv. Kuv tuaj yeem paub tseeb rau koj tias peb cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau nrawm nrawm nrog lawv, lawv paub tsawg, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lawv tsis xav paub vim li cas, yog cov kws qhia ntse tau txais tsawg dua Uzbeks tsis nyeem ntawv ntawm cov chaw tsim kho.

Lwm qhov kev txom nyem ntawm kev kawm preschool thiab tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub no yog qhov tsis muaj txiv neej, peb muaj ntau hauv peb lub tsev kawm ntawv, ntau li 6 rau 60 tus kws qhia ntawv, hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis muaj ib qho, lossis ib qho, thiab qhov no tsis yog. tsis tshua muaj. Yog li ntawd, cov tub hluas nyob rau hauv Russia yog thawj zaug tsa los ntawm cov poj niam: los ntawm lub tsev uas leej txiv ua hauj lwm los yog tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov, thiab yog hais tias nws haus nyob rau hauv tsev, kindergarten (ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv kindergarten yog ib tug tshwj xeeb rooj plaub), mus kawm ntawv. Thiab tom qab ntawd ntau tus nug cov lus nug, qhov twg yog cov txiv neej tiag tiag hauv Russia. Thiab lawv tau qhov twg? Tsuas yog los ntawm kev kawm tus kheej, tab sis xws li units, hauv kev txheeb cais, lawv tsis ua rau huab cua. Thiab cov kev kawm dav dav rau cov ntxhais thiab cov tub muaj qhov tsis zoo rau cov tub hluas, lawv lub hlwb thiab lub cev loj hlob 2-5 xyoos tom qab cov ntxhais. Txawm hais tias qee tus "cov ntxhais" tuaj yeem sib yuav tau nyob rau qib 7-8, cov tub hluas tseem yuav tsum tau ua tub rog, thiab tub sab yuav tsum ua si Cossacks. Qhov no yog lwm lub tshuab rau cov tub hluas, lawv xav tias qhov tsis zoo, lawv me dua thiab cov ntxhais ntaus lawv! Tom qab ntawd, txhawm rau qhia lawv cov phooj ywg tias lawv yog cov neeg laus lawm, lawv pib haus luam yeeb, siv kev qias neeg hauv kev sib tham, haus dej rau kev ua siab loj, tsis zoo, vim li ntawd, cov xyoo tseem ceeb ntawm cov menyuam yaus raug puas tsuaj.

Unified State Exam yog kev ua phem tawm tsam cov seem ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet, thawj zaug, kev xeem hauv tib neeg kev qhuab qhia thiab lus Lavxias yog qhov tsawg kawg yog ruam. Kuv tus kheej tau tuaj hla ntau cov lus nug hauv lawv, qhov twg hauv kev kuaj qhov ncauj ib tus tuaj yeem muab ob lo lus teb kom raug thiab ua pov thawj ib qho kev xav. Nyob rau tib lub keeb kwm, kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo, koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm teb qhov ncauj thiab ua pov thawj koj qhov kev xav, Unified State Exam tua lub sijhawm no. Qhov thib ob, Unified State Exam ua rau kev noj nyiaj txiag (txawm tias thaum nws tau qhia, lawv hais tias Unified State Exam yuav xaus rau nws). Kawm tiav chav kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv txhua lub hlis twg tau txais 2-3 deuces (hauv lub siab, nco ntsoov lub kaw lus - peb sau peb ob hauv lub siab), ib txwm ua lus Lavxias, thiab raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem, zoo heev.

Nws yog nthuav tias nws yog tus tub ntawm ib lub zos "oligarch", nws hloov tawm hais tias lub system consolidates cov kev faib ntawm "nyob rau hauv Russia" nyob rau hauv lub tshiab masters ntawm lub neej thiab txhua leej txhua tus. Yog lawm, thiab txhua tus paub tias cov kws qhia ntawv tso cai rau koj mus dag ("spurs" hauv chav dej, thiab lwm yam), thiab lawv tsuas yog daws cov haujlwm rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv lawv tus kheej (piv txwv li, lawv thaij duab hauv xov tooj ntawm tes thiab xa lawv, nws tus kheej txiav txim siab. hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo xyoo no, ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm ib tug phooj ywg). Tom qab tag nrho, kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, kev ua tsis tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, ib qho stain rau lub koob npe nrov ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, Thiab tsuas yog cov kws qhia ntawv, cov txheeb ze, cov neeg txawj ntse los ntawm cov qib qis tuaj yeem mus dhau rau cov kawm tiav, nrog rau qee qhov kev pom zoo. Thib peb, Unified State Exam tua lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev kawm tseem ceeb, cov kws qhia ntawv "qhia" cov tub ntxhais kawm los daws cov kev xeem kom tsis txhob ua rau lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo, thiab tag nrho cov kev kawm raug kev txom nyem.

