Keeb kwm thiab caj ces kev sib raug zoo ntawm Alans

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

S. Yatsenko tuaj rau lub tswv yim hais tias muaj xya lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub Alans. Cov no yog Scythian, Aorian, Massagetan, Alanian, Yuechzhian-Tocharian, Usun, thiab xya, uas suav hais tias Alans yog ib lub koom haum sib koom ua ke.

Tus kws tshawb fawb qhia txog lub tswv yim thib yim thiab taw qhia rau plaub caug lub tswv yim tshiab uas tshwm sim hauv Sarmatian monuments. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Alans nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub roob Altai. Cov Protoalans koom nrog Usun union.

Raws li S. Yatsenko, cov Alans tsim nyob rau hauv plaub theem. Thawj, cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm Usuns hauv Semirechye, qhov thib ob - nrog kev hloov pauv mus rau hauv lub zog loj hauv Central Asia, qhov thib peb - nrog rau kev nkag mus rau thaj tsam ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Kangyuy, thib plaub - nrog rau kev nce mus rau sab hnub poob. thiab kev swb ntawm Aorses los ntawm Alans. Cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb uas Alans tau nyob yog qhov qis dua ntawm Don thiab Volga, nrog rau Middle Kuban. S. Yatsenko qhov txawv ntawm ob pawg ntawm Alans. Nws taw qhia rau lub neej ntawm Scythian Alans thiab Massaget Alans.

V. Abaev ntseeg hais tias cov Alans yog tsim los ntawm sab hnub tuaj ceg ntawm Sako-Massaget ib puag ncig. V. Minorsky tau hais txog qhov tseeb tias cov haiv neeg "Aors" thiab "Alans" zoo ib yam. Nws txuas nrog kev hloov ntawm lub npe los ntawm Yantsai mus rau Alanya nrog kev hloov ntawm lub hwj chim mus rau lwm pab pawg neeg los yog xeem. Alans, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, nyob dhau Hiav Txwv Caspian sab qab teb ntawm Hiav Txwv Aral.

F. Gutnov sau tseg tias yantsai tsis yog tsuas yog thaj av Aral xwb, tab sis kuj yog thaj chaw sab hnub poob. Cov neeg Suav tsuas yog thaj chaw paub tshaj plaws hauv thaj av Aral thiab Caspian. Cov Aors tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe vim muaj kev ntxhov siab los ntawm ntau pawg neeg sab hnub tuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj zaug Aorses tau tsiv tawm ntawm thaj av Caspian mus rau sab hnub poob twb nyob rau xyoo pua 3. BC e. thiab nyob rau hauv classical qhov chaw tau muab sau ua ib pawg neeg muaj zog. Monuments ntawm Zubovo-erection pawg nyob rau hauv North Caucasus yog txuam nrog cov Alans, thiab lub siab ntawm cov Huns los ua ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev tshwm sim ntawm tshiab haiv neeg nyob rau sab hnub poob. Anthroponyms nrog farn tshwm. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua III-II. BC e. Roxolans tshwm sim, uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb cuam tshuam nrog Alans thiab pawg neeg massaget.

F. Gutnov nws tus kheej tsis tau xav txog Yantsai-Aorses ua Alans, tab sis tau sau tseg tias ib feem ntawm Aorses tau koom nrog hauv ethnogenesis ntawm Alans thaum ntxov. Kangyuy tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov Alans. Lub Farn cult nyob rau hauv lub Kangyuis. Muaj ib txoj kab Kangyui nyob rau hauv qhov chaw archaeological ntawm Northern Black Sea cheeb tsam. Lawv kuj tau txuam nrog Alans thaum ntxov thiab Usun-Asia thiab Yuezhi-Tokhars. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb piv cov Alans-Digors nrog Tochars. Lub koom haum Alanian thaum ntxov tau tsim nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj Aral Hiav Txwv thiab tau cuam tshuam nrog qis thiab nruab nrab ntawm Syr Darya. Tag nrho cov kab mob loj hauv cheeb tsam yog ntau haiv neeg, uas yog hais txog Kangyu thiab Usun. Txawm tias thaj chaw ntawm Tajikistan thiab Turkmenistan tau khaws cia ib puag ncig ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm Alans. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tseem nyob rau hauv Central Asia (nyob rau hauv lub terminology ntawm F. Gutnov, nyob rau hauv Central Asia), thiab lwm qhov chaw tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob.

