Lub ntiaj teb yog choking hauv qab yas

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov kab mob ntawm lub paj hlwb, mob qog noj ntshav, kev hloov pauv caj ces - tag nrho cov no tau muab rau ib tus neeg los ntawm nws txhua hnub thiab, zoo li, tus khub irreplaceable - yas. Qhov no yog qhov xaus los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb loj ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm cov yas rau tib neeg lub cev, luam tawm thaum Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj thaum ntxov los ntawm Lub Chaw rau International Environmental Law.

Thiab qhov no tsuas yog qhov ntxeev ntawm cov yas "iceberg". Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov pov thawj tau tshwm sim tsis tu ncua ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom no rau ib puag ncig. Ua li ntawm ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov pov tseg, nws tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom me me, "mus ncig" los ntawm cov chaw nyob, nkag mus rau cov khoom noj khoom haus, ua rau cov ecosystems …

Qhov teeb meem tau pom tau tsuas yog tsis ntev los no, thaum tib neeg tau ruaj khov bogged rau hauv ib lub hnab yas "dab". Cov khoom siv hauv tsev pov tseg, ntim khoom noj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, khaub ncaws hluavtaws - yuav ua li cas muab cov khoom yooj yim uas koj siv tau ntev? Maj mam, cov kev txwv ntawm cov yas tau raug nthuav tawm hauv ntau lub tebchaws, tab sis, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb ib puag ncig, cov kev ntsuas no tsis txaus los tiv thaiv thoob ntiaj teb "kev khib nyiab". Tib lub sijhawm, cov tswv yim nrov ntawm kev ua cov khoom siv yas thiab hloov mus rau biodegradable polymers kuj tau thuam los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Profile tau txheeb xyuas seb cov pa phem yas hloov pauv peb lub ntiaj teb li cas thiab seb puas muaj txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv nws.

Dej hiav txwv ntawm cov khib nyiab

Kev tsim khoom loj ntawm cov yas pib tsuas yog 60 xyoo dhau los. Lub sijhawm no, qhov ntim ntawm nws cov khoom tau nce 180 zaug - los ntawm 1.7 lab tons hauv 1954 txog 322 lab hauv 2015 (cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Plastics Europe). Cov fwj dej ib leeg, cov khoom lag luam nrov tshaj plaws, tau tawm ntawm 480 billion ib xyoos (20,000 txhua ob), raws li Euromonitor.

Tib lub sijhawm, tsuas yog 9% ntawm cov yas rov ua dua tshiab. Lwm 12% yog incinerated thiab 79% xaus rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg thiab ib puag ncig. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tawm ntawm 8, 3 billion tons ntawm cov yas tsim los ntawm tib neeg los ntawm 2015 - ntau npaum li 822 txhiab Eiffel Towers lossis 80 lab xiav whales hnyav - 6, 3 billion tons tau hloov mus rau hauv thoob khib nyiab (raws li Science Advances).

UN kev kwv yees zoo li hem: yog tias tsis muaj dab tsi ua tiav, tus nqi ntawm cov yas tsis zoo yuav loj hlob los ntawm 32 lab tons hauv 2010 txog 100-250 lab hauv 2025. Thiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, tib neeg yuav tsim 33 billion tons ntawm cov khoom yas hauv ib xyoos - 110 npaug ntau dua li xyoo 2015. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov loj ntawm cov yas hauv dej hiav txwv yuav ntau dua li tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv, kwv yees hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm IEF thiab Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

Cov dej hiav txwv ua rau cov pa phem ntawm cov yas: vim yog lub voj voog ntawm cov dej ntws, "cov Islands tuaj khib nyiab" tau tsim nyob rau hauv lawv - ob qho tib si hauv Atlantic thiab Pacific (sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab), thiab ib qho hauv Indian. Qhov xwm txheej yog qhov hnyav tshaj plaws hauv Pacific North: nyob rau xyoo 1980s, cov kws tshawb fawb tau kwv yees qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khib nyiab thaj tsam ntawm California thiab Hawaii, thiab xyoo 1997 nws tau pom pom los ntawm yachtsman Charles Moore, uas tau tsaws ntawm nws lub yacht hauv qhov tuab ntawm lub nkoj. pov tseg.

