Kev Sau Ntawv: Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws inventions

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thaum ib tug neeg twb paub yuav ua li cas hais lus, nws tau ntsib nrog qhov yuav tsum tau qhia rau lwm tus paub qhov nws paub, lossis qee qhov kev npaj thiab kev xav. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib txwm ua tau nrog kev pab ntawm qhov ncauj hais: yuav ua li cas thaum koj xav tawm lus rau lwm tiam? Los yog lawv kawm, congeners? Thiab ces tus txiv neej pom ib txoj kev tawm: kev sau ntawv tshwm sim.

Qhov twg tuaj thawj? Feem ntau yuav ua rau lub qhov tsua paintings. Nws yog lawv uas nqa cov scenes ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum ub thiab yos hav zoov, khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau tus kws kos duab. Tab sis qhov no, yog li hais, yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov xwm txheej - tab sis yuav ua li cas ib tug "sau tsab ntawv" rau ib pab pawg neeg? Txoj kev daws teeb meem yog qhov hu ua kev sau ntawv. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog cov ntawv hauv cov ntoo los qhia txog kev taug kev, lossis cov pob tawb ntawm xub taw qhia txog kev tshaj tawm kev ua rog. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, nws yog tej yam khoom, los yog ib txheej ntawm cov khoom uas muaj ib tug tej lub ntsiab lus. Nws yuav zoo li hais tias dhau sij hawm, hom kev sib txuas lus no yuav tsum tau txhim kho thiab ua kom yooj yim dua, tab sis muaj qee yam yuam kev: cov lus feem ntau poob lawv lub ntsiab lus tseeb, txij li tus neeg nyob hauv kev txiav txim siab tsis raug. Nws tshwm sim nrog huab tais Darius: cov Scythians xa nws ib tug noog, ib tug nas, qav thiab ib nras ntawm xub. Hmoov tsis zoo, vaj ntxwv txhais tsis tau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no. Nws tau txiav txim siab tias Scythians txiav txim siab tso tseg: lawv hais tias, nas txhais tau tias lub ntiaj teb, noog txhais tau tias huab cua, Qav txhais tau tias dej, thiab cov xub txhais tau tias tsis kam tawm tsam ntxiv. Qhov tseeb (thiab qhov no yog raws nraim li ib tug ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse uas nyob ib ncig ntawm Darius hais) no "tsab ntawv" muaj ib tug diametrically opposite lub ntsiab lus: cov Scythians ceeb toom lawv cov tw, cov Persians, yog hais tias lawv tsis ya mus rau saum ntuj li noog. txawm yog lawv tsis nkaug mus rau hauv hav dej zoo li qav, los lawv tsis faus lawv tus kheej hauv av zoo li nas, ces lawv rov qab tsis tau tsev - lawv yuav raug ntaus los ntawm cov xub ntawm cov nomads uas tsis ntshai. Thaum kawg, nws tshwm sim.

Maj mam, pictography los hloov cov ntsiab lus sau. Tam sim no tsis tas yuav xa cov khoom mus rau tus neeg nyob hauv - daim duab ntawm nws txaus. Tau kawg, cov duab kos zoo sib xws tau siv ua ntej, tab sis tsis yog hauv daim duab duab. Lawm, rau kev txhais lus kom raug, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo li lub cim, uas cov pab pawg tau ua: ib qho kev tsis sib xws tshwm sim hauv cov duab kos, txhua tus muaj lub ntsiab lus. Tab sis tsab ntawv zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntawm tus neeg, yog li kev xav tau los ua si. Lub tswv yim no qhia txog tej yam uas tsis tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm ib daim duab nrog ib lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, daim duab ntawm lub qhov muag tuaj yeem txhais ob qho tib si raws li kev siv rau hauv lub cev thiab ua "kev ceev faj". Daim duab tam sim no muaj ob qho tib si ncaj qha thiab piv txwv. Ib qho piv txwv tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog Sumerian sau ntawv: txawm tias ua ntej cuneiform, cov Sumerians siv cov duab zoo nkauj, uas tau khaws cia zoo ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum. Nws yog lawv uas ua kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev vam meej thaum ub.

Ntau tus neeg tseem siv cov ntawv sau thaum ub, thiab lawv tus kheej tsis paub txog nws. Nco ntsoov - koj puas tau khi ib pob "rau nco"? Tab sis cov no yog cov echoes ntawm tsab ntawv qub heev - nodular! Nws muaj nyob hauv ntau haiv neeg. Txawm tias ua ntej peb lub sijhawm, Suav tau siv txoj hauv kev, tab sis cov qauv zoo nkauj heev uas lawv tau tshaj tawm lawv cov lus.