T. Gabuev ntseeg hais tias cov neeg Esxias, uas yog ib feem ntawm Yuechzhi (Tocharian) pab pawg neeg union, yog ib feem ntawm lub Usuns uas tau nqa tawm los ntawm lub Yuechzhi nyob rau hauv Greco-Bactria. Asia yog Alans. Qhov kev txiav txim yog Yuezhi Wen dynasty, uas sawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Kangyu, uas tau kov yeej Yantsai, thiab qhov ntawd, dhau los, tom qab raug tshem tawm los ntawm Kangyu, tau hloov lub npe Alanya. Ob lub luag haujlwm ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov Alans - Yuezhi-Tokhara thiab Usun-Asia. Cov pab pawg no tau koom nrog tsim lub xeev Kangyui. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Massagets ntawm kev tsim ntawm Alans, uas tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw ntawm Kangyui, tau sau tseg. Cov Alans yog cov nqa ntawm haiv neeg Aruana, uas lawv txawv lwm haiv neeg ntawm lawv tus kheej. Hauv Iranian lus, aryana dhau mus rau Alana. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 2nd. n. e. Lub ethnonym "Alans" supplanted lub npe ntawm Sarmatian pab pawg neeg. Tsutsiev taw qhia tias txoj hmoo ntawm Alanian ethnos thaum ntxov tau txuas nrog Kangyu thiab Yantsai. Qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm Alanian yog txuam nrog Kangyuy. Ua ntej lub renaming rau Alanya, lub Yantsai muaj nyob rau hauv Eastern Aral Hiav txwv cheeb tsam yog inhabited los ntawm cov Massagets, uas kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Suav sau li lub Se, uas yog, cov Scythians.

Tus kws tshawb fawb ntaus nqi kev kov yeej ntawm Yantsai los ntawm Kanguy Alans rau 25-50 xyoo. n. e. Cov Alans tau txeeb Yantsai los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kangyui, uas tau nyob los ntawm Late Saki thiab lwm haiv neeg Iranian hais lus nomadic. Yantsai tau hloov npe hu ua Alanna thiab tau los ntawm Kangyui, uas yog raws li Late Saki thiab lwm pab pawg. Qhov sib thooj ntawm cov neeg Kangyu mus rau Yantsai thiab Yuechzha tau sau tseg. Cov kab lis kev cai Jetyasar tuaj yeem piv nrog Yantsai, thiab Otrar-Karatau thiab Kuanchin kab lis kev cai nrog Kangyu.

Lub zog ntawm Alans los ntawm Central Asia mus rau sab hnub poob yog txuam nrog kev txhawb zog ntawm Kan tus thawj tswj hwm. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Alans suav nrog thaj tsam Eastern Caspian Sea, Ustyurt, thiab thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj Aral Sea. Xiongnu activation nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 3rd n. e. teeb tsa cov nomads ntawm Kangyuy. Cov pejxeem ntawm Middle Syr Darya tab tom hloov mus rau thaj tsam Bukhara. Cov Huns tso siab rau Kangyui los ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qaum teb. Dzhetyasar settlements tuag nyob rau hauv hluav taws nyob rau hauv lub 3rd-4th centuries. n. e.

Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, Alans tshwm nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab - qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st. n. e. Nyob rau hauv lub qis Don, lub Alans subdued lub Aorses, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Central Kuban, lub Siraks thiab Meots. Lub nthwv dej thib ob ntawm Alans tuaj rau North Caucasus los ntawm sab qaum teb hauv 2nd-3rd centuries. n. e., thiab qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau kev sib kis ntawm faus nrog catacombs. Cov pab pawg neeg no los ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Bukhara thiab Fergana tuaj ntawm Khorezm mus rau Urals thiab Lower Volga cheeb tsam. T. Gabuev ntseeg hais tias muaj ob peb pawg ntawm Alans. B. Kerefov tau hais tias kev tsim ntawm Alans thaum ntxov yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm Tochars, Asians thiab pab pawg neeg ntawm Sako-Massaget lub voj voog. V. Gutschmid thiab F. Hirt tau sib cav tias Yantsai Aors yog pawg neeg proto-Alanian. J. Marquart txhawb nqa lawv, tab sis tau hais lus pom zoo tias Yantsai kuj yog lub npe ntawm Massagets.