Xyoo tas los, cov kws tshawb fawb ib puag ncig tau qhia meej qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw. Nws muab tawm tias nws yog plaub zaug loj dua li qhov kev xav yav dhau los: 1.6 lab square kilometers, 80 txhiab tons ntawm yas. Thiab Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Great Britain) pom tias vim yog cov dej ntws, cov khib nyiab yas mus txog qhov chaw nyob deb tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb: 17, 5 tons ntawm cov khib nyiab tau pom nyob rau hauv cov kob tsis muaj neeg nyob hauv Pacific Henderson.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov yas tsis tsuas yog txav ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis tog rau hauv qab: nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2018, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Lub Chaw Tshawb Fawb Dej Hiav Txwv hauv Kiel (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) tau ua pov thawj tias cov khib nyiab hauv dej, "ua ke" nrog cov khoom siv roj ntsha. keeb kwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Nyij Pooj rau Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hauv thaj chaw marine science tau kawm cov duab ntawm cov dej hiav txwv tob thiab pom ntau cov kab mob ntawm cov pa phem - txawm tias nyob hauv qab ntawm Mariana Trench muaj cov khoom seem ntawm lub hnab yas.

Yas kev vam meej

Microplastic yog ib qho teeb meem cais. Raws li kev faib tawm thoob ntiaj teb, cov khoom yas tsawg dua 5 mm nyob rau hauv ntev poob rau hauv pawg no. Tsis muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus: muaj cov khoom tsawg tshaj li ib nanometer (billionth ntawm ib 'meter').

Microplastics raug faib ua thawj thiab theem nrab. Lub hauv paus feem ntau yog fiber ntau ntxiv rau cov khaub ncaws hluavtaws. Thaum rub tawm ntawm qhov chaw lossis ntxhua khaub ncaws, ntau txhiab fibers tau muab cais tawm ntawm nws, "dai" hauv huab cua lossis ntxuav tawm mus rau hauv cov kav dej. Lub UK ib leeg tsim 5,900 tons ntawm microplastics ib xyoos nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, raws li Tus Saib Xyuas.

Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov khoom siv roj hmab los ntawm cov log tsheb, uas txhua lub tsheb tawm 20 grams ib 100 km. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tsheb ntxuav cov cim kev uas tseem muaj cov yas.

Thaum kawg, kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov yas "plua plav". Scrubs thiab tshuaj zawv plaub hau, di ncauj, tshuaj txhuam hniav - hluavtaws glitter, fragrances, stabilizers ntxiv txhua qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, polymer granules tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom - cov khoom tu, lub hnab ntawv nws tus kheej, hnab tshuaj yej, zom cov pos hniav.

Ntxiv rau qhov no yog cov microplastics thib ob - "loj" cov khib nyiab uas tau poob rau hauv cov khoom me me. Raws li koj paub, yas siv sijhawm ntau pua xyoo los decompose. Tab sis nws tuaj yeem degrade sai sai rau qhov me me, thaum khaws nws cov qauv molecular.

Yog hais tias lawv tham txog cov pa phem yas rov qab rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, ces qhov teeb meem ntawm microplastics tau hnov tsis ntev los no. Thawj qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb tau luam tawm hauv xyoo 2004 (txoj lus Poob ntawm Hiav Txwv: Txhua Yam Yas Nyob Qhov Twg? Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Journal Science), thiab kev kwv yees ntau ntawm microplastics hauv dej hiav txwv pib tshwm sim hauv xyoo tas los no. Niaj hnub no nws paub tias nyob rau hauv Pacific khib nyiab thaj sib koom ntawm microplastics los ntawm qhov hnyav tsuas yog 8%, tab sis los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom tawg yog ib zaug 94%. Ntxiv mus, cov ntsuas no tau nce ntxiv, vim tias cov khib nyiab ntab ntab yog txheej txheem crushed.