Yuav tsum tau kev cawm dim

1. Kev kawm ntawm txhua qib yuav tsum pub dawb. Yuav tsum tsis muaj "cov neeg tseem ceeb" cov tsev kawm ntawv, vim hais tias txij thaum yug los txhua tus tib neeg sib npaug ntawm Vajtswv, cov tsev kawm ntawv "cov neeg tseem ceeb" disfigure lub tswv yim ntawm kev pom kev, faib cov me nyuam mus rau "cov neeg tseem ceeb" thiab lwm tus, rau cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab tsis yog. Kev kawm qib siab yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm qhov tuab ntawm lub hnab nyiaj, tab sis los ntawm tus neeg nws tus kheej, nyob ntawm nws lub peev xwm thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Ib qho piv txwv tsis zoo ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv yog ua ntej peb ob lub qhov muag, qhov twg cov pejxeem feem ntau tau hloov mus ua neeg ruam, cov nyuj rog, thiab cov kws lij choj, cov thawj coj, thiab cov kws tshaj lij nyiaj txiag tau kawm tiav los ntawm "cov neeg tseem ceeb" cov tsev kawm ntawv, nyiam mus yuav cov engineers., physicists, chemists nyob rau hauv Russia, Is Nrias teb, thiab Tuam Tshoj.

2. Hloov txoj kev kawm los ntawm coding pedagogy (nws ua haujlwm tsis hloov pauv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab), mus rau cov txheej txheem, uas yog, yog tias koj tsuas tsis thauj cov menyuam yaus nrog ntau cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv, tab sis qhia lawv tus kheej kom tau txais nws raws li xav tau. Qhov no yuav txo cov chav kawm ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab mus rau 8-9 xyoo, thiab kev kawm qib siab mus rau 3-4 xyoo.

3. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau rov qab mus rau kev kawm cais ntawm cov tub thiab cov ntxhais, vim hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los cob qhia cov txiv neej los ntawm cov tub hluas, thiab cov poj niam los ntawm cov ntxhais. Txoj kev puas siab puas ntsws tau muab los ntawm Vajtswv thiab qhov xwm txheej txawv rau lawv, yog li ntawd, kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kev qhia sib txawv thiab cov phau ntawv. Tab sis kom tsis txhob cais lawv thiab tsis txhob tawm tsam lawv, nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv sib cais (rau cov poj niam thiab txiv neej), tab sis tsim cov chav kawm rau txiv neej thiab poj niam hauv tib lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nrog rau kev qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov ntxhais ntawm cov hnub nyoog sib txawv tuaj yeem sib txuas lus nrog ib leeg (suab paj nruag, seev cev, hu nkauj, kos duab, thiab lwm yam), kom lawv koom ua ke tsis yog los ntawm kev xav, tab sis los ntawm kev xav hauv ntiaj teb thiab ntiaj teb saib.

4. Tshem tawm ntawm qhov kev xeem, rov qab mus rau lub Soviet system ntawm qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv xeem (los ntawm qib 4).

5. Tsim thiab siv ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj qab haus huv txoj kev ua neej nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv, pib los ntawm lub hardening system (koj muaj peev xwm coj P. Ivanov's "Me nyuam" raws li lub hauv paus), xaus nrog tes-rau-tes sib ntaus sib tua (coj A. Kadochnikov lub system los yog sambo raws li ib lub hauv paus). Txhawm rau txhim kho cov chaw ua kis las, tsim cov tshiab - hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tsev kawm theem nrab, qib kindergarten yuav tsum muaj lub pas dej ua ke (kev ua luam dej muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txhua tus, thiab tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag) thiab tsawg kawg yog qhib skating rink rau lub caij ntuj no. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua piv txwv Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws, qhov twg nrog rau cov tsev kawm ntawv muaj "gymnasiums" uas lawv tau koom nrog kev tawm dag zog lub cev.

6. Txhawm rau rov ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas kos duab tsev, cov koom haum thiab cov kis las hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov koom haum hluas thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas xws li pioneers thiab Komsomol (piv txwv li, "Lavxias teb sab Falcons", "Svarog cov xeeb ntxwv").

