Lub sijhawm ntawm Stalin. 1. Cov qauv ntawm Soviet hwj chim

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

". … … Nyob rau lub sijhawm keeb kwm zoo no, peb yuav cog lus tias yuav tsis hnov qab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas ua los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv peb qhov ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev nom kev tswv."

(Los ntawm cov lus hais ntawm tus kws lij choj Mandelstam ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm kws lij choj. 1905)

Cov Soviets sawv cev rau ib hom tshiab ntawm lub xeev apparatus, uas tsis yog tsuas yog lub hauv paus sib txawv, tab sis ncaj qha mus rau lub xeev apparatus ntawm niaj hnub "kev cai ywj pheej" thiab tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws cov xwm txheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum thiab txoj kev ntawm nws cov hauj lwm.

Cov qauv ntawm kev xaiv tsa thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej qis ntawm Soviets, los ntawm cov pawg sab laj mus rau lub regional thiab Republican sawv daws yuav tau piav nyob rau hauv ntau yam versions, yog li ntawd, lawv tsis kov li nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Soviets thiab, feem ntau, ntawm tsoom fwv Soviet yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub sab sauv echelons ntawm lub hwj chim, uas rau ib co yog vim li cas yog bypassed, thiab tag nrho vim hais tias cov archives nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov koom pheej ntawm lub qub USSR. ua tib zoo saib xyuas thiab lawv tsis zoo li yuav qhib rau cov kws tshawb fawb.

(Los ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm Constituent Congress ntawm USSR)

Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2 (15), 1917, Lenin tau kos npe rau Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Txog Txoj Cai ntawm Cov Neeg Russia, kos los ntawm Comrade Stalin, uas tau tshaj tawm txog kev sib luag thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov neeg ntawm Russia thiab lees paub lawv txoj cai rau kev txiav txim siab tus kheej mus rau kev cais tawm..

Cov kev ua ntawm Soviet tsoom fwv tau ntxiv dag zog rau lub siab xav ntawm tag nrho cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm yav tas los kev tsim txom haiv neeg rau kev ywj pheej, ywj siab koom pheej tau "tsim": Ukraine, Belarus, lub Transcaucasian koom pheej, Central Asian koom pheej, nyob rau hauv uas lub Soviets ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm ', Peasants' thiab cov tub rog. ' Cov neeg sawv cev tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm.

Yog vim li cas rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov koom pheej ywj pheej rau hauv ib lub Union yog Genoa lub rooj sib tham, muaj nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 22, 1922, qhov twg tsuas yog RSFSR raug caw, sawv cev los ntawm Central Executive Committee ntawm Bolsheviks. Cov koom pheej zoo li: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bukhara. Georgia, Far East Republic, Ukraine thiab Khorezm tau qhia, los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, tsoomfwv ntawm RSFSR los sawv cev rau lawv cov kev txaus siab ntawm Genoa lub rooj sib tham.

Ntawm qhov pib ntawm Transcaucasian SFSR (Armenia, Azerbaijan thiab Georgia), Ukrainian koom pheej thiab Belarus, tag nrho cov ntawv cog lus ib ntus ntawm kev pab tub rog thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov koom pheej tau ua tiav los ntawm kev cog lus ob tog, tab sis, dhau sij hawm, thov kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke kom ze thiab ruaj khov. ntawm lub tebchaws Soviet.

Yav dhau los Republican Congresses ntawm Soviets: lub Transcaucasian Federation (13 / XII 1922), Ukrainian koom pheej (13 / XII 1922), Byelorussian koom pheej (16 / XII 1922) thiab RSFSR (26 / XII 1922) saws, txhua cais, tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev tsim ib lub xeev kev koom ua ke ntawm USSR thiab koom nrog nws.

Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30 ntawm tib lub xyoo, muaj kev sib koom ua ke sib koom ua ke, uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev muaj ntau lub tebchaws Soviet socialist lub xeev, tau txais kev tshaj tawm thiab kev pom zoo ntawm kev tsim lub USSR. Lub rooj sib tham tau koom nrog 2,215 tus neeg sawv cev, suav nrog 548 nrog kev tawm tswv yim tawm suab. Lub rooj sab laj xaiv tsa USSR Central Executive Committee (Central Executive Committee), suav nrog 371 tus tswv cuab thiab 138 tus neeg sib tw.

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 31, 1924, Lub Rooj Sib Tham Thib Ob ntawm USSR tau txais thiab pom zoo rau Thawj Pawg Thawj Coj Kev Cai Lij Choj, uas yog lub hauv paus rau Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm tag nrho cov Union thiab Autonomous Republics. Yog li ntawd, txhua lub union thiab autonomous republics muaj lawv tus kheej Constitution. Yog li, raws li tsab cai lij choj ntawm lub koom pheej Belarusian, lub xeev cov lus nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej yog plaub yam lus: Belarusian, Lavxias teb sab, Polish thiab Jewish. Hauv seem ntawm Republics, cov kev cai lij choj tau tsim kho raws li cov xwm txheej hauv zos thiab hauv tebchaws.

Raws li tsab cai lij choj ntawm USSR, lub cev loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub hwj chim yog Congress ntawm Soviets ntawm lub Union, nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej - lub Congress ntawm Soviets, ob leeg ntawm lub Union koom pheej thiab cov koom pheej ywj pheej, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam thiab cheeb tsam, congresses ntawm deputies..

Ntxiv nrog rau cov rooj sib tham tsis tu ncua, cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kuj raug tso cai, sib sau ua ke ntawm cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov rooj sib tham saum toj no lossis lawv pawg thawj coj, lossis los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim, ob qho tib si ntawm lawv tus kheej txoj kev pib thiab ntawm kev thov ntawm Soviets.

Republican congresses thiab congresses ntawm autonomous republics yog ntsiag to nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Yog li ntawd, lub 8th Extraordinary Congress ntawm lub USSR tau txais yuav nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 5, 1936 ib tug tshiab tsab cai lij choj ntawm lub USSR. Txij thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj mus txog Lub Plaub Hlis 1937, cov rooj sib tham ntawm Soviets tau tuav: 17th - Tag Nrho-Lavxias teb sab, 11th - Ukrainian SSR, 12th - Byelorussian SSR, 9th - Azerbaijan SSR, 8th - Georgian SSR, 9th Armenian SSR, 5th Turkmen 6th USSR, 6th Tajik SSR, 10th Kazakh SSR, 5th Kirghiz SSR.

Republican cov rooj sib tham tau xaiv lawv tus kheej cov thawj coj tswj hwm, tsim kev ywj pheej ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov kws lij choj, thiab tswj hwm kev xaiv tsa ntawm kev txiav txim plaub ntug. 99% ntawm kev sau se tseem nyob ntawm kev pov tseg ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Hauv Zos, uas cov thawj coj raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws.

Cia peb xav txog USSR Congress cais. Lub Union Congress xaiv lub Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union, muaj ob tug sib npaug zos Soviets: lub Union Council thiab lub Council ntawm haiv neeg, uas yuav tau tham tom qab.

Cov theem siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub Union lub hwj chim tau lees paub: Congresses ntawm Pawg Sab Laj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Congresses - Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union (CEC) thiab nws Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm, suav nrog Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev thiab Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Tebchaws thiab, raws li lub koom haum tswj hwm siab tshaj plaws, Council of People's Commissars. Qhov no yog li cas cov lus nug raug txiav txim los ntawm tsab cai lij choj.

Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm Central ntawm lub Union yog ib lub koom haum tshiab thiab muaj lub Union Council thiab Council of Nationalities. Qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub teb chaws no ua rau muaj kev sib tham ntau thiab xav tsis thoob, vim lawv pom nyob rau hauv nws ib qho kev coj ua ntawm bourgeois bicameral system. Tab sis qhov zoo sib xws no tsuas yog sab nraud, thiab qee yam zoo sib xws, tab sis ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv, peb pom tsuas yog hauv bourgeois tsoomfwv cov koom pheej. Tab sis qhov zoo sib xws sab nraud yog deb ntawm kev ua tiav:

a) Lub Union Council muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Union republics nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem rau cov pejxeem ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv. Lawv txhua tus raug xaiv los ntawm Congress ntawm Union.

b) Pawg Sab Laj ntawm haiv neeg yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub union thiab autonomous Soviet socialist koom pheej, 5 tus neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua tus, thiab los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev (1 tus neeg sawv cev txhua) ntawm cov cheeb tsam autonomous ntawm RSFSR thiab lwm lub koom haum koom pheej. Nws feem ntau pom zoo los ntawm tib lub Koom Txoos ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Union.

Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ob Pawg Sab Laj, txawm li cas los xij lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb, tau txais lawv lub hwj chim los ntawm ib qho chaw - Congress ntawm Union, uas lawv ob leeg muaj lub luag haujlwm.

Lawv sib npaug hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm lub Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union, teeb meem codes, decrees, kev daws teeb meem thiab kev txiav txim, muab cov hauj lwm ntawm kev cai lij choj thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm lub Union thiab txiav txim seb lub Scope ntawm cov dej num ntawm lub Presidium ntawm lub Central Executive Committee thiab lub Council of People's Commissars of the Union. Tag nrho cov kev txiav txim, kev txiav txim siab thiab kev txiav txim ntawm Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union yog khi rau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub Union. Txij li thaum CEC ntawm Union tsuas yog sib ntsib hauv cov rooj sib tham, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm CEC yog lub siab tshaj plaws kev cai lij choj, thawj coj thiab tswj hwm lub koom haum ntawm cov rooj sib tham. Tab sis tag nrho cov kev txiav txim siab thiab kev txiav txim siab uas txiav txim siab cov kev cai dav dav ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam ntawm lub Union, nrog rau kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev coj ua ntawm lub xeev lub cev ntawm USSR, yuav tsum rov qab mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab kev pom zoo ntawm Central. Executive Committee ntawm lub Union nws tus kheej.

Yog li ntawd, lub Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union, qhov no yog lub Union Council thiab lub Council ntawm haiv neeg, coj ua ke; Txawm hais tias lawv sib ntsib ib txhij, lawv sib cais, thiab lawv kuj sib tham thiab daws txhua qhov teeb meem sib cais. Tab sis los ntawm txoj cai tshwj xeeb, raws li kev coj ua tau qhia, lawv tuaj yeem mloog cov lus ceeb toom ua ke thiab txawm tias muaj kev sib cav sib ceg. Tab sis lawv ib txwm pov npav cais.

Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej presidium ntawm 9 tus neeg. Lawv tau sib tham ib txhij hauv kev sib tham, tsawg kawg peb zaug hauv ib xyoos, thiab tib lub sijhawm mus tsev. Lawv txiav txim siab tag nrho cov kev txiav txim, cov cai thiab cov kev daws teeb meem uas tuaj rau lawv los ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Central Executive Committee thiab Council of People's Commissars of the Union, People's Commissariats of the Union, Central Executive Committees of the Union republics, as well as cov. tshwm sim ntawm lawv tus kheej teg num. Cov nqi tau txais lub zog ntawm txoj cai tsuas yog tias lawv tau txais los ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj thiab Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg thiab tau tshaj tawm los sawv cev ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm USSR. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ob lub Soviets, qhov teeb meem yog pauv mus rau conciliation commission tsim los ntawm lawv, thiab yog hais tias ib tug kev pom zoo tsis mus txog rau hauv lub conciliation commission, qhov teeb meem yog xa mus rau lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Union Council thiab lub Council of Haiv neeg. Tab sis yog tias txawm nyob ntawm no, nrog rau kev pov npav cais, tsis muaj feem ntau hauv qhov no lossis Pawg Sab Laj, qhov teeb meem, ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm ib tus ntawm lawv, yuav raug xa mus rau kev daws teeb meem tom ntej lossis txawv tshaj plaw ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Pawg Sab Laj.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm cov rooj sib tham ntawm CEC ntawm Union, lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm lub hwj chim yog Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm CEC, tsim los ntawm CEC, suav nrog 27 tus tswv cuab, suav nrog 18 tus neeg los ntawm ob pawg thawj tswj hwm - Union Council thiab Council of Nationalities. Kev xaiv tsa ntawm 9 tus tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Thawj Kav Tebchaws uas tseem tshuav yuav muaj nyob rau ntawm lub rooj sib tham sib koom ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj thiab Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees, nrog rau txhua pawg neeg pov npav cais. Ib yam li ntawd, cov thawj tswj hwm ntawm Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union raug xaiv los ntawm cov koom haum ntawm nws cov Thawj Tswj Hwm los ntawm Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union, raws li tus naj npawb ntawm union republics, uas ua lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lem. Txog rau xyoo 1936, muaj 6 ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov koom pheej.