Muaj pes tsawg microplastics xaus rau hauv dej hiav txwv? Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tshuaj European tau kwv yees tias yog tias koj muab cov plua plav no ua ke, lawv thaj chaw yog rau lub sijhawm loj ntawm Pacific Khib Nyiab Patch. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2018, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm rau Polar thiab Marine Research (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) tau tshawb pom tias txhua qhov cubic meter ntawm Arctic dej khov tuaj yeem khaws ntau lab cov khoom yas - 1000 npaug ntau dua li qhov kwv yees xyoo 2014. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, Kev Tshawb Fawb Greenpeace pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws hauv Antarctica.

Tseem muaj microplastic nyob rau hauv av. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2018, cov kws paub txog thaj chaw los ntawm University of Bern (Switzerland) pom nws nyob rau hauv qhov nyuaj mus txog qhov chaw ntawm Alps, qhia tias cua xa cov khoom nyob ntawd. Ob peb lub hlis dhau los, University of Illinois (USA) tau ua pov thawj tias cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov av coj microplastics rau hauv av.

Qhov teeb meem tsis tau cawm Russia ib yam. Rov qab rau xyoo 2012, University of Utrecht (Holland) tau kwv yees tias qhov thib rau cov khib nyiab yuav raug tsim nyob rau hauv Barents Hiav Txwv. Xyoo tas los kev ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm Northern Federal University (Arkhangelsk) thiab lub koom haum ntawm Marine Research (Norway) tau lees paub tias qhov kev kwv yees tau los muaj tseeb: lub hiav txwv twb "sau" 36 tons ntawm cov khib nyiab. Thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2019, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Lake Science ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb tau sim dej los ntawm Lake Ladoga, los ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Gulf of Finland thiab Neva Bay rau microplastics. Cov khoom ntawm cov yas muaj nyob rau hauv txhua tus qauv liter dej.

"Qeb ntawm cov pa phem yas hauv Russia tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas," Alexander Ivannikov, tus thawj coj ntawm Zero Waste project ntawm Greenpeace Russia, tau lees paub rau Profile.- Piv txwv li, thaum lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no mus rau Krasnodar Territory, peb pom 1800 lub raj mis nqa los ntawm hiav txwv ntawm 100-meter stretch ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Hiav Txwv Azov. Tib neeg tau kho qhov teeb meem no ntev ntev - koj tuaj yeem nyeem phau ntawv teev npe ntawm Thor Heyerdahl, Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Tab sis lawv saib tsis taus nws, thiab tsuas yog tam sim no, thaum qhov xwm txheej ua tsis ncaj ncees, lawv pib hais lus."

Tua nrog straw

Txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua leej txhua tus muaj kev hlub tshua txog qhov muaj cov khib nyiab hauv dej hiav txwv, cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tsiaj nqos cov khoom yas ua rau muaj qhov tshwj xeeb resonance. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, lawv tau ntsib ntau dua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tsiaj qus thiab cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi. Hauv xyoo 2015, kev sib raug zoo tau sib cav los ntawm kev yees duab los ntawm American biologist Christine Figgener: hauv Costa Rica, nws tau ntsib tus vaub kib nrog lub raj yas daig hauv nws lub qhov ntswg. Tus tsiaj yuav luag tsis muaj peev xwm ua tsis taus pa, tab sis tus ntxhais tswj kom cawm nws los ntawm rub tawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws nrog cov pliers.