7. Rov qab thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cob qhia kev ua haujlwm, ua kom hloov tau yooj yim, hloov mus rau kev hloov pauv sai thiab zoo rau cov haujlwm tshiab thiab kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab thev naus laus zis. Peb kuj tseem yuav xav tau cov neeg tsim kho lub hli lunar, cov nroog ntawm Mars, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov hnub qub.

8. Ua kom muaj koob meej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab cov kws qhia txuj ci, tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus tswv ntawm kev cob qhia ua haujlwm - kev them nyiaj zoo, nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj kev thauj mus los rau pej xeem, xws li hauv nroog, tsheb ntiag tug, tsev nyob dawb (tom qab 15-20 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm), chav tsev xauj (tsev) yog tias tsis muaj vaj tse rau cov tub txawg hluas. Tab sis ua ntej ntawd, tau kawg, muaj "ntxuav" ntawm cov neeg haus dej haus nrog cov ntaub ntawv ua txhaum cai thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm qis.

9. Xa cov txiv neej cov kws qhia ntawv mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv, tsim txhua yam tsim nyog thiab cov txiaj ntsig, thiab lawv feem pua yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg yog 50%. Ua tib zoo xyuas kom cov tub rog so haujlwm, zoo dua cov tub rog tub rog, mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov no tam sim ntawd yuav daws tau ntau yam teeb meem - nrog rau txiv neej upbringing, kev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, muab xaus rau promiscuity, foul lus.

10. Rov qab los ntawm thawj theem (theem - kev kho dua tshiab), mus rau qhov kev pab cuam thiab cov qauv kev kawm ntawm Stalinist lub sij hawm ntawm lub 30-40s, koj muaj peev xwm rov luam tawm cov phau ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd (ces, nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov hluas, lub USSR. coj 1-2 qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb), nrog rau kev suav nrog cov kev txhim kho zoo tshaj plaws tsis ntev los no (piv txwv li: kev paub ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Shchetinin).

11. Kev txhawb nqa rau cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj peev xwm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm zoo tshaj plaws - mus ncig dawb rau cov chaw so so, khoom plig nyiaj ntsuab, khoom plig muaj txiaj ntsig, nyiaj pab kawm ntawv ntxiv, kev xa mus rau cov haujlwm muaj koob npe, thiab lwm yam thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas.

P. S. Commentary ntawm ib tug ntawm cov nyeem:

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws muab tawm hais tias cov neeg coob coob ntawm peasants, tau ntsib tag nrho cov kev nyuaj siab ntawm Soviet economic txoj cai (kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam cov neeg muaj nyiaj thiab cov khoom ntiag tug, kev tsim ua liaj ua teb, thiab lwm yam), tuaj yeem mus rau hauv nroog hauv kev tshawb nrhiav qhov zoo dua. lub neej. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, tsim muaj ib tug mob tsis txaus ntawm cov vaj tse pub dawb, uas yog li tsim nyog rau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsiab txhawb zog - lub proletariat.

Nws yog cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tau dhau los ua ntau ntawm cov pej xeem, txij li thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1932 tau pib ua cov ntawv hla tebchaws. Cov neeg peasantry (tsis tshua muaj kev zam) tsis muaj cai rau lawv (txog xyoo 1974!).

Nrog rau kev qhia txog cov ntawv hla tebchaws hauv cov nroog loj hauv lub tebchaws, kev ntxuav tawm tau ua los ntawm "cov neeg tuaj txawv teb chaws tsis raug cai" uas tsis muaj ntaub ntawv, thiab yog li muaj cai nyob ntawd. Ntxiv rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, txhua yam ntawm "tiv thaiv Soviet" thiab "declassed ntsiab" raug ntes. Cov no suav nrog cov kws tshawb fawb, vagabonds, neeg thov khawv, neeg thov khawv, cov niam ntiav, cov pov thawj qub thiab lwm pawg ntawm cov pej xeem uas tsis koom nrog kev sib raug zoo. Lawv cov cuab yeej (yog tias muaj) tau txais, thiab lawv tus kheej raug xa mus rau cov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv Siberia, qhov chaw lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm rau lub xeev zoo.

Lub teb chaws cov thawj coj ntseeg tias nws tua ob tug noog nrog ib lub pob zeb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws ntxuav lub nroog ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws thiab cov ntsiab lus hostile, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws populates yuav luag deserted Siberia.