Pawg thawj coj thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union yog Council of People's Commissars of the Union (Sovnarkom). Pawg Council of People's Commissars ntawm Union muaj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev, nws cov neeg sawv cev (lawv tus lej nyob ntawm CEC) thiab kaum tus neeg commissors, uas yog: tsib tag nrho-Union - rau kev ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws, tub rog thiab naval affairs, txawv teb chaws thiab domestic kev lag luam, kev sib txuas lus thiab post thiab telegraphs, ntxiv rau, cov neeg Commissariat rau cov kev cai ntawm domestic kev lag luam tsuas nyiam cov cai ntawm lub koom haum Commissariat - thiab tsib lub koom haum - lub Workers 'thiab Peasants' Inspection (Rabkrin), Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), kev ua haujlwm, nyiaj txiag thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub chaw ua haujlwm hauv nruab nrab. Ntxiv rau cov tswv cuab no uas muaj kev pov npav pov npav, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm OGPU (United State Political Administration) koom nrog Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev nrog rau kev pov npav tawm tswv yim.

Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, Council of People's Commissars of the Union zoo nkaus li tsuas yog tus thawj tswj hwm lub hwj chim, tab sis, tsab cai lij choj piav qhia, nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv uas muab rau nws los ntawm Central Executive Committee ntawm lub Union, nws kuj tshaj tawm cov kev txiav txim uas muaj feem xyuam rau lub tag nrho ib ncig ntawm lub Union. Draft decrees and resolutions for consideration by the Council of People's Commissars of the Union los ntawm ib tug tib neeg cov Commissars ntawm lub Union thiab los ntawm Central Election Commissions ntawm lub Union republics thiab lawv presidiums.

Ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm cov neeg pawg neeg sawv cev yog txaus los saib seb lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv hauv nruab nrab yuav tsum yog li cas. Tsib tag nrho-union commissariats, tsib tag nrho-republican thiab rau lub union thiab autonomous republics. Lub hwj chim ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev yog qhov zoo heev, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov thawj coj. Ua ntej, Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg lawv tus kheej, cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, uas xaiv Pawg Thawj Coj thiab cov koom haum, cov koom pheej, thiab thib ob, Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ua haujlwm hauv zos tsis yog los ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm, tab sis los ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj hauv cheeb tsam lossis Pawg Thawj Coj, uas lawv tus kheej raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lawv; Thaum kawg, qhov thib peb - Cov Neeg Pabcuam Tib Neeg niaj hnub muab cov lus ceeb toom hauv lawv txoj haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis yog rau CEC thiab Congresses nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj ncaj qha rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub nroog, qhov chaw lawv tshaj tawm rau pej xeem ntawm cov rooj sib tham, rooj sib tham, qhov twg txhua tus tuaj yeem nug lawv. nug thiab qhia koj qhov tsis txaus siab.