Hauv lwm lub sijhawm, tib neeg tau ntsib tus hma nrog nws lub taub hau daig hauv lub raj mis uas tau muab pov tseg, tus ntses taub ntswg ntev nqos cov hnab yas uas thaiv lub plab zom mov, ib tug noog entangled hauv ib lub vas …

Tab sis dhau ntawm cov dab neeg ntawm kev xav, kuj tseem muaj cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Yog li, xyoo tas los, cov kws tshawb fawb tsiaj txhu los ntawm Cornell University (USA) pom tias 1.1 billion daim ntawm cov yas tau daig hauv cov pob zeb reefs ntawm thaj av Asia-Pacific, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov ecosystems hauv zos, los ntawm 2025 tus lej no yuav nce mus rau 15.7 billion. Cov khib nyiab ua rau corals 20 npaug ntau dua rau cov kab mob thiab deprives symbiotic algae.

Cov haujlwm piav qhia lub luag haujlwm ntawm microplastics hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv 2016-2017, biologists pib qhia txog cov khoom hluavtaws pom nyob rau hauv cov kab mob ntawm cov crustaceans me tshaj plaws - zooplankton. Lawv tau noj los ntawm ntses thiab tsiaj txhu ntawm kev txiav txim siab dua, "nrog lawv" thiab yas. Lawv tuaj yeem siv nws hauv "dawb huv daim ntawv", tsis meej pem nrog cov zaub mov zoo li qub thiab tsis hnov tsw. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus neeg nyob hauv dej hiav txwv txav mus rau hauv nws nrog rau cov dej ntws thiab yog li pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom pov tseg.

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2018, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK) tau tshaj tawm tias muaj cov microplastics hauv cov kab mob ntawm txhua hom vaub kib uas twb muaj lawm. Ib hlis tom qab, lawv tau tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm 50 tus neeg tuag ntawm cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv (dolphins, seals, whales) pom nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Tebchaws Askiv. Nws muab tawm tias txhua tus tsiaj tau noj cov khoom siv hluavtaws.

"Microplastic yog ib qho kev hem thawj txaus ntshai tshaj li cov pov tseg," hais tias Ivannikov. - Nws migrates sai dua nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, los ntawm ib tug kab mob mus rau lwm tus. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tawg ntawm cov khoom muaj zog: yog tias cov pob zeb khib nyiab tau tsim ntau lossis tsawg dua hauv ib qho chaw, ces cov microplastic yog, zoo li nws, smeared thoob ntiaj teb nrog ib txheej nyias. Txhawm rau ntsuas nws qhov concentration, kev ntsuas qhov muag tsis txaus, xav tau kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb. Txhua leej txhua tus xav tsis thoob los ntawm cov duab uas tus tsiaj choked ntawm yas thiab tuag. Peb tsis paub tias muaj xwm txheej li cas, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tshwm sim rau txhua tus tsiaj. Tab sis microplastics zoo li tau noj los ntawm txhua tus."

Ib feem ntawm cov pov tseg xaus rau hauv dej hiav txwv, ua rau muaj kev txom nyem thiab kev tuag ntawm nws cov neeg nyob

Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto / AFP / East Xov Xwm

Khoom noj khoom haus yas

Ib tug neeg, raws li qhov saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, inevitably yuav tsum tau txais nws "dose" ntawm microplastics. Thawj qhov kev sim paub tseeb tias peb nqus peb tus kheej cov thoob khib nyiab tuaj thaum Lub Kaum Hli xyoo tas los. Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Medical University of Vienna (Austria) tau soj ntsuam cov quav cov qauv los ntawm yim tus neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws thiab pom cov nplej uas xav tau hauv txhua qhov: qhov nruab nrab ntawm 20 daim rau txhua 10 grams ntawm biomaterial.

Peb txhua tus tsis muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm kev zam kev noj cov yas txhua hnub hauv peb cov khoom noj. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2017, kev tshawb fawb txog cov qauv dej kais dej los ntawm 14 lub teb chaws tau tshwm sim, ua haujlwm los ntawm Orb Media Association of Journalists. Lub ntsiab lus xaus yog tias cov nroj tsuag kho tsis tuaj yeem khaws cov khoom yas: ntau dua 80% ntawm cov qauv tau zoo (72% hauv Western Europe, 94% hauv Asmeskas). Hloov cov dej ntws nrog cov dej hauv lub raj mis tsis pab: rau lub hlis tom qab, txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab hais txog 250 lub raj mis dej los ntawm 9 lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau qhia txog qhov feem ntau ntawm cov kua "yas".

Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb German tau tshawb pom microplastics hauv zib ntab thiab npias, thaum cov kws tshawb fawb Kauslim pom microplastics hauv cov ntsev ntsev. Cov neeg Askiv tau mus ntxiv, thov hais tias txog li ib puas fibers hluavtaws tau noj txhua hnub, nrog rau cov plua plav hauv tsev. Qhov ntawd yog, txawm peb ua li cas los peb yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv peb tus kheej.

Yuav ua li cas txaus ntshai microplastic? Cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj tau pom tias cov khoom me dua 50 microns (millionths ntawm ib lub 'meter') tuaj yeem nkag mus rau phab ntsa hauv plab hnyuv mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tsiaj nyeg hauv hiav txwv uas tuag los ntawm cov kab mob sib kis muaj cov kab mob microplastic ntau dua li cov uas tuag los ntawm lwm yam ua rau, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Plymouth kuaj pom. Thiab nyob rau hauv Austrian Society of Gastroenterology, nws tau hais tias "noj" microplastics yog txuam nrog ib tug ntau ntawm cov mob qog noj ntshav nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas.

Tag nrho cov no yog hypotheses thiab tendencies txog tam sim no. Cov kws tshawb fawb txwv tsis pub cov lus xaus kawg: ntau dhau tseem tsis paub txog microplastics. Peb tsuas tuaj yeem tham txog qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom impurities ntxiv rau cov yas kom muab cov khoom sib txawv rau cov neeg siv khoom: tshuaj tua kab, dyes, hnyav hlau. Raws li cov khoom yas degrades, cov carcinogens yog "tso tawm" los ntawm absorbed rau hauv ib puag ncig.

Raws li Alexander Ivannikov, ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom tsis ntev los no los ntawm Lub Chaw rau International Environmental Law ("Plastic and Health: The Real Cost of Plastic Addiction") yog thawj zaug sim taug qab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov yas rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txhua theem ntawm lub neej voj voog - los ntawm hydrocarbon ntau lawm mus pov tseg. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm cov lus xaus yog kev poob siab: cov kws sau ntawv tau txheeb xyuas 4,000 cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij, 1,000 ntawm lawv tau txheeb xyuas kom meej thiab 148 tau pom tias muaj kev phom sij heev. Hauv ib lo lus, tseem muaj ntau txoj haujlwm ua.

"Kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no nyuam qhuav pib, kev ua haujlwm tam sim no yog tsom rau txhua tus neeg xav txog qhov teeb meem," ntseeg Ivannikov. - Lwm lo lus nug: puas tsim nyog nws zaum rov qab, tos kom txhua yam ua pov thawj? Muaj ntau pua ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws, cov khoom sib xyaw, thiab nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau xyoo los taug qab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lawv txhua tus nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev. Lub sijhawm no yuav muab cov yas pov tseg ntau npaum li cas? Txawm tias tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb, nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov teeb meem yas tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj rau lub ntiaj teb biodiversity. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis daws nws."

Txwv tsis pub rau txhua tus saj

Cov khib nyiab yas kuj ua rau kev lag luam raug mob: European Union poob txog 695 lab euros ib xyoos ib zaug (raws li kev kwv yees los ntawm European Parliament), lub ntiaj teb - txog li $ 8 billion (UN kwv yees; poob hauv kev nuv ntses, kev ncig xyuas thiab tus nqi ntawm suav nrog kev tu huv). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau lub teb chaws txwv kev ncig ntawm cov khoom siv polymer: raws li xyoo tas los UN tsab ntawv ceeb toom, ntau tshaj 50 lub teb chaws tau qhia ntau yam kev txwv.