Cov tub ceev xwm thiab OGPU lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg pabcuam tau ua cov ntawv hla tebchaws mob siab rau tias, yam tsis muaj kev ua koob tsheej, lawv raug ntes ntawm txoj kev txawm tias cov neeg tau txais ntawv hla tebchaws, tab sis tsis muaj lawv txhais tes thaum lub sijhawm kuaj xyuas. Ntawm cov "cov neeg ua txhaum cai" tuaj yeem yog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm nws txoj kev mus ntsib cov txheeb ze, lossis tus neeg tsav tsheb npav uas tawm hauv tsev rau luam yeeb. Txawm tias lub taub hau ntawm ib tug ntawm Moscow tub ceev xwm department thiab ob tug tub ntawm tus kws lij choj ntawm lub nroog ntawm Tomsk raug ntes. Leej txiv tau tswj hwm lawv sai sai, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus ntawm cov neeg raug yuam ua yuam kev muaj cov txheeb ze siab.

"Cov neeg ua txhaum cai ntawm kev hla tebchaws" tsis txaus siab rau kev kuaj xyuas kom meej. Yuav luag tam sim ntawd lawv raug pom tias ua txhaum thiab npaj yuav raug xa mus rau cov chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Ib qho xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej tau ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov neeg ua phem txhaum cai uas raug xa tawm mus rau hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev thauj mus los ntawm cov chaw raug kaw hauv European feem ntawm USSR kuj raug xa mus rau Siberia.

Death Isle

Zaj dab neeg tu siab ntawm ib qho ntawm thawj tog ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, hu ua Nazinskaya xwm txheej, tau dhau los ua neeg paub.

Ntau tshaj li ntawm rau txhiab tus neeg tau tawm hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1933 los ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm cov kob me me nyob rau ntawm tus dej Ob ze ntawm lub zos Nazino hauv Siberia. Nws yuav tsum dhau los ua lawv qhov chaw nkaum ib ntus thaum cov teeb meem nrog lawv qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov tshiab hauv cov chaw tshwj xeeb tau raug daws, vim tias lawv tsis tau npaj los lees txais cov neeg raug tsim txom ntau.

Cov neeg hnav ris tsho hauv qhov uas tub ceev xwm tau ntes lawv ntawm txoj kev ntawm Moscow thiab Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Lawv tsis muaj txaj pw lossis tej cuab yeej los ua tsev ib ntus rau lawv tus kheej.

Hnub ob, cua tuaj tos, thiab tom qab ntawd Frost tsoo, uas sai sai hloov los ntawm nag. Tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tawm tsam qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov xwm txheej, cov neeg raug tsim txom tsuas yog zaum ntawm qhov hluav taws kub lossis taug kev ncig cov kob hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov tawv ntoo thiab moss - tsis muaj leej twg saib xyuas zaub mov rau lawv. Tsuas yog nyob rau hnub plaub lawv tau coj rye hmoov, uas tau faib ntawm ob peb puas grams rau ib tus neeg. Thaum tau txais cov crumbs no, cov neeg tau khiav mus rau tus dej, qhov chaw lawv ua hmoov nplej rau hauv kaus mom, ntaub qhwv, tsho thiab ris kom sai sai noj cov porridge no.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tuag ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tshwj xeeb tau nrawm nrawm mus rau ntau pua. tshaib plab thiab khov, lawv txawm pw tsaug zog los ntawm hluav taws thiab hlawv ciaj sia, los yog tuag ntawm kev qaug zog. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom kuj tau nce ntxiv vim kev ua phem ntawm qee tus neeg saib xyuas, uas tau tuav cov neeg nrog rab phom taub qab. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom khiav tawm ntawm lub "kos ntawm kev tuag" - nws yog surrounded los ntawm lub tshuab rab phom crews, uas tam sim ntawd tua cov neeg sim.

Isle ntawm Cannibals

Thawj qhov xwm txheej ntawm cannibalism ntawm Nazinsky Island tau tshwm sim nyob rau hnub thib kaum ntawm kev nyob ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom nyob ntawd. Cov neeg txhaum uas nyob ntawm lawv hla txoj kab. Ua kom muaj sia nyob hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, lawv tsim cov neeg loj leeb uas ua phem rau lwm tus.

