Cov txheej txheem:
Video: Arkaim
2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06
Kab lus qhia meej txog Arkaim thiab Ural Lub Tebchaws ntawm cov nroog. Tag nrho peb cov neeg nyeem yuav tsum paub cov ntaub ntawv no los ntawm lub siab kom ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov neeg koom nrog ntawm keeb kwm kev kawm.
Muaj tsuas yog ib qho kev hloov kho rau tsab xov xwm: cov ntaub ntawv uas cov neeg tsim Arkaim thiab Sintashta yog nomadic yog conjectural thiab unverified. Nws ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg tias nag hmo cov nomads dheev tau tsim lub nroog nyuaj tshaj plaws nrog cov kav dej phwj tuaj - thiab nres roaming. Nws zoo nkaus li tias qhov kev xav no yog ib qho kev paub txog keeb kwm ntawm nag hmo, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: "yog tias lawv nyob hauv steppe, ces lawv yog nomads." Ua ntej, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd nyob rau sab qab teb Urals muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo hav zoov-steppe, thiab qhov thib ob, kev yug tsiaj nyuj ntawm kev lag luam yog qhov ua tau zoo nrog kev tswj hwm sedentary
Ntau lub nroog loj hlob nyob rau hauv steppes ntawm Southern Urals txog 4000 xyoo dhau los. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Arkaim … Nws cov ruins nyob ntau pua kilometers sab qab teb ntawm Yekaterinburg, tsis deb ntawm Kazakh ciam teb.
Arkaim tau tshawb pom hauv xyoo 1987. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev yees duab saum toj saud tau ua nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no ua ntej lawv yuav tsim ib lub reservoir ntawm no thiab dej nyab cheeb tsam no pab. Nyob rau hauv cov duab coj los ntawm lub dav hlau, qhov tsis meej spirals thiab lub voj voog tau pom meej meej. Thaum xub thawj, ntau yam kev piav qhia tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej. Ib tug neeg txawm tham txog cov neeg txawv teb chaws cosmodromes ua nyob rau hauv South Ural steppes.
Txawm li cas los, cov excavations tau ua nyob rau hauv cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab archaeologist Gennady Borisovich Zdanovich coj ib tug sib npaug sensational tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog Bronze, ib tug complex nroog kab lis kev cai tshwm sim nyob rau hauv no qus steppe, deb ntawm cov chaw ntawm kev vam meej. Cov kev npaj tsim lub reservoir raug tso tseg, thiab nyob rau hauv 1991 Arkaim raug coj los tiv thaiv.
Nyob rau hauv lub quarter kawg ntawm ib puas xyoo, nyob rau hauv lub steppes ntawm lub Southern Urals, nyob rau hauv ib tug me me, los ntawm Lavxias teb sab qauv, ib cheeb tsam ntsuas 350 × 200 kilometers, 22 ancient settlements tau pom, nyob rau ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 40-50 kilometers ntawm txhua. lwm yam. Raws li Zdanovich, "qhov kev coj noj coj ua tiag tiag" tau tshwm sim ntawm no nyob rau lub sijhawm nyob deb. Thaum cov kws tshawb fawb tsis paub tias cov neeg zoo li cas tau tsim cov nroog thaum ntxov (proto-cities).
Obviously, cov pab pawg neeg nyob ntawm no uas yav tas los roamed lub steppe. Lawv koom nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua Andronov kab lis kev cai, uas kis nyob rau hauv lub II xyoo txhiab BC nyob rau hauv lub Urals, Kazakhstan thiab Western Siberia. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb koom nrog cov neeg nyob hauv Arkaim nrog Indo-Iranians (Aryans) - ib feem ntawm Indo-Europeans thaum ub, uas feem ntau kawm los ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm ua tsaug rau Rig Veda thiab Avesta.
Arkaim txoj kev tshawb fawb tab tom pib. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub nroog yog surrounded los ntawm ob rings ntawm earthen phab ntsa lined nrog cib los yog pob zeb slabs.
