Vim li cas Vasily Shukshin yog qhov tshwm sim tshwj xeeb hauv ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tus txiv neej

Cov khau looj plab hlaub, feem ntau yuav, tseem tsis yog tarpaulin, tab sis yuft khau boots, tub ceev xwm ' - hnav kirzach khau looj plab hlaub nyob ib ncig ntawm lub zos yog ib yam, nyob rau hauv Moscow, mus kawm ntawv qib siab yog lwm. Tab sis cov pej xeem, uas tau ntim cov txheej txheem ntawm VGIK kom dhau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1954, tsis paub txog cov kev xav li no - txawm li cas los xij, ntawm lawv, ib puas feem pua ntawm nroog, thiab feem ntau, koom nrog ntau txheej ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet., tus txiv neej no yog tib tug: nyob rau hauv ib lub tunic, caij breeches thiab khau boots. Los ntawm Altai. Nws zoo nkaus li yog tus tub ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm tog (txawm li cas los xij, nws tau xaus li cas ntawm no, nws suav nrog dab tsi?). Shukshin.

Vasily Shukshin tsis yog tus tub ntawm ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm tog, tab sis ntawm ib tug repressed, thiab nyob rau hauv nws kev txiav txim siab los ua "tus thawj coj" tsuas yog impudence. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj peev xwm hais tias tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob deb nroog, uas tawm tsam nws cov khaub ncaws (thaum muaj hnub nyoog 25 xyoos, tsis muaj kev kawm qib siab, thiab, feem ntau, tsis muaj kev kawm theem nrab, nws tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev loj hlob raws li cov tub ntxhais kawm sab nraud) tuaj. nrog rau txhob txwm tshaj tawm: nyob rau hauv ib tug pej xeem suit yuav tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev nkag, nws yog tsis muaj dab tsi yuav sawv tawm ntawm cov neeg coob coob, tshwj tsis yog tias - tsis muaj peev xwm hnav nws. Nws yog qhov sib txawv - lub tsho thiab khau, koj yuav tsis hnov qab qhov no sai sai.

Nws tau hloov mus ua txoj cai, raws li nws tau ua ntau zaus tom qab, xaiv cov kev txav uas tsis tau xav txog mus rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg - hauv lub neej thiab hauv kev kos duab. Txawm li cas los xij, Mikhail Romm tau txaus siab heev los ntawm Altai neeg siab phem uas tsis tau nyeem Anna Karenina vim tias nws "rog," thiab leej twg tau cog lus tseg, txawm li cas los xij, yog tias tsim nyog, ua nws hauv ib hnub (hauv lwm cov ntawv ntawm zaj dab neeg "Tsov rog. thiab kev thaj yeeb" tshwm) uas nws coj nws ntawm VGIK yam tsis tau hais lus. Tub rog lub khau khiab rau Shukshin nruj nreem, thiab ntau xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv lub preface rau Shukshin lub tsib-ntim tsab, Sergei Zalygin carved tawm ntawm cov khau looj plab hlaub tag nrho ontology ntawm Shukshin tus kws kos duab, ib tug txiv neej uas "los ntawm plow" tsis yog ib tug thuam, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb heev. Feem ntau, Zalygin tau raug ntes tau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm nws cov phooj ywg hauv lub tebchaws: muaj ntau tus kws sau ntawv hauv zos (feem ntau - txawm tias tsis yog ib txwm - ntawm haiv neeg nyob deb nroog) hauv Russia. Tus thawj coj zos yog ib tug.

Qhov tseeb hais tias Shukshin yuav raug kaw txawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm xws li ib tug ntau dhau universal khoom siv tes ua raws li filmmaking tau pom meej tam sim ntawd. Twb tau nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoo - thawj lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb, nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 1958 - thawj zaj dab neeg. Rau txhua tus neeg ua liaj ua teb, muaj ntau txoj haujlwm yog tus qauv, thiab Shukshin hauv qhov kev nkag siab no yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tiag tiag.