Cov neeg nyob hauv ib lub zos nyob ze tau ua tim khawv rau qhov kev npau suav phem uas tau tshwm sim ntawm cov kob. Ib tug poj niam ua liaj ua teb, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsuas yog kaum peb xyoos, nco qab tias ib tug hluas nkauj zoo nkauj raug saib xyuas los ntawm ib tug neeg zov: "Thaum nws tawm mus, cov neeg tau ntes tus ntxhais, khi nws rau ib tsob ntoo thiab muab nws tua kom tuag. noj txhua yam lawv ua tau. Lawv tshaib plab thiab tshaib plab. Thoob plaws hauv cov kob, tib neeg cov nqaij tuaj yeem pom ripped, txiav, thiab dai ntawm ntoo. Cov nyom tau littered nrog cov neeg tuag."

"Kuv tau xaiv cov uas tsis muaj sia nyob, tab sis tseem tsis tau tuag," ib tug tej yam Uglov, raug liam ntawm cannibalism, ua tim khawv tom qab thaum nug: Yog li ntawd nws yuav yooj yim dua rau nws tuag … Tam sim no, tam sim no, tsis txhob raug kev txom nyem ntxiv rau ob lossis peb hnub."

Lwm tus neeg nyob hauv lub zos Nazino, Theophila Bylina, hais tias: “Cov neeg raug ntiab tawm tuaj rau hauv peb chav tsev. Ib zaug ib tug poj niam laus los ntawm Death-Island kuj tuaj xyuas peb. Lawv tsav nws los ntawm theem … Kuv pom tias tus poj niam laus cov nyuj raug txiav tawm ntawm nws ob txhais ceg. Rau kuv lo lus nug, nws teb tias: "Nws raug txiav tawm thiab kib rau kuv ntawm Tuag-Island." Tag nrho cov nqaij ntawm tus nyuj raug txiav tawm. Ob txhais ceg tau khov los ntawm qhov no, thiab tus poj niam qhwv lawv hauv rags. Nws tsiv ntawm nws tus kheej. Nws zoo li qub, tab sis qhov tseeb nws nyob hauv nws thaum ntxov 40s."

Ib hlis tom qab, cov neeg tshaib plab, mob thiab qaug zog, cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom noj me me uas tsis tshua muaj, tau khiav tawm ntawm cov kob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev puas tsuaj rau lawv tsis tau xaus rau ntawd. Lawv txuas ntxiv tuag hauv qhov tsis tau npaj txias thiab ntub dej ntawm Siberian chaw nyob tshwj xeeb, tau txais zaub mov meager nyob ntawd. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, rau tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm kev mus los ntev, tawm ntawm rau txhiab tus neeg, tsuas yog tshaj ob txhiab tus ciaj sia.

Classified tragedy

Tsis muaj leej twg nyob sab nraud ntawm cheeb tsam yuav tau kawm txog qhov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim yog tias nws tsis yog rau kev pib ntawm Vasily Velichko, tus kws qhia ntawm Narym District Party Committee. Nws raug xa mus rau ib qho ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb thaum Lub Xya Hli 1933 los qhia txog yuav ua li cas "cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws" tau rov qab kawm tiav, tab sis hloov nws tag nrho rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav txog qhov tshwm sim.

Raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm kaum ob tus neeg muaj txoj sia nyob, Velichko tau xa nws daim ntawv qhia ntxaws ntxaws mus rau Kremlin, qhov chaw nws ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. Ib lub koom haum tshwj xeeb uas tuaj txog hauv Nazino tau tshawb xyuas tag nrho, nrhiav tau 31 qhov ntxa loj ntawm cov kob nrog 50-70 lub cev tuag hauv txhua qhov.

Ntau tshaj 80 tus neeg nyob tshwj xeeb thiab cov neeg saib xyuas raug coj mus sim. 23 ntawm lawv tau raug txiav txim rau lub txim loj rau "kev nyiag thiab ntaus", 11 tus neeg raug tua rau kev ua neeg phem.

Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, qhov xwm txheej ntawm rooj plaub tau muab cais tawm, raws li tau tshaj tawm ntawm Vasily Velichko. Nws raug tshem tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ua tus kws qhia, tab sis tsis muaj kev rau txim ntxiv rau nws. Tau dhau los ua tus neeg sau xov xwm ua tsov rog, nws tau mus dhau ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob thiab tau sau ntau phau ntawv tshiab txog kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib raug zoo hauv Siberia, tab sis nws yeej tsis kam sau txog "Island of death".

Cov pej xeem tau kawm txog Nazin kev xwm txheej tsuas yog thaum xyoo 1980s, nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm kev tawg ntawm Soviet Union.