Piv txwv li, thaum Lub Yim Hli 2018, New Zealand cov tub ceev xwm tau tshaj tawm cov hnab yas hauv khw muag khoom, raws li daim ntawv thov kos npe los ntawm 65,000 tus neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, cov hnab ntim khoom raug txwv hauv Hawaii, straws rau haus dej hauv San Francisco thiab Seattle, thiab kev txwv tsis pub siv ib leeg yuav siv sai sai thoob plaws California.

Hauv tebchaws Askiv, ua ib feem ntawm 25-xyoo ib puag ncig kev pabcuam, kev muag khoom ntawm polyethylene tau them se ob peb pence ntawm txhua pob. Thiab poj huab tais Elizabeth II ua piv txwv rau nws cov kev kawm los ntawm kev txwv tsis pub cov tais diav uas siv tau hauv nws qhov chaw nyob.

Lub caij nplooj zeeg kawg, tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe tau tshaj tawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv yas: Brussels tau txais "Plastic Strategy", uas txij li xyoo 2021 txwv tsis pub ncig ntawm cov iav pov tseg thiab cov phaj, txhua yam ntawm cov raj thiab cov nplaum hauv EU. Rau cov ntim khoom noj uas tsis muaj cov khoom hloov pauv, nws raug sau tseg kom txo qhov ntim ntawm kev siv los ntawm ib lub hlis twg los ntawm 2025.

Ib lub hlis dhau los, EU cov tub ceev xwm tau mus ntxiv: Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tshuaj European tau tuaj nrog daim nqi tiv thaiv thawj microplastics, uas yuav tsum tshem tawm 90% ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws los ntawm kev cai lij choj. Raws li kev kwv yees ua ntej, yog tias cov ntaub ntawv tau txais kev pom zoo (thaum cov kws tshaj lij tab tom kawm), European kev lag luam tshuaj pleev ib ce yuav tsum tau hloov ntau dua 24 txhiab tus qauv, tau poob nyiaj tsawg kawg 12 billion euros.

Cov teb chaws Esxias tab tom sim ua kom nrog rau sab hnub poob: Sri Lanka tau txiav txim siab los tawm tsam cov yas ua npuas ncauj, Nyab Laj tau them se pob khoom, Kaus Lim Qab Teb tau txwv tag nrho lawv cov muag khoom hauv khw muag khoom. Is Nrias teb tau tshaj tawm lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws los tshem tawm tag nrho cov yas siv ib zaug hauv lub tebchaws los ntawm 2022.

Kev tswj hwm ntawm polyethylene tau tuaj koom txawm tias nyob hauv Africa: nws tsis tsim nyog hauv Morocco, Eritrea, Cameroon, South Africa. Hauv Kenya, qhov twg cov tsiaj txhu noj ntau lub hnab thaum lawv lub neej, qhov kev txwv nruj tshaj plaws tau qhia - txog plaub xyoos hauv tsev lojcuj rau kev tsim khoom thiab siv cov khoom zoo li no.

Raws li UN tsab ntawv ceeb toom, nyob rau qee lub teb chaws txwv tsis pub tshwm sim lossis cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tsis muaj peev txheej los tswj kev ua raws cai. Yog li ntawd, kev ua lag luam yas tsis raug cai muaj kev vam meej. "Qhov teeb meem no txhawj xeeb txog cov teb chaws uas muaj cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, lossis thaj chaw ntug hiav txwv txuas ntxiv, uas yog, qhov twg cov pa phem cuam tshuam rau lub neej. Tab sis tsis yog txhua qhov chaw lawv mus txog qhov teeb meem ntse. Coj California ua piv txwv, qhov tseeb txhais tau hais tias muaj ib lub pob siv ib zaug: nws muaj qhov tuab tsawg dua 50 microns thiab muaj peev xwm siv tau tsawg dua 125 npaug. Txawm tias European Union tsis muaj cov lus txhais, uas tawm hauv chav rau kev xav, "Ivannikov hais.

Qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws, raws li tus kws tshaj lij, yog tias kev ua qias tuaj tsis muaj ciam teb: cov khib nyiab pov rau hauv tus dej Moscow yuav sai sai los sis tom qab ntawd xaus rau hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Ntiaj Teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, microplastics tsim kev lag luam, yog tias txwv tsis pub hauv qee lub tebchaws, yuav tsiv mus rau qhov chaw uas tsis muaj kev cai lij choj, thiab yuav ua haujlwm ntxiv mus. Yog li ntawd, kev txwv hauv zos tsis txaus, yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm thoob ntiaj teb.

Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub tebchaws tseem tsis tau qhia txog qhov teeb meem, thiab Russia yog ib qho ntawm lawv. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, tsuas muaj ib qho xwm txheej ntawm "kev ua txhaum cai" ntawm cov yas pov tseg: thaum Lub Xya Hli 2018, cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cheeb tsam Leningrad txwv tsis pub siv cov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam. Tsis muaj tsoomfwv txoj cai ntawm cov yas; tsis muaj cov qauv kev tso cai rau kev tso cai ntawm microplastics hauv dej.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj cov kev cai lij choj tsim nyog rau kev txwv cov khoom pov tseg: Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai No. 89 "Rau Kev Tsim Khoom thiab Kev Siv Khoom Siv Pov Tseg" tau teeb tsa "kev siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom siv" thiab "kev tiv thaiv pov tseg" raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev txoj cai hauv cov khib nyiab. qhov teeb meem.

"Cov kab lus no txaus los tsim kom muaj kev lag luam tsis muaj pov tseg hauv lub tebchaws," Ivannikov hais. - Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb no tsis raug coj los siv. Tsis yog ib lub koom haum ib puag ncig - Ministry of Natural Resources, Ministry of Industry thiab Trade, Rosstandart - lees paub kev txhim kho cov kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb los ua kom muaj kev ntim khoom rov qab siv tau ntawm cov pej xeem thiab cov koom haum raug cai. Tsis muaj leej twg txhawb nqa lub sijhawm tshem tawm los ntawm kev ncig ntawm cov thawv uas tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab thiab cov ntim tsis kho mob. Hloov chaw, kev txhawb nqa yog pom nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb tsawg, raws li txoj cai, kev taw qhia - incineration, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub active lobbying kev ua ub no tau tsim, ua rau ib tug aggravation ntawm cov khib nyiab ntsoog."

Raws li ecologists, qhov teeb meem tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov yas nws tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub fact tias ib tug neeg siv ntau yam khoom ib zaug xwb, piv txwv li, ntau tshaj cov khoom ntim.

Shutterstock / Fotodom

Kev cawm ntawm cov pa phem

Tab sis txawm tias muaj kev xav nom tswv, kev rhuav tshem cov yas ntxeem tau tsis yooj yim, environmentalists lees. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob poob rau cov kev xav tsis zoo uas yuav daws tau qhov teeb meem. Piv txwv li, muaj kev xav tias nws txaus los hloov cov yas zoo tib yam nrog biodegradable, thiab cov khib nyiab yuav ploj ntawm nws tus kheej - zoo li cov nplooj poob thaum lub caij ntuj no. Txawm li cas los xij, Greenpeace Russia tawm tsam biopolymers.