Los ntawm ib tug noog lub qhov muag saib, nws zoo li lub log loj heev poob rau hauv steppe. Sab nraud txoj kab uas hla - 180 meters; internal - ib nrab li ntau. Qhov siab ntawm phab ntsa mus txog 5.5 meters, thiab qhov dav yog 4-5 meters.
Cov phab ntsa sab nrauv yog ib puag ncig los ntawm ob-meter kwj dej. "Rau cov neeg tawm tsam, lub nroog zoo li no yog qhov teeb meem loj ntawm qhov siab ntawm lub tsev peb-zaj dab neeg niaj hnub, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm dej," sau Gennadiy i Zdanovich hauv nplooj ntawv ntawm Znanie - Sila magazine.
Lub rooj vag tseem ceeb uas coj mus rau Arkaim yog nyob rau sab hnub poob. Peb qhov kev nkag ntxiv yog taw qhia nyob rau hauv peb lwm cov lus qhia ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog tshaj 20 txhiab square meters.
Nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa, los ntawm sab hauv, muaj ib-zaj dab neeg tsev uas cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub zos. Raws li Zdanovich qhov kwv yees, los ntawm 1, 5 txog 2, 5 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv Arkaim. Cov tsev ua los ntawm adobe cib tau ntev txog 20 meters.
Cov no yog cov tsev loj heev, cov archaeologist sau tseg. Ntawm ib sab ntawm lawv cov tsev nqaim nyob ib sab ntawm phab ntsa, ntawm qhov tod tes lawv tawm mus rau txoj kev dav uas nyob ib puag ncig lawv cov qib. Cov tsev nyob tau crowned nrog ib tug sloping gable ru tsev.
Hauv ib feem ntawm lub tsev uas nyob ib sab ntawm phab ntsa sab nrauv, muaj "chav sib koom" uas tuaj yeem ua tau li 50 tus neeg. Nyob ze rau ntawm qhov nkag, chav "tsev neeg" tau teeb tsa, sib cais los ntawm ib leeg los ntawm kev faib tawm. Los ntawm ib lub qhov nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev nws muaj peev xwm mus rau pem hauv ntej. Ua li no, cov tsev hauv Arkaim zoo li cov tsev nyob hauv lub nroog qub tshaj plaws ntawm Asia Minor - Chatal-Guyuk.
Muaj txog li 40 lub tsev nyob raws phab ntsa sab nrauv ntawm Arkaim, thiab 27 nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv.
Ob leeg nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib sab nrauv ntawm Arkaim thiab nyob rau hauv nws lub nplhaib puab, layout ntawm txoj kev thiab kev npaj ntawm lub tsev yog zoo sib xws. Tsis muaj cov cim qhia ntawm kev sib raug zoo stratification tau pom ntawm no. Tsis muaj vaj ntxwv vaj ntxwv nyob hauv Arkaim, ib yam li hauv Troy niaj hnub no.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov hnyav ntawm kev npaj yog xav tsis thoob. Vim li cas txhua lub tsev zoo ib yam thiab tsis muaj tsev ua rau tus thawj coj? Ib tug neeg yuav tsum tuaj nrog tag nrho cov no, kom lub tsev yuav tsum tau ua raws li ib tug tib txoj kev npaj, Zdanovich nug.
Arkaim yog lub nroog qub tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Caucasus. Nws qhov kev tshawb pom qhia tias 4,000 xyoo dhau los, ciam teb ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab kev vam meej tsis tau khiav qhov twg peb tau xav. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Bronze Age tau nthuav dav ntau dua li qhov nws tau xav.
Raws li Zdanovich, Arkaim, zoo li lwm lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub Urals, yog ib tug qauv ntawm lub ntug. Cov neeg nyob ntawm no pe hawm lub hnub thiab hluav taws. Tej zaum, archaeologist ntseeg hais tias, nws yog ib lub tuam tsev lub nroog thiab tsuas yog ob peb puas tus neeg nyob ntawm no mus tas li nyob rau hauv lub puab nplhaib ntawm lub tsev: pov thawj, kws txawj, neeg saib xyuas. Cov so tuaj ntawm no rau hnub caiv kev cai dab qhuas los ntawm lub teb chaws, qhov chaw uas lawv cov pog koob yawg koob nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog ntawm ob peb kilometers ntawm Arkaim.