GENETIC LINKS nrog rau lwm tus neeg

L. Nechayeva thiab D. Machinsky tau sau txog kev sib txuas ntawm caj ces ntawm Alans nrog Massagetae, V. Saintmartin, E. Charpentier, R. Fry thiab N. Lysenko sau txog kev sib txuas ntawm Alans thiab Usuns. Cov tom kawg suav tias Alans yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Usun thiab Kangyui. R. Bleichteiner tau sau txog kev sib txuas ntawm Alans thiab Sakas. Raws li G. Vernadsky, cov Alans tau koom nrog Yuechj, thiab lawv cov dynasty yog los ntawm Usuns. Cov Alans yog cov neeg muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm Sarmatian pab pawg thiab txawv ntawm cov neeg Esxias, tab sis tom qab ntawd tau koom nrog lawv. T. Sulimirsky suav hais tias Alans yog tus saib xyuas ntawm Iranian-hais lus pab pawg, uas tau tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm Xiongnu. I. Marquart hu ua Eastern Alans cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Upper Aorses, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, suav hais tias yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Massagets. V. Struve ntseeg hais tias cov Alans zoo ib yam nrog Massagets-Dakhs, uas nws muab piv nrog Sakas dhau Sogd thiab Sakas dhau lub hiav txwv ntawm ancient Persian vaj ntxwv inscriptions. V. Miller thiab V. Kulakovsky txuas nrog Alans nrog cov Scythians. N. Berlizov kuj lees txais qhov kev xav no. M. Abramova tau hais txog Scythian theem hauv kev tsim ntawm Ossetians thiab Alans.

A. Tuallagov qhia tias Usuns yog ib feem ntawm Alanian union. Cov Alans tuav Yantsai thaum lub sij hawm Kangyu conquest ntawm Yantsai. Nws txuas cov kev txav ntawm Alans mus rau sab hnub poob nrog kev siv zog ntawm txoj cai txawv teb chaws ntawm Sogyu tus thawj tswj hwm. Alans kuj tau sawv cev los ntawm pawg Yuechji ntawm Tochars thiab Asians. Nws piv cov haiv neeg Tochar nrog cov haiv neeg Digor. Lub Lower Don faus mounds ntawm Alans muaj ntau yam sib xws nrog cov monuments ntawm cov hniav-erection hom, thiab cov, nyob rau hauv lem, nrog lub monuments ntawm lub Yuezhi. A. Skripkin ntseeg hais tias cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Alans yog ib feem ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Sarmatian thiab koom nrog kev nce qib ntawm Sako-Massagets mus rau sab hnub tuaj, thiab tom qab ntawd tshwm sim ua ib feem ntawm Yuezhi hauv Central Asia. Lawv tau nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Aors thiab tsim ntawm Alans raws li ib pawg haiv neeg tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv South Ural thiab Aral steppes. Thaum kawg, cov Alans tsim hauv Sako-Massaget ib puag ncig.

A. Nagler thiab L. Chipirov ntseeg hais tias lo lus "Alans" tau siv los xaiv cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Sarmatians. Ib qho kev xav zoo sib xws tau nthuav tawm los ntawm M. Shchukin, uas suav tias yog Alans los ua druzhina stratum ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Sarmatian.

Tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog lub sijhawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Alans hauv North Caucasus. V. Miller tau hais txog qhov xwm txheej no rau xyoo pua 1st. n. e. V. Vinogradov ntseeg tias Alans tau tshwm sim hauv thaj av tam sim ntawd tom qab Aorian-Sirak tsov rog ntawm 49 AD. e. Raws li B. Raev, Alans tau tshwm sim hauv Caucasus ntawm 49 thiab 65 AD. e. Y. Gagloty tau sib cav tias cov Alans tau koom nrog Ibero-Albanian-Parthian tsis sib haum xeeb hauv 35 AD. e. Nws tsis suav nrog kev koom tes ntawm Alans hauv Mithridates tsov rog nyob rau xyoo pua 1st. BC e. thiab tib lub sijhawm suav tias Roksolans yog ib feem ntawm Alans. V. Kuznetsov hais tias Alans tau koom nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm 35 AD. e., thiab ntseeg tias lawv tau nqis los ntawm Massagetae, uas thaum lub sijhawm tig mus rau Caucasus. Los ntawm qhov kev xav txog AD 35 e. S. Perevalov kuj pom zoo raws li lub sij hawm ntawm cov tsos ntawm Alans nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus. Cov Sarmatians tau hais hauv cov peev txheej tsuas yog Alans xwb, txij li lawv tau siv lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv pem hauv ntej nrog pikes thiab ntaj. M. Shchukin ntseeg tias cov neeg Loos tau txais xov xwm txog Alans thaum lub sij hawm huab tais Augustus kav. Raws li A. Tuallagov, Alans tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe hauv xyoo pua 2nd. BC e. Nws tsis cais cov Roxolans los ntawm Alans. Thawj qhov kev sib tw rau South Caucasus - hauv 69 BC. e. Lub chaw nom tswv ntawm Alania nyob rau ntawm Lower Don. Alan kev sib hais haum nyob rau hauv Lower Don, hauv Kuban thiab hauv cheeb tsam Azov. Lub dynasty kav yog cov Aravelians. Ib nthwv dej tshiab ntawm Alans tuaj nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st. n. e. Central Asian cov neeg tuaj tshiab uas tsim lawv txoj kev tswj hwm los ntawm Don mus rau Volga thiab Kuban. Cov pej xeem no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj koob meej ntawm cov haiv neeg "Alans". Qhov no ethnonym displaces lwm tus, yav tas los paub.

TSEEM CEEB

Cov Alans tau nyob rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv qis nce mus txog ntawm lub Don thiab Volga, thiab nyob rau hauv lub expansion ntawm lub Azov cheeb tsam mus rau lub Kuban. Lub xub ntiag ntawm Alans kuj tau sau tseg hauv thaj av ntawm Caucasian Mineral Waters thiab Nadterechye. Hauv 35-36 xyoo. mysterious nomads koom nyob rau hauv Ibero-Parthian tsov rog nyob rau sab ntawm Iberian huab tais Farasman. Tej zaum lawv tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas nrog Aors, uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias yog ib feem ntawm Alans. Lawv tau ua hauv kev ua tsov ua rog no ua phooj ywg ntawm Iberians thiab Caucasian Albanians tawm tsam Parthians. Tacitus hu lawv ua Sarmatians, thiab Josephus ua Scythians. Tus huab tais ntawm Armenia Tiridates kuv me ntsis tom qab qhia rau Roman huab tais Nero txog kev hem thawj los ntawm Alans tsis yog rau sab qab teb Caucasus, tab sis kuj rau Roman xeev hauv Asia Me thiab Syria. Nyob rau hauv 72, lub Alans invaded South Caucasus, thiab Armenia thiab Atropatena tau plundered.

Raws li Josephus Flavius, Alans tau tawm tsam ua tsaug rau tus huab tais Hyrcanian (Iberian), uas tau qhib qhov hla rau lawv. Cov tub rog Armenian raug tua los ntawm Alans, thiab Tiridates nws tus kheej ua txuj ci tseem ceeb tsis raug ntes. Leonty Mroveli, pom tseeb, tham txog cov xwm txheej no, tham txog Ovs cov thawj coj Bazuk thiab Ambazuk, thiab Movses Khorenatsi, feem ntau yuav hais txog qhov no, tham txog kev ua ntawm Artashes thiab nws kev sib tsoo nrog Alans. Xyoo 72, Parthia tau tsa qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Alans ua ntej Roman huab tais Vespasian. Nyob rau hauv 132, Flavius Arrian tau sau ntawv mus rau Emperor Hadrian txog qhov xav tau ntawm Roman kev cuam tshuam hauv thaj av Azov, tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam. Xyoo 135, cov Alans tau txeeb Parthia, nrog rau Armenia thiab Roman Cappadocia. Tus huab tais ntawm Parthia, Vologuez, raws li Dion Cassius, them tawm. Nyob rau hauv Cappadocia, cov Alans ntshai los ntawm tus tswv xeev ntawm lub xeev, Flavius Arrian, uas tom qab ntawd tsim lub treatise "Txoj cai tawm tsam Alans", uas qhia tsis ncaj qha txog kev sib tsoo ntawm Loos nrog cov Alans. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv thawj centuries ntawm peb era, lub Alans tuav active kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Georgians ntawm Iberia thiab nkag mus rau hauv nom tswv kev sib koom tes thiab dynastic kev sib yuav nrog lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv Vaj Ntxwv Amazasp, Georgians tau tawm tsam nrog Alans, uas txiav txim siab tawm tsam lub peev ntawm Iberia, tab sis tau swb rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Liakhvi. Cov xwm txheej no tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 236-238. Tom qab ntawd, cov Alans tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke tawm tsam Persian nrog tus kav Iberian Rev thiab Armenian huab tais Trdat.

