Smoldering nuclear foob pob

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag tsis yog "lwm lub zog", tab sis muaj kev hem thawj rau tag nrho lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Qhov txaus ntshai uas huab cua ntawm asteroid khib nyiab yuav txav mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub orbit es tsis txhob ntawm peb ntiaj chaw yog heev tangible - qhov tawg ntawm lub hwj chim no yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag.

Piv txwv li, qhov tseem ceeb loj ntawm uranium-235, thaum lub sij hawm tawg nuclear pib, yog 50 kg. Lub cheeb ntawm xws li ib lub pob tsuas yog 17 cm … Thiab txhua qhov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear muaj ntau pua tons ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, ntxiv rau ntau txhiab tons ntawm "hnyav" dej, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj plaws, qhov nyiaj no tuaj yeem ua rau tawg ntawm cosmic proportions. Txawm hais tias lub ntiaj teb yuav raug muab faib ua qhov me me, lossis tsuas yog yuav raug ripped los ntawm orbit, tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv lawm.

"Txiv" ntawm Soviet atomic zog Igor Kurchatov hu ua nuclear reactors "smoldering foob pob". Thiab tus Nobel laureate, physicist Pyotr Kapitsa txhais hais tias nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag yog "bombs uas tsim hluav taws xob."

Hauv tsawg tshaj li ib puas xyoo, ntau dua 16 qhov xwm txheej loj atomic tau tshwm sim, qee qhov tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus, tab sis tsis ua. Muaj qhov laj thawj ntseeg tias qhov xwm txheej loj tshaj plaws raug thaiv los ntawm cov tub rog sab nraud, uas ib zaug ntxiv qhia txog qhov tsis tsim nyog ntawm tib neeg.

Muaj 439 lub hwj chim reactors nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, ntawm cov uas ib nrab - 218 - yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, Nyiv thiab Fabkis. Tam sim no 38% ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub hwj chim units (166) muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 30 xyoo thiab yuav tsum tau decommissioned, thiab 83% muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 20 xyoo.

Nuclear nroj tsuag yuav tsum tau kaw thiab deactivated, tab sis qhov txaus ntshai qhov tseeb yog qhov kev paub ntawm decommissioning nuclear-kua hluav taws xob cov chaw txaus ntshai. zoo li nws tsis yog, yog li nws tsis yog.

Hauv qab no yog qhov tseeb tias tsuas yog kev ua haujlwm nrog cov pov tseg nuclear yog lawv cov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw, mus txog lub tswv yim ntawm shitting tsis yog hauv ntiaj teb xwb, tab sis kuj xa cov khib nyiab mus rau qhov chaw.

Nuclear ntxuav

Qhov thib ob theem ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm lub xov tooj cua "legacy" tab tom ua nyob rau hauv Russia

Ntawm peb thaj chaw loj, tsis muaj ib cheeb tsam sab laug uas muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb lossis tub rog atom yuav tsis "koom nrog". Muaj 1268 qhov chaw rau kev khaws cia ntev ntev ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (RW) hauv lub tebchaws. Cov ntim ntim tau ncav cuag, raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, ntau dua li ib nrab lab cubic meters thiab txuas ntxiv mus.

Raws li Rosatom, qhov ntim ntawm cov chaw cia khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntawm qee lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear uas twb muaj lawm hauv xyoo 2008 tau mus txog qhov tseem ceeb 90%, thiab yog tias tsis muaj kev sib sau ua ke, nws hem tias yuav kaw cov chaw nres tsheb.

Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, Techensky cascade ntawm reservoir nyob rau hauv Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb lub xeev, qhov twg los ntawm 1949-1956. Cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom Mayak raug tso tawm. Xyoo 1957, kev tawg ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj heev tshwm sim ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab qhov kev hu ua East Ural txoj kev raug tsim, uas kis mus rau ntau thaj tsam hauv Techa-Irtysh-Ob dej phwj. Lub pas dej Karachay, uas tau ua qhov chaw cia rau cov kua hluav taws xob pov tseg ntawm tib lub PA Mayak txij li xyoo 1950, tau sau los ntawm 2008 ntau dua 200,000 cubic meters. m ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev nrog lub zog hluav taws xob ntau dua 120 lab curies - qhov ntsuas ntawm ob Chernobyls. Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo los ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm lwm lub cev dej qhib - qhov chaw nyob hauv cov bass thaj tsam, qhov chaw pov tseg, qhov twg cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tseem ceeb kuj tau sau tseg.

Alas, nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tsis muaj kev paub txog kev decommissioning nuclear thiab hluav taws xob cov chaw txaus ntshai, piv txwv li, nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag reactor units uas tau ua hauj lwm rau lawv lub sij hawm, yog li ntawd ntau tshaj li 350 cov chaw tau tsuas yog kaw lawm. Cov chaw ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nuclear tawg tsis tau raug kho dua tshiab.

Nws yog kwv yees tias tsuas yog 30 lub koom haum ntawm kev lag luam ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj kab mob radionuclides - 474, 7 sq. km. Tag nrho cov teeb meem no ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws xob sib tsoo nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev mus dhau qhov chaw ua lag luam. Thiab yuav ua li cas koj tuaj yeem suav hauv square kilometers lwm qhov "ko taw" uas tuag taus 50-70 xyoo thoob plaws hauv peb lub tebchaws? Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Chernobyl, Semipalatinsky, nyob rau Novaya Zemlya, nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab nyob rau hauv lub bays ntawm lub Murmansk cheeb tsam thiab Far East, qhov twg los ntawm Soviet lub sij hawm muaj toj ntxas rau nuclear submarines thiab lwm yam ships ntawm lub nuclear fleet nrog. unloaded roj…

Cov kws tshawb fawb nkag siab txog cov lus zais ntawm qhov sib cais ntawm atom, thiab kawm los ntawm kev ua yuam kev iab los siv nws lub zog thiab tswj nws, yog li tom qab txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim vaj tsev ua tau zoo muaj tus duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm kev xwm txheej: thaj chaw muaj kab mob tsis zoo rau kev ua neej nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv tsev, kev noj qab haus huv, kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav, caj ces tsis xws luag, tib neeg lub neej lawv tus kheej yog tus nqi ntawm kev nce qib. Txog tam sim no, thoob plaws ntiaj teb tsuas muaj ob lub tswv yim rau kev pov tseg zaum kawg ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob - faus rau hauv lub plab hauv ntiaj teb lossis xa mus rau qhov chaw …

Tau ntau xyoo, kev tuav cov khoom pov tseg zoo li no - sau, txav, pov tseg - tau ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim siab ncua sijhawm. Tab sis, raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, nws tau dhau los ua tsis yooj yim rau ncua kev txiav txim siab, yog li xyoo 2011 peb tau muaj thawj tsoomfwv txoj cai lij choj hauv cheeb tsam no "Nyob rau hauv kev tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob", uas tau hloov pauv txoj cai ntawm ib puag ncig cuam tshuam rau txhua hom hluav taws xob pov tseg. thiab tau tsim los ua kom lawv nyob hauv kev txiav txim. Lub xeev lub tswv yim tau tshwm sim, cov txheej txheem tswj hwm, kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab ntau yam ntxiv tau pib ua kom zoo.

Tsawg kawg, tam sim no peb paub dab tsi yav tas los ua tib zoo muab zais, thiab tsis muaj leej twg muaj lub tswv yim meej txog tus nqi thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm radionuclide paug hauv lub tebchaws.

"Lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo tas los, kev siv thawj lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm tsoomfwv txoj haujlwm ntawm kev nyab xeeb nuclear thiab hluav taws xob los ntawm 2008 thiab rau lub sijhawm txog 2015 tau ua tiav, uas, qhov tseeb, tuaj yeem hu ua kev npaj," hais Denis Pleshchenko, tus thawj coj ntawm FSUE. "RosRAO" department kev sib txuas lus. - Feem ntau, theem no tau tso cai rau peb los ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov chaw thiab thaj chaw, tuaj yeem nkag siab txog qhov xwm txheej, tshawb nrhiav cov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws, tsim cov phiaj xwm rau decommissioning cov chaw thiab kho thaj chaw muaj kab mob, thiab nrhiav kev daws teeb meem. cov teeb meem ceev tshaj plaws. Niaj hnub no, kwv yees li 50 lub thev naus laus zis tshiab tau raug coj los siv, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ntseeg tau thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb cais tawm ntawm nuclear "keeb kwm" rau tag nrho lub sijhawm uas lawv muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv thawj lub hom phiaj kev pab cuam, los ntawm 2016 cov theem ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nuclear tau txo qis mus rau 74%, qhov chaw ruaj ntseg "qhuav" ntau dua rau cov pov tseg nuclear tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm, Lub Chaw Kho Mob thiab. Lub sij hawm ntev cia ntawm RW nrog automated thiab robotic cov cuab yeej tau muab tso rau hauv lub lag luam nyob rau hauv lub Murmansk cheeb tsam. Ntau tshaj 2.3 lab kW m ntawm thaj chaw muaj hluav taws xob muaj hluav taws xob tau raug kho dua tshiab.

- Cov teeb meem uas ua rau lub tswb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm deb ntawm Soviet tau raug daws. Piv txwv li, dams ntawm Techensky cascade tau rov tsim dua, - txuas ntxiv Pleshchenko. Hnub no, cov pas dej tauv yog qhov kaw kaw, cov chaw kho dej phwj tuaj, cov txheej txheem hydraulic ntxiv, cov chaw pib-regulators tau tsim, thiab lwm yam kev ntsuas tau raug coj los ua kom lub sijhawm ntev thiab tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cascade. Lub pas dej Karachay tau ntim thiab peb lub pas dej qhib ntxiv tau ua kua, uas yog, kev sib kis ntawm radionuclides tau tiv thaiv.

Txoj cai lij choj hais txog kev tswj cov khib nyiab hluav taws xob sib txawv ntawm cov pov tseg rau hauv keeb kwm, sau ua ntej Lub Xya Hli 2011, thiab tau tsim tawm tshiab tom qab hnub no.

Lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov txaus ntshai "keej qub txeeg qub teg", suav nrog nyiaj txiag, yog muab rau lub xeev, thiab tus tswv - lub tuam txhab uas "muab yug" rau lawv, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev cia thiab ua cov formations tshiab.

Rau kev tswj hwm dav dav, lub cev tshwj xeeb "National tus neeg teb xov tooj rau kev tswj hwm hluav taws xob pov tseg" (FSUE "NO RAO") tau tsim. Raws li Nikita Medyantsev, tus thawj coj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm pej xeem chaw ntawm NRAO RAO, thawj zaug cov khoom muag thiab kev tso npe ntawm cov chaw cia khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg ua ntej Lub Xya Hli 2011 tau ua tiav thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Cov chaw no suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg thiab cov chaw pov tseg nyob hauv 15 thaj chaw thaj chaw - cov qauv qub ntawm IC "Radon". Lawv tsis lees txais cov pov tseg nuclear, tab sis tsuas yog cov qib qis thiab nruab nrab: cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ionizing siv hauv tshuaj, roj complex, radioscopy, science, hauv cov khoom siv. Raws li ib feem ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke hauv lub xeev (USS) rau kev tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob raws li IAEA cov qauv kev nyab xeeb thoob ntiaj teb, kev ua haujlwm tau ua los nqa cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj cua keeb kwm mus rau lub xeev uas ua tau raws li kev lees paub rau kev hloov mus rau National Operator. Lawv txoj hmoo ntxiv yuav raug txiav txim siab nyob rau theem ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom no tseem nyob hauv qhov chaw khaws cia ib ntus. Piv txwv li, Saratov ceg ntawm lub Privolzhsky thaj chaw cheeb tsam "RosRAO". Raws li nws tus thawj coj Alexander Kovylin, lub chaw cia khoom tshiab niaj hnub no tau tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab kom tau txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab los ntawm 8 cheeb tsam. Nws kuj tau ntim nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsib uas tau ua haujlwm rau lawv lub sijhawm los ntawm 1964-1967. cov chaw qub cia faus rau hauv av. Qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov chaw "keeb kwm" tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho. Lub tsev tshiab tau yooj yim dua los saib xyuas thiab nyab xeeb rau ib puag ncig. Ntawm qhov chaw cia khoom ntawm ceg Leningrad (Sosnovy Bor), kev tsim kho tshiab tau ua nrog cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, uas muab kev ua kom txias thiab ua tiav ntawm yuav luag txhua hom hluav taws xob pov tseg.

Kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom zoo li no hauv nroog Novouralsk, thaj tsam Sverdlovsk ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw faus neeg. Kev sau yuav pib xyoo no, thiab nws yuav yog, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb.

"Hnub no, kev pov tseg ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis tau ua tiav, tshwj tsis yog kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm cov kua pov tseg rau hauv qhov tob hauv av hauv cheeb tsam Krasnoyarsk (Zheleznogorsk), Tomsk Thaj Chaw (Seversk) thiab Ulyanovsk Cheeb Tsam (Dmitrovgrad)," piav qhia Nikita Medyantsev.. - Thiab rau cov pov tseg nuclear nyob ntev, muaj qhov tshwj xeeb faus qhov project ntawm qhov tob ntawm 500 meters ze ntawm lub nroog Zheleznogorsk. Qhov chaw xaiv nyob rau hauv gneiss, lub pob zeb superhard uas muaj zog dua granite, tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov tawg uas muaj zog ntau dua li Hiroshima. Niaj hnub no, ntawm qhov tob no, kev tsim kho ntawm lub chaw tshawb fawb hauv av tau pib, uas yuav muab cov lus teb txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev cais tawm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov pov tseg nuclear txaus ntshai.

Raws li Pleshchenko, nws yog ib qho nyuaj los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm nqa ob lub submarines nrog nuclear roj los ntawm hauv qab ntawm Kara thiab Barents Seas. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub tuam tsev tau sau cov kev paub tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshem tawm lub nkoj toj ntxas: 195 ntawm ntau dua 200 lub nkoj nkoj nuclear thiab cov nkoj tu cov nkoj tshem tawm ntawm Navy tau raug tshem tawm thiab pov tseg, thiab cov roj tau raug xa mus rau ntev- lub sij hawm cia chaw, tab sis kev ua hauj lwm ntawm nqa lub nuclear submarine los ntawm seabed yog kim heev thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag nws tsuas yog los ntawm Lavxias teb sab peev nyiaj. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev tu dej hiav txwv los ntawm cov nkoj sunken nrog cov roj uas tsis muaj roj tau raug txiav txim siab.

Hauv xyoo 2016, theem thib ob ntawm Kev Ntxuav Loj tau pib, thiab qhov no yuav yog, raws li cov kws tshaj lij tau cog lus, kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev ua haujlwm zoo uas yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nuclear, tsim cov chaw tshiab rau qhov kawg ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, rov kho cov chaw muaj kab mob., decommission tej chaw txaus ntshai los yog kom txog rau thaum "Green" nyom, los yog mus txog rau "xim av" - rau industrial siv los ntawm kev hloov dua siab tshiab.

Yog tias koj saib mus rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov xov tooj cua, ces qhov pib feem ntau yuav raug tso los ntawm Chernobyl kev puas tsuaj.