Txhua tus pej xeem tuaj yeem thov mus rau ib lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj, cov tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj, cov tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Sab Laj, thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua qib. Txoj haujlwm tsis raug zam los ntawm lub luag haujlwm, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txoj haujlwm siab dua, lub luag haujlwm ntau dua. Twb tau muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej uas Tib Neeg Lub Tsev Haujlwm tau sim ua yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thaum lawv ua txhaum lawv lub luag haujlwm thiab qib.

Kev sib koom tes ntawm kev txiav txim siab yog qhia meej meej los ntawm Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh), uas tswj hwm thiab npaj txhua yam kev tsim khoom thiab kev faib tawm thiab tswj hwm txhua lub lag luam ntawm lub koom pheej. Lub plenum ntawm Supreme Council ntawm National Economy yog tsim raws li nram no:

a) los ntawm Republican Central Executive Committee ntawm Soviets - 10;

b) los ntawm Republican Professional Production Association - 30, (xws li los ntawm All-Union Council of Trade Unions 1):

c) los ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Lub Tebchaws Economy (2 X 10) - 20;

d) los ntawm Republican Council ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Kev Koom Tes - 2;

e) los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Khoom Noj - Kuv;

f) los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Sib Txuas Lus - 1:

j) los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm - 1;

c) los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb - 1;

i) los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Nyiaj Txiag - 1;

j) los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Lag Luam - Kuv;

k) los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Sab Hauv - 1;

Tag nrho. … … 69.o cov.

Nco tseg. Cov Neeg Pabcuam Tib Neeg, tsis muaj npe saum toj no, muaj cai xa lawv cov neeg sawv cev nrog txoj cai ntawm kev tawm tswv yim pov npav rau lub rooj sib tham ntawm Plenum ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws.

Txhua tus tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Lub Tebchaws Economy tau txais lawv lub zog rau lub sijhawm rau lub hlis thiab koom nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm. Lub Plenum ntsib tsawg kawg ib hlis ib zaug.

Kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws tau tso cai rau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm 9 tus neeg, ntawm 8 tus neeg raug xaiv los ntawm Plenum ntawm Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws thiab tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Ua Haujlwm, thiab tus thawj tswj hwm raug xaiv los ntawm All-Lavxias Central Executive Committee ntawm Soviets thiab txaus siab rau cov cai ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev, Cov kev cai lij choj tseem ceeb ntawm cov koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Soviet socialist tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm lawv cov rooj sib tham ntawm Soviets thiab xa mus rau kev pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm All-Lavxias teb sab, thiab thaum kawg tau pom zoo los ntawm All-Lavxias Congress ntawm Soviets.

Xyoo 1925 tsab cai lij choj kuj txhais cov cai lij choj ntawm txhua lub koom pheej ywj pheej. Raws li txoj cai dav dav, ntawm nws thaj chaw hauv qab no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua: tag nrho cov kev cai lij choj hauv lub koomhaum, nrog rau cov cai ntawm RSFSR nrog kev hloov kho nrog kev tso cai los ntawm All-Lavxias Central Executive Committee (kab lus 3 ntawm tsab cai lij choj rau Lub Tebchaws. Code, tsab xov xwm 9 qhia, txoj cai rau Civil Code, tsab xov xwm 4 qhia, txoj cai rau The Hijacked Code, thiab lwm yam). Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm ywj siab neeg lub commissariats, lub zos yuav tsum decrees yog tso cai uas tsis contradict tag nrho-republican txoj cai.

Rau cov cheeb tsam autonomous, cov kev cai lij choj tau hloov los ntawm "Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm Lub Xeev Autonomous" tau txais los ntawm nws cov Congress ntawm Soviets thiab thaum kawg tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees Txhua-Lavxias teb sab.

Tus kws lij choj lub chaw haujlwm yog ib lub koom haum nyob rau hauv lub koom haum Union, tsis muaj tag nrho-Union prosecutor mus txog rau thaum 1934, tab sis tsuas muaj ib tug kws lij choj nyob rau hauv lub Supreme Court ntawm lub Union los saib xyuas txoj cai lij choj.