Kev nyuaj ntawm kev hloov pauv

Cov lus nug ntawm kev sib piv ntawm nws cov txuj ci sib txawv yeej ib txwm tshwm sim hauv ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov. Muaj ob lub ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm qhov kev pom, ib qho uas tau hais tias Shukshin tus kws sau ntawv, Shukshin tus neeg ua yeeb yam thiab Shukshin tus thawj coj yog qhov sib npaug kiag li. Lwm qhov hais txog kev tsis txawj tuag ntawm tsuas yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam kev sau ntawv, xav txog Shukshin cov yeeb yaj kiab tsuas yog ib feem ntawm keeb kwm ntawm xinesmas.

Lub radicalism ntawm ob txoj haujlwm tsis tso cai rau lawv los soj ntsuam ntau lossis tsawg dua. Thiab nws tsis tsim nyog nws. Qhov kev txaus siab tiag tiag yog qhov tseeb ntawm Shukshin cov organic muaj nyob hauv peb txoj haujlwm sib txawv - tsis hais qhov ntsuas qhov zoo. Thiab qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, yog ib qho tshwj xeeb kiag li. Thiab tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Tau kawg, qhov muab tso ua ke "tus neeg ua yeeb yam + tus thawj coj" yog qhov tshwm sim zoo ib yam. Ntau tus thawj coj sau phau ntawv, suav nrog cov ntawv tseeb thiab ua siab ncaj. Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj lij qee zaum zaum hauv lub rooj zaum nrog lawv lub npe nyob tom qab (Stephen King ua qhov no ib zaug, Yevtushenko ob zaug). Tab sis txawm ntau npaum li cas peb rummage nyob rau hauv peb lub cim xeeb nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib tug zoo artist, uas nws lub sij hawm yuav muab sib npaug zos rau ntawm lub rooj sau ntawv thiab lub teeb, tshwj tsis yog rau Shukshin, tsuas yog Ryu Murakami los rau hauv siab (leej twg, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau tseem paub. raws li kws sau ntawv, thiab tau tso tseg ua yeeb yaj kiab ntau dua 20 xyoo dhau los). Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm encyclopedic txog Shukshin tsuas yog khib xwb: cov ntsiab lus "sau ntawv", "tus thawj coj", "tus neeg ua yeeb yam" nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Shukshin tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim yam tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm kev npau taws ntawm cov neeg nyeem.

Lo lus yuav teb li cas

Soviet cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas tus sau tau them nyiaj nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov nplooj ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm (hloov rau lub npe, tau kawg), tsis muaj hmoo heev nrog cov dab neeg luv luv. Cov ntawv me tseem muaj ntau ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv tshiab, lossis, hloov pauv, cov thawj coj sau ntawv uas tau daws lawv cov teeb meem nyiaj txiag ntev dhau los, lossis tus yawm Yuri Kazakov, uas tsis tau sau cov dab neeg hauv txoj cai.

Shukshin, tau kawg, tau sau cov dab neeg, ntxiv rau, nws suav tias yog phau ntawv hais txog Razin "Kuv tau los muab kev ywj pheej rau koj", tej zaum, nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij, nws yog nyob rau hauv cov dab neeg uas Shukshin tsis tau nkees ntawm kev ua tag nrho nws lub neej uas nws sau khoom plig, sparse nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim, tab sis siab dav hauv cov ntsiab lus, tau txais Razin lub siab nyiam heev - nyob rau hauv ib lub ntim nqaim nws hloov mus ua amazingly yooj yim dua. rau nws.

Lo lus "zaj dab neeg" rau Shukshin cov dab neeg luv luv tsis yog ib hom lus txhais xwb, tab sis ib qho lus piav qhia tseeb. Nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug piav qhia, tab sis ib tug heev tshwj xeeb, thiab feem ntau yog dab neeg tiag tiag. Thiab yog hais tias cov dab neeg zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tib Kazakov dais lub npe ci, hysterical, xws li tsis txhob hnov qab mus ib txhis - "Nyob rau hauv ib tug npau suav koj quaj iab", "Tsev tswm ciab", "Qhia thiab quaj", ces nyob rau hauv Shukshin cov no yog "Strong man", "Kev chim siab", "Kev txiav tawm", "Lida tau tuaj txog", "Kuv tus vauv nyiag lub tsheb ntawm hluav taws", "Yuav ua li cas tus txiv neej laus tuag", "Ib qho xwm txheej hauv tsev noj mov", "Yuav ua li cas Andrei Ivanovich Kurinkov, jeweler, tau txais 15 hnub. " Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas cov anecdotes yuav hu, yog hais tias cov anecdotes muaj npe. Kazakov's novellas, rau tag nrho lawv undoubted greatness, yuav tsis xav txog tej yam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub rooj sib tham los yog sib tham nyob rau hauv lub blockade. Shukshin cov dab neeg tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no.