Hauv Northwestern Caucasus, cov Sarmatians tau koom nrog Iranization ntawm Meots, Aors thiab Siraks tau koom nrog hauv kev nom kev tswv lub neej ntawm Bosporus. Cov Alans kuj yog cov neeg nyob ze ntawm Bosporus. Inismey ntawm Alans kav lub Bosporus nyob rau hauv 239-276. Fofors los ntawm Savromat dynasty ntawm Bosporus lub nceeg vaj nyob rau hauv lub 90s. III xyoo pua. Nrog kev pab los ntawm Alans, nws tau txeeb Lazika thiab mus kom deb li deb ntawm tus dej Galis (niaj hnub Kyzylirmak River) hauv Asia Me. Diocletian tau hu rau Chersonesites kom pab, thiab lawv yuam kom cov neeg tawm tsam rov qab mus rau lawv thaj av.

Alans tau ua phem rau cov neeg Loos txawm tias thaum Marcomanian Tsov Rog. Tom qab ntawd, hauv 242, cov Alans yeej cov tub rog ntawm Gordian hauv Thrace. Nyob rau hauv 270-273 xyoo. Alans koom nrog Gothic huab tais Kannaba tawm tsam Loos ntawm Danube. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm Alans hauv lub xeev Gothic tau tsim nyog. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua III. n. e. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntawm Alans, lub Late Scythian lub nceeg vaj ntog thiab lub Scythian Naples raug puas tsuaj. Xyoo 236-239. Ib qho kev hem thawj loomed tshaj Tanais thiab Gorgipia, thiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua lawv tau ploj mus rau Bosporus mus ib txhis. Nyob rau hauv 335, tag nrho cov tib Alans ua tsis tiav stormed Phanagoria.

Ua ntej kev ntxeem tau ntawm Huns, S. Yatsenko suav tsib pawg ntawm European Alans - Basils, Massagets (Maskuts), Terek Alans, Tanaite Alans thiab Crimean Alans. Xyoo 372 cov Huns tawm tsam Alans-Tanaits. Nyob rau hauv 376, lawv, nrog rau cov phoojywg Alans, tau tshwm sim ntawm Danube ciam teb ntawm Rome, thiab nyob rau hauv 378 Alanian cavalry units ua ib feem ntawm Gothic pab tub rog ntawm Adrianople (lub nroog niaj hnub ntawm Edirne nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, - ed.) Defeated cov Loos. Hauv 402 thiab 405. Alans hauv kev pabcuam ntawm Stilicho tau koom nrog hauv kev swb ntawm Germans los ntawm Loos. Cov Alans tau txiav txim siab ua tsoomfwv hauv Pannonia. Nyob rau hauv 407, cov Alans, uas koom nrog Vandals thiab Suevi, tsoo los ntawm Rhine ciam teb thiab nyob rau hauv Gaul thiab Spain.

Yog li, peb tuaj rau cov lus xaus hauv qab no. Cov Alans yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Iranian haiv neeg hais lus. Lawv sawv cev rau ob pawg neeg Sarmatian ntawm Aors thiab Siraks, thiab Central Asian pab pawg ntawm Alans thiab Sako-Massagk lub voj voog, nrog rau Yuezhi. Cov tsos ntawm Alans nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasus tuaj yeem sau hnub tsis ntxov tshaj li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st. n. e. Qhov tseeb, Alanian phiaj los nqis tes yog 72 AD. B. C., campaign 35 A. D. yuav tsum tau siv cov aorses. Qhov nce hauv aggressiveness ntawm Alans nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua III. n. e. tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov pab pawg tshiab ntawm Alanian cov pej xeem nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe thiab North Caucasian steppes.