Raws li txoj cai, tus kws lij choj ntawm lub koom pheej yog Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees, nws tus thawj coj thiab pab. Nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob - lub xeev (regional) prosecutors thiab lawv cov pab, xaiv los ntawm lub Prosecutor ntawm lub koom pheej, piv txwv li los ntawm lub chaw.

Cov koom pheej ywj pheej muaj lawv tus kheej cov kws lij choj cov koom pheej uas tsis yog subordinate rau Tus Kws Lij Choj ntawm Republic. Yog li tag nrho cov rooj plaub hauv tsev hais plaub tau piav qhia hauv keeb kwm niaj hnub no yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam sab hauv ntawm cov koom pheej ywj pheej, qhov twg lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tshawb xyuas, cov kws lij choj thiab cov kws txiav txim plaub tau ua los ntawm cov neeg raug xaiv thiab subordinate rau cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos (lub nroog lossis cheeb tsam) los ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj, uas kuj tsim cov tub ceev xwm.

Cov pawg tau kos rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet ntau hom: los ntawm kev xaiv lawv cov neeg sawv cev rau cov Soviet; rov hais dua cov neeg sawv cev uas tsis pom zoo rau kev ntseeg siab ntawm lawv cov neeg xaiv tsa, thiab hloov lawv nrog cov tshiab, los ntawm kev xaiv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg thawj coj. Tus neeg pov npav koom nrog kev sib tham ntawm cov lus ceeb toom ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg sawv cev thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm pawg thawj coj, nrog rau cov neeg sawv cev nws mloog cov lus ceeb toom ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees thiab lwm yam ntawm cov haujlwm xaiv.

Kev sib tham los ntawm cov rooj sib tham ntawm pawg sab laj, los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm ntu ntawm pawg sab laj thiab pawg thawj coj ntawm cov tuam txhab, tsim cov cuab yeej cuab tam los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tsis yog cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg sab laj, tab sis ua haujlwm hauv ntu thiab pab pawg. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub soviets, nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev apparatus tag nrho, tag nrho lwm cov koom haum loj ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm kuj koom nrog: cov koom haum ua lag luam, lub Komsomol, kev koom tes, kev yeem koom tes, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub Party, ua hauj lwm rau kev tswj hwm ntawm lub xeev, nyob rau hauv lub restructuring ntawm lub zej zog, kev tsim kho ntawm socialism.

Ib qho tseem ceeb tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm Soviet lub xeev system thiab cov bourgeois ib tug yog tag nrho tshem tawm ntawm kev sib cais ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm cov cai lij choj thiab cov thawj coj powers. Qhov kev faib tawm no yog "lub cim ntawm kev ntseeg" nyob rau hauv European txoj kev xav ntawm lub xeev thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm capitalism. Nws sawv cev rau lub hauv paus theoretical ntawm lub parliamentary system, uas tau ntev tau txhawb los ntawm bourgeois theoreticians ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau "kev ywj pheej".

Qhov kev xav no tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum lub nruab nrab bourgeoisie thov kom huab tais koom nrog tsoomfwv. Nws yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm kev hloov dua siab tshiab nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, ntshai ib tug kiv puag ncig, huab tais muab kev tswj rau nruab nrab ntawm cov bourgeoisie: - "Kuv sau cov kev cai, koj ua raws lawv." Ib me ntsis oversimplified, tab sis paub tseeb. Txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib cais ntawm lub hwj chim tau tsim los ntawm Montesquieu (rau hauv kev cai lij choj, kev tswj hwm thiab kev txiav txim), uas txhua tus neeg ywj pheej feem ntau vam khom.