Lub ntiaj teb no ntawm nws tus phab ej - tag nrho cov krasnova hu nkauj, Yermolaev's sashki, Vladimir-semyonichs "los ntawm cov mos mos", genki-prodisvet, malacholnye, freaks, kwv tij, kwv tij, kwv tij thiab tij laug - tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia txawm nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus zoo li "realism". Realism tseem hais txog qhov kev xav ntawm kev muaj tiag hauv kev kos duab. Ntawm no, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, tsis muaj ib tug kos duab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov - Shukshin zoo li tsuas yog ntes lub neej nws tus kheej nrog dispassion ntawm ib tug yees duab reporter, thiab tsuas yog tom qab tig nplooj ntawv kawg, koj pib choke nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab tias koj cia li, cia li ib tug. feeb dhau los, tsuas yog nyob ntawd, ib sab ntawm cov neeg no.

Vysotsky, uas tau sau qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws poetic eulogy rau Shukshin, tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov duab ntawm ib tug siab-cheeked ntxeev siab, stubbornly ua luam dej tawm tsam lub ndlwg ntawm lub neej. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, yog exaggeration thiab tsis meej pem ntawm tus sau thiab nws heroes. Outwardly, Shukshin yog ib tug neeg muaj kev vam meej thiab systemic los ntawm Soviet qauv. Ib tug ntseeg communist uas koom nrog tog txawm ua ntej thaw thiab sau ntawv - tsis yog nyob rau hauv Pravda, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws ua hauj lwm phau ntawv teev npe: "Txhua yam tshwm sim pib kawm los ntawm keeb kwm. Keeb kwm yog keeb kwm. Peb qhov loj me: yav dhau los - tam sim no - yav tom ntej - Marxist txoj kev kawm txog kev ua neej nyob." Me me ntawm lub xeev lees paub: thaum muaj hnub nyoog 38 xyoo, nyob rau hauv xya xyoo ntawm nws lub neej kev ua haujlwm - Kev txiav txim ntawm Red Banner of Labor, me ntsis tom qab - lub xeev nqi zog, lub npe ntawm Honored Art Worker. Ib qho kev nyiam ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab faib tawm: twb tau ua yeeb yaj kiab "Koj Leej Tub thiab Tij Laug" tau tso tawm ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus nrog cov ntawv sau rau xyoo 1964 - 1164 daim ntawv luam (thiab yav tom ntej, tsis muaj zaj duab xis tsawg dua tus tswv ntawm 1 txhiab daim ntawv luam.).

Thiab tseem nws tau muaj kev ywj pheej, qhov kev ywj pheej coj txawv txawv uas feem ntau hu ua "internal", thaum hais txog kev tawm haujlwm sab nraud rau qhov xwm txheej. Nws tsis yog li ntawd nrog Shukshin: nws tsis tau hloov mus rau qhov xwm txheej, nws tsim lawv rau nws tus kheej, kom huv si, txawm tias nrawm nrawm, zoo li paub tias nws yuav tsis nyob hauv lub sijhawm. Qhov ntim ntawm nws cov keeb kwm yog amazing, xav tias, txawm suav los ntawm kev kawm tiav zaj duab xis, Shukshin tag nrho cov tswv yim lub neej haum rau tsawg tshaj li kaum xyoo thiab ib nrab. Ob zaj dab neeg loj, peb zaj dab neeg, peb zaj yeeb yaj kiab, ntau dua 120 zaj dab neeg, tsib zaj yeeb yaj kiab, ob lub kaum ob zaj yeeb yaj kiab (tsis suav cov hauv lawv cov yeeb yaj kiab).

Nws tuag nyob rau hauv lub teeb, thiab nws tig tawm, rau tag nrho cov blatant untimeliness, nyob rau hauv ib tug heev Shukshin style: ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis muaj peev xwm tab sis ua hauj lwm, txawm tias cov neeg pluag no yog ib tug kws sau ntawv thiab tus thawj coj.