"Qhov tseeb, lub npe no zais oxopolymers - cov yas zoo tib yam nrog cov khoom siv ntxiv uas ua rau nws cov decomposition," piav qhia Ivannikov. - lwj, tsis lwj! Ntawd yog, peb tau txais kev tsim kho sai ntawm microplastics. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Tebchaws Europe tab tom npaj yuav txwv tsis pub siv cov khoom no hauv 2020. Yog lawm, tseem muaj 100% organic polymers - hmoov txhuv nplej siab, pob kws. Tab sis lawv xyaum tsis yog sawv cev ntawm kev lag luam Lavxias. Yog tias lawv tau qhia, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov loj ntawm cov organic teeb meem tseem yuav poob mus rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg, emitting ib qho av hnyav heev - methane. Qhov no yog tso cai thaum sau cov organic pov tseg tau tsim los tsim cov chiv thiab biogas, tab sis nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab system, qhov twg 99% ntawm cov pov tseg mus rau landfills, qhov no yog tsis tsim nyog."

Raws li tus interlocutor, lwm "kev daws teeb meem" tsuas yog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig - hloov cov hnab yas nrog cov ntawv. Tom qab tag nrho, yog hais tias lawv yog ua los ntawm ntoo, qhov no twb tawm ib tug loj ecological hneev taw. "Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los soj ntsuam hauv ib txoj hauv kev uas qhov kev puas tsuaj rau qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom no lossis hom ntim ntawd," hais Ivannikov. - Nws tau kwv yees tias kev hloov pauv tag nrho cov hnab yas nrog cov hnab ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia yuav ua rau thaj tsam ntawm hav zoov poob 15%. Peb cov hav zoov puas npaj txhij rau qhov no?"

Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob thuam koj tus kheej nrog cov haujlwm rau kev sau thiab rov ua dua cov pov tseg yas. Ib tug ntawm lawv tau ua ib qho txaws xyoo tas los: Dutch startup The Ocean Cleanup txiav txim siab los ntxuav lub Pacific khib nyiab thaj. Kev teeb tsa ntab, lub raj 600-meter U-shaped nrog rau hauv qab dej "lub thoob" rau khaws cov khoom, tau tsiv los ntawm San Francisco mus rau dej hiav txwv. Environmentalists tsis ntseeg txog cov dej num ntawm dej hiav txwv "janitor": lawv hais tias, nws yuav tsis sau microplastics lawm, thiab nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob muaj sia nyob.

Raws li kev rov ua dua tshiab, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm "ntsuab", nws tsis daws qhov teeb meem ntawm "kev mob tshwm sim" ntawm kev tsim khoom. Raws li kev kwv yees ntawm Swedish lub koom haum rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Ib puag ncig, 51 kg ntawm cov pov tseg yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob xyaum, lub xov tooj smartphone tsim cov khib nyiab ntxiv 86 kg, thiab lub tsheb ciav hlau ntawm 1200 kg ntawm cov khib nyiab tom qab txhua lub laptop. Thiab tsis yog txhua yam tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab: ntau yam khoom tsim los ntawm txoj hauv kev uas lawv cov khoom siv tsis tuaj yeem sib cais ntawm ib leeg (piv txwv li, ntawv, yas thiab txhuas hauv tetrapack ntim). Los yog qhov zoo ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv yog sai deteriorating, vim hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm compression-kub kev kho mob voj voog yog txwv (downcycling phenomenon). Yog li, feem ntau ntawm cov yas tuaj yeem rov ua dua tsis pub dhau tsib zaug.

"Txawm hais tias koj tau tswj hwm los ua lwm lub raj mis los ntawm lub raj mis, tsis muaj kev lees paub tias nws yuav tsis nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig," suav nrog Ivannikov. - Koj tuaj yeem ntes cov khib nyiab los ntawm dej hiav txwv, rov ua dua, tab sis tag nrho qhov no yog kev tawm tsam nrog qhov tshwm sim. Yog tias peb nres ntawm qhov no, ces qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov pa phem tsis tuaj yeem nres. Qhov teeb meem tsis yog nyob rau hauv cov yas nws tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias peb siv ntau yam khoom ib zaug xwb. Kev noj qab haus huv, kev ntim khoom rov qab siv tau nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm xoom pov tseg zoo li yog qhov kev daws teeb meem nkaus xwb."