Nws paub tias Montesquieu yog tus neeg tawm tsam ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg pluag, nws yog tus txhawb nqa huab tais. Nws kuj tau tso tseg txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib cais ntawm lub hwj chim kom txuag tau tsawg kawg ib feem ntawm lub hwj chim. Nws tsis tsim txoj kev xav ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb; nws, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tau txais los ntawm "General, ob qho tib si sab hauv thiab sab nraud, kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm tib neeg", vim hais tias, raws li nws txoj kev xav, "kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tib neeg mus rau hauv zej zog thiab ua rau tsov rog." Thaum nws ntshai nws cov neeg nyeem nrog kev ua tsov ua rog dav dav, Montesquieu piav qhia tias qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog lo lus nug ntawm leej twg tuav lub hwj chim, txawm tias tag nrho, qee qhov lossis ib qho, tab sis yuav ua li cas nws thiaj li tsim nyog thiab npaj. Thiab cov democrats, tom qab ntawd, tsim los ntawm nws txoj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua chav kawm.

Thiab cov neeg, raws li lawv nyob rau hauv feudal dependence, serfdom, thiab tseem nyob rau hauv lub trough, vim hais tias cov kev cai yog sau rau cov tub ceev xwm. Thawj Fabkis Revolution ntawm 1795 pom tau hais tias tag nrho cov evolution ntawm kev faib hwj chim.

Tsoom fwv Soviet tau sau cov cai rau ib tug pej xeem ntawm nws lub xeev, tsis hais txog ntawm txoj hauj lwm thiab qeb, thiab nws tus kheej tswj kev siv cov cai no. Peb qhov tseeb: tau tso peb los ntawm "communist "yoke", lawv tam sim ntawd txwv qhov tshwm sim thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav. C'est la vie … Nov yog … kev cai ywj pheej!

Lo lus nug thib ob, uas ib txwm hnov: ib qho kev koom nrog lossis kev sib koom ua ke? Cia peb rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum cov tswv av thiab cov neeg lag luam tawm tsam rau qhov tseem ceeb hauv parliament, petty-bourgeois fuss, thiab cov neeg tseem nyob sab nraud ntawm kev saib xyuas. Txij thaum ntawd los, "lub tswv yim" ntawm ib tug multiparty system tau nyob twj ywm raws li ib tug txoj kev uas yuav cuam tshuam cov pej xeem los ntawm lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm deputy: "Kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg pov npav."

Lawv thuam Soviet hwj chim rau ib yam, thiab kuv xav ua kom tiav thawj feem ntawm tsab xov xwm nrog cov lus ntawm Vladimir Ilyich Lenin:

"Thaum peb raug liam ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm ib tog neeg … peb hais tias: "Yog lawm, kev tswj hwm ntawm ib tog! Peb sawv ntawm nws thiab tsis tuaj yeem tawm hauv av no. … … Cov tog neeg no tau koom ua ke nrog cov chav ua haujlwm, thiab nws ib leeg tuaj yeem coj nws mus rau qhov kev hloov pauv loj thiab loj hauv lub neej qub " (Lenin, XVI, p. 296).

Tab sis, ntxiv Lenin rau lwm qhov: "Nyob rau hauv cov neeg coob coob, peb tseem yog ib tug poob rau hauv dej hiav txwv, thiab peb muaj peev xwm txiav txim tsuas yog thaum peb hais kom raug dab tsi cov neeg paub txog. Yog tsis muaj qhov no, tog Communist yuav tsis coj cov proletariat, thiab cov proletariat yuav tsis coj pawg neeg, thiab tag nrho lub tshuab yuav poob sib nrug." (Lenin, XVIII, 2, p.56).

Txoj cai ntawm Bolsheviks nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej hauv zos thiab haiv neeg tsawg yog ib qho txuj ci ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev tshav ntuj. Tsis muaj ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm ntawm peb lub sijhawm nyob hauv lwm lub tebchaws tuaj yeem sib tw nrog lawv hauv txoj hauv kev kom txaus siab rau cov lus thov ntawm haiv neeg tsawg” (E. D. Dillon, Russia Today and Tomorrow, 1928, p. 228, in English).