Los yog tej zaum cov neeg nyob ntawm no tau koom nrog saib lub hnub qub? Arkaim feem ntau hu ua "Lavxias teb sab Stonehenge".
Tab sis, tej zaum, smelting ntawm tooj liab yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm ancient Ural nroog.
Yog li, thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm Olgino (Pob zeb Ambar), archaeologists nrhiav tau tooj liab cov khoom thiab slags uas nrog rau zus tau tej cov tooj liab. Sickles, cleavers tau ua los ntawm cov hlau no, tab sis saum toj no txhua yam riam phom: sib ntaus sib tua axes, spearheads thiab xub xub.
Tooj liab yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Bronze Age, vim bronze yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab tin. Sab qab teb Urals muaj ntau nyob rau hauv tooj liab ore. Tias yog vim li cas nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los, kev sib haum xeeb pib tshwm sim ntawm no, uas cov neeg ua haujlwm mined muaj nuj nqis nyob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kev sib haum xeeb tau ua kom nplua nuj thiab nplua nuj. Lawv raug thaiv phab ntsa tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab; lawv tig mus rau hauv nroog, kaum ob lub nroog.
Lwm qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm Arkaim yog kub. Hauv kev ntseeg kev ntseeg ntawm Bronze Age, cov hlau no muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Nrog nws dazzling ci ntsa iab, kub zoo li lub hnub, uas tau pe hawm los ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm ancient sij hawm. Cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws yog qhov muaj nqis heev.
Ntau cov lus dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau txuam nrog kub, nrog cov dab neeg mythical uas tau saib xyuas nws, nrog cov phab ej uas tau txais nws.
Kev lag luam kub thiab tooj liab tau dhau los ua qhov muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov nom tswv tsis ntev los no. Lawv fenced lawv cov chaw nyob nrog cov phab ntsa muaj zog los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm pawg neeg qus. Thawj lub nroog loj hlob nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm steppe.
Lub nroog Olgino uas twb tau hais lawm, nyob ntawm 100 mais ntawm Arkaim, muaj cov duab ntawm cov duab plaub nrog lub kaum sab xis.
Lub nroog no kuj yog ib puag ncig los ntawm ib qho av rampart thiab ib tug moat. Tej zaum cov nom tswv nyob tom qab cov phab ntsa no. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Holguin, archaeologists tau pom cov faus neeg zoo nkauj.
Lub tsheb loj tshaj plaws ua tsov rog nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb tau pom nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm lawv. Yuav luag 500 xyoo ua ntej chariots tshwm nyob rau hauv Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, lawv tsav tsheb nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab steppes.
Qhov kev tshawb pom no qhia tau hais tias cov tsheb sib tw yuav tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Arkaim thiab Holguin thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd, los ntawm Ural steppes, rushed mus rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub hnub nyoog Bronze, mus rau lub teb chaws ntawm Mesopotamia thiab Middle East, Egypt thiab Mycenaean Greece..
Raws li archaeologists, "Lub Tebchaws ntawm Lub Nroog" muaj nyob hauv Urals rau 200-250 xyoo. Yog vim li cas tseem tsis tau to taub, cov neeg nyob hauv Arkaim tawm hauv lawv lub nroog thiab hlawv nws tag.
Lawv tsiv mus qhov twg? Raws li Gennady Zdanovich qhov kev xav, lawv tawm hla cov steppes mus rau sab qab teb - mus rau thaj tsam Volga, Iran lossis Is Nrias teb. Archaeologists tseem tsis tau nthuav tawm qhov paub tsis meej ntawm qhov ploj mus arKaimtsev.
Pom zoo:
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