Archaeologists xav tsis thoob thaum lawv tsis pom cov duab duab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Peru. Lub Inca kev vam meej zoo li tau ntsiag to nyob rau hauv oblivion, txawm hais tias, logically, xws li lub xeev loj yuav tsum muaj ib txoj hauv kev uas lawv tau ua lag luam thiab nkag mus rau ntau hom kev pom zoo. Yog li ntawd, nws tau pom tias Incas siv nodular sau rau lub hom phiaj no. Cov neeg Khab nyob rau hauv North America, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Iroquois, siv wampumas los qhia cov lus tseem ceeb - ib hom siv nrog cylindrical plhaub hlaws dai rau ntawm lawv. Los ntawm lawv, cov lus pom zoo tau xaus lus ntawm cov neeg Khab thiab "daj-ntsej muag", cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej ntawm pab pawg neeg raug kaw, thiab cov neeg laus, muaj cov kev paub tsim nyog los nyeem cov wampums, qhia lawv rau cov tub ntxhais hluas. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev paub no yog qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lub npe ntawm Hiawatha, tus tsim ntawm Iroquois League - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov koom haum ntawm North American Indians - txhais tau tias "Nws yog leej twg sau cov Wampums." Plhaub tau dhau los ua ib yam khoom ntawm yav dhau los tsuas yog thaum cov tub lag luam dawb pib coj iav hlaws - nws yog los ntawm lawv cov wampums pib ua. Cov neeg nyob hauv Colombia thiab Amazon "sau ntawv" los ntawm txoj hlua khi, uas tau muab khi rau ntawm txoj hlua ntev. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj, ib yam nkaus, tsis quav ntsej txog txoj kev no, thiab encrypted lawv "sau ntawv" los ntawm kev sib txuas cov khoom me me thiab pob hauv caj dab.

Koj puas nco qab li cas Ivan Tsarevich taug kev hla roob, hla hav zoov, thiab lub pob taw qhia nws txoj kev? Ib qho ntawm Slavic Magi txoj kev khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv pej xeem tales: knots tau khi ntawm ib txoj hlua, thiab nws raug mob rau hauv lub pob, uas tau ua tib zoo khaws cia rau lub sijhawm.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov duab kos tau yooj yim, tig mus rau hauv hieroglyphs, vaguely reminiscent ntawm thawj daim duab. Mesopotamia thiab tim lyiv teb chaws tau hloov kho sai sai rau lawv tus kheej - cuneiform tshwm sim, thiab nrog nws cov chav kawm cais, cov kws sau ntawv. Kev sau ntawv Cuneiform yog hom nyuaj heev, suav nrog ntau pua (lossis ntau txhiab) cov cim, uas tau siv rau cov av nplaum mos nrog cov ntoo taw tes - txoj kev tsis yooj yim heev. Yog li ntawd, kev npaj cov kws sau ntawv tau siv sijhawm ntev, thiab txoj haujlwm nws tus kheej xav tau qee yam kev txawj.

Raws li qhov tseeb hieroglyphs, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem pom zoo txog thaj chaw uas lawv tau tshwm sim. Muaj ib qho kev xav tias hom kev sau ntawv no tau tshwm sim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tab sis nyob rau ntau qhov chaw. Txog thaum peb lub sijhawm, Suav hieroglyphs, uas suav hais tias yog qhov qub tshaj plaws, tau khaws cia yuav luag tsis hloov. Twb tau los ntawm Celestial faj tim teb chaws, qhov kev sau ntawv no tau nthuav tawm mus rau cov teb chaws nyob sib ze, thiab rau lub sijhawm ntev yog tib txoj kev sau ntawv hauv Nyij Pooj, Nyab Laj thiab lwm thaj chaw ntawm East East.

Nws yog kev lom zem, tab sis feem ntau paub txog kev sau ntawv rau peb, thaum ib tsab ntawv sib cais sib haum rau txhua lub suab, tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws rau noob neej. Thaum tib neeg pom tau hais tias koj tuaj yeem faib kev hais lus ua suab, tsuas yog siv ob peb lub cim sau los sau lawv. Qhov no yog li cas cov tsiaj ntawv tshwm sim. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog Khmer, uas muaj 72 tsab ntawv, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws yog cov tsiaj ntawv Rotokas, uas tsuas muaj 12 tus cim (a, e, g, i, k, o, p, r, s, t, ua, v)…

Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv Phoenician, uas tau muab lub npe ntawm "txiv" ntawm lwm tus, muaj 22 lub suab lus. Nws qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog qhov xyaum tsis muaj cov ntawv los qhia cov suab vowel. Txhua lub suab muaj lub npe tshwj xeeb, thiab tom qab ntawd tsab ntawv no tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm Greek thiab Arabic thaum ub. Nws yog noteworthy tias thaum xub thawj cov kab ntawm Greek scripts mus los ntawm txoj cai mus rau sab laug, thiab, mus txog rau ntawm ntug ntawm daim ntawv, rov qab mus rau lub opposite direction. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd yog txoj kev sau ntawv sab laug-rau-txoj cai tau txais, uas tam sim no muaj nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws.

Tom qab kev ntseeg Vajtswv, cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia, kho tau zoo thaum lub sijhawm Peter I thiab xyoo 1918: vim li ntawd, cov tsiaj ntawv poob ntau cov ntawv "tsis tsim nyog", suav nrog "yat", "fitu", thiab. ib qho khoom kos npe ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov lus.

Thiab tseem, txawm tias muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv thiab kev hloov pauv ntev, tsab ntawv tseem yog ib tsab ntawv. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev tshawb pom ntawm noob neej, uas nyob rau hauv qee txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem muab piv rau kev tua hluav taws, yog qhov kev tsim ntawm kev sau ntawv.