Nyob rau hauv 1992, kuv muaj lub sijhawm los paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm aerogamma-spectrometric ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia, ua thawj zaug los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Ecology ntawm Roshydromet thiab Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb. Yog tias nws twb paub txog kev kis kab mob ntawm thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm qhov chaw sib tsoo hauv Bryansk, Kaluga cheeb tsam lossis cov koom pheej ntawm Belarus, tom qab ntawd daim ntawv qhia ntawm thaj av Penza, nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw no, nyob rau hauv lilac qhov chaw sib txawv ntawm curie siv., ua rau koj chim xwb. Kuv tsev neeg yeej ib txwm sim yuav cov qos yaj ywm Penza qab, thiab lawv loj hlob ntawm thaj av dab tsi, nrog rau cesium seasoning! Chernobyl hneev taw - nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cesium-137 nyob rau hauv cov av - tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv 15 cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev, thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev tshawb no, cov kws txawj tau txheeb xyuas "tsis nco qab" thiab tsis muaj qhov chaw suav rau faus av ntawm ntau yam ntawm radioactive pov tseg. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Engels, Saratov cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm ib tug nqaij ua cov nroj tsuag. Los yog - qhov chaw ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob ntawm lub Hoobkas, hauv chav kawm physics hauv tsev kawm ntawv, hauv chav kuaj hauv tsev kawm ntawv. "Star Wormwood" muab tib neeg co zoo, yuam kom cais xws li "nrhiav" nrog tshem tawm ntau tons ntawm av thiab ua kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pov tseg tuag tau muab los ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab kev lag luam tiv thaiv. Yav dhau los ua tib zoo zais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov nyuaj-rau-tswj qhov tshwm sim ntawm nuclear technologies tam sim no paub.

Tab sis peb tseem muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj kev phom sij uas tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm saj, xim lossis tsw! Koj tsis paub tias nws yuav "los txog" qhov twg thiab koj yuav tau npaum li cas. Huab cua thiab dej tsis tuaj yeem muab faib los ntawm ciam teb, thiab ntau cov av, suav nrog hluav taws xob, tau sau tseg tias qhov chaw huv hauv ntiaj teb yuav tsis pom ntxiv lawm.

Nws paub tias tom qab kuaj lub foob pob atomic ntawm qhov chaw sim hauv Semipalatinsk, lossis hauv Asmeskas xeev Nevada, lossis hauv Suav teb, huab cua huab cua tuaj yeem ncig lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem ntawm lub lis piam lossis drift rau 1-3 lub hlis, tawg paj radionuclides. nyob txhua qhov chaw.

Tsis ntev dhau los kuv tau hais tias qhov tawg ntawm Fukushima nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag tau kaw rau ntawm Volga los ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov cuab yeej ntawm Balakovo nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Lub ntiaj teb lub ntiaj teb yog me me tiag tiag, thiab sai npaum li cas peb polluted nws nrog artificially tsim hluav taws xob! Lub nroog tuag ntawm Pripyat thiab Slavutich, kaum ob lub zos ntawm ntug dej ntawm Techa River tau raug tso tseg los ntawm tib neeg, thaj chaw ntawm VURS kis nrog strontium-90 rau 700 sq. km, hloov mus rau hauv tshwj xeeb cia, zoo li thaj tsam stalker, qhov twg koj tuaj yeem nkag tsis tau - cov npe tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej, zoo li lub tshuab hluav taws xob thaum muaj xwm ceev, tsis tuaj yeem npog nrog lub sarcophagus, thiab tsis muaj nyiaj yuav txaus los tso cov pas dej "glowing" thiab swamps, thaiv cov dej ntws ntawm strontium, khawb av cesium thiab tsav lub nuclear Genie mus rau hauv lub plab hauv ntiaj teb.. Qhov no yog qhov xav txog thaum Lub Rau Hli 5, International Day for the Protection of the Environment. Kuv tsis nyiam cov hnub tsis tu ncua. Lub tswv yim nws tus kheej yog qhov tseeb - koom nrog kev siv zog, kos duab rau ib puag ncig teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb. Tab sis nws yuav zoo dua rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, tsawg kawg ua raws li cov piv txwv ntawm thawj qhov kev paub ntawm Russia, los npaj lub ntiaj teb loj tu.