Qhov sib txawv technology. Ua kua steel thiab Saint Martin

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kuv mam li pib kuv zaj dab neeg nyob deb. Kuv tuaj hla ib daim duab uas yog Siemens cable-ntev tshuab "Faraday".

"Faraday" (CS Faraday) yog Siemens pothers nkoj, ua rau xyoo 1874 los ntawm C. Mitchell & Company Ltd. ntawm lub nkoj nkoj hauv Newcastle. Lub npe tom qab Michael Faraday.

Faraday tau tso 50,000 nautical mais ntawm cable hauv 50 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm raws li txheej cable. Lub nkoj tau raug muag rau cov khoom seem hauv xyoo 1924, tab sis 1-nti sab ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm rhuav tshem, yog li Faraday tau dhau los ua lub pob zeb hu ua Analcoal hauv Algeria thiab muaj los ntawm Anglo-Algerian Coal Company. Xyoo 1931, lub nkoj tau raug xa mus rau Gibraltar. Xyoo 1941, lub nkoj tau dhau los ua Naval Storage Nkoj hauv Sierra Leone. Xyoo 1950, Faraday rov qab los rau Askiv, qhov chaw nws raug rhuav tshem ntawm South Wales shipyard."

Txoj hmoo zoo kawg nkaus thiab xav tsis thoob rau ib qho ntawm thawj lub nkoj loj loj-hlau propeller-tsav nkoj. Ntev - 111 meters, tshem tawm 4197. commensurate, piv txwv li, nrog lub cruiser "Aurora". tsawg me ntsis.

Tau kawg, daim duab no ua rau kuv nco txog txoj hmoo ntawm lwm tus neeg ua haujlwm cable-ntev nto moo. Txawm tias loj dua qhov loj me. "Great_Eastern", ua ntej.

Raws li nws tau tshwm sim, ntau lub nkoj hlau loj tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm no! Tab sis qhov nthuav yog tias cov no tsis yog nkoj, cov no yog cov nkoj pej xeem!

Qhov no yog ib lub nkoj hlau loj - ib lub nkoj thauj khoom!

Thiab ntawm no yog ib lub nkoj, ib tug battleship ntawm tib lub sij hawm.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tsis tsuas yog cov hlau loj loj ships tshwm. Lub npe nrov Brunnel tsim tus choj nyuaj tshaj plaws los ntawm cov hlau dov. Tus choj no tseem sawv thiab raug siv! King Albert Choj.

Qhov no yog ib daim duab, zoo li nws yog, ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm tus choj, kuv xyaum tsis pom lwm cov duab, tab sis muaj ntau cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm qhov no.

Qhov kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov thev naus laus zis siab metallurgical yog kev thauj mus los hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau, thiab nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, peb pom ib qho kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, chav locomotives thiab classic wheelsets nyob ze cov tsheb loj.

Hlau thiab dov hlau nyob txhua qhov chaw!

Tab sis nrog cov riam phom tuaj ib co kev phem - bronze los yog cam khwb cia hlau phom, du-bore phom, yeej, nrog ib tug capsule fuse, yuav luag flint.

Ntawm no yog lub cannon nyob rau hauv lub nkoj loj loj "Leviathan", los yog lub nkoj uas tsis haum rau cannons!

Rau kuv, qhov no tsis yog qhov kev nkag siab tsis zoo, vim tias txhua qhov kev tsim kho tshiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv metallurgy, yeej ib txwm siv hauv riam phom. Qhov peb pom tam sim no, thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th - cannons ua los ntawm hlau, loj dreadnoughts, armored tsheb ciav hlau thiab phom, thiab hais txog.

Kuv txiav txim siab delve rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm metallurgy nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th caug xyoo - thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo.

Raws li nws tau muab tawm, Russia yog tus thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb metallurgy!

Piv txwv li, keeb kwm ntawm Verkhneisetsky metallurgical cog -

Kuv yuav hais ib qho kev npaj txhij txog ntawm tsab xov xwm …

"Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ib yam khoom tshiab - cov ntawv vov tsev hlau - coj lub ntiaj teb koob meej rau cov nroj tsuag. Nws tau yuav los ntawm England, Fabkis, America thiab lawv cov cheeb tsam, tsawg kawg yog 300 txhiab poods ntawm cov khoom raug xa tawm mus rau Asmeskas txhua xyoo. Lub ru tsev ntawm London Parliament tau them nrog Visa hlau, nyob rau hauv lub lag luam ntiaj teb no, lub Upper Isetsk hlau hu ua "Yakovlevskoe", yog branded "A. Ya. Siberia" nrog cov duab ntawm ib tug sable thiab muaj nuj nqis rau nws zoo heev. qualities: nws yog du, glossy, tsis tas yuav painting, "rau ib puas xyoo nws sawv ntawm lub ru tsev." Tom qab hluav taws kub ntawm 1812 nyob rau hauv Moscow, nws tau muab tso rau tag nrho cov ru tsev ntawm lub nroog cuam tshuam.

Leej twg tsis to taub - qhov no yog cov khoom siv steel hlau thiab yog tias koj ntseeg tias qhov twg tau sau zoo heev - stainless hlau thiab tsis tas yuav tsum tau pleev xim.

Hauv tsab xov xwm, kuv tuaj hla ib qho chaw xav paub tias xyoo 1918 tag nrho cov cuab yeej qub raug tshem tawm, los ntawm leej twg thiab qhov twg nws tsis meej. Tab sis qhov no yog ib zaj nkauj txawv …

Ntawd yog, kev xauj tsev yog thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau thiab tau xauj thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Tsis ntev los no kuv tau sau txog kev xauj tsev hauv cov tsev qub Roman - Pantheon's T-beams.

Tab sis raws li official keeb kwm, txhua yam tsis yog li ntawd !!

Kuv twb hooked los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm me me txog keeb kwm ntawm lub dov zeb …

… "Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv dov tau nce zuj zus. Thawj cov tsheb ciav hlau tau cam khwb cia hlau, tab sis thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th hauv tebchaws Askiv lawv tau hloov mus rau kev tsim cov hlau rails. Nyob rau xyoo 1828. thawj dov zeb rau dov puddling hlau ntsia tau tshwm sim. thiab los ntawm 1825 lawv tau pib dov txoj hlua los ntawm Bessemer steelthiab. Rails yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov dov zeb. Ntxiv nrog rau txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim ntau qhov chaw rau chav locomotives, armor kuj tseem xav tau rau kev txhim kho lub nkoj, uas cov nkoj ntoo tau hloov los ntawm cov hlau armored."

TAB SIS YOG IB TUG ME NYUAM!!! Bessemer tsuas yog 12 xyoo nyob rau hauv 1825 !!! Kaum ob!!!

Kuv nkag siab tias tus tub yuav ntse… tab sis tsis ntau! Henry Bessemer (English Henry Bessemer; Lub Ib Hlis 19, 1813, Charlton, Hertfordshire - Lub Peb Hlis 15, 1898, London) - English engineer-inventor, paub txog nws inventions thiab revolutionary txhim kho nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm metallurgy [3]; tus tswv cuab ntawm Royal Society of London txij thaum 1879._Henry

Kuv yuav ceeb toom rau cov neeg nyeem txog qhov txheej txheem Bessemer yog dab tsi.

Cov hlau ua kua yog nchuav rau hauv Bessemer convector thiab cua yog cua los ntawm nws. Cov pa oxygen hauv huab cua cuam tshuam nrog cov pa roj carbon monoxide, CO2 yog tsim thiab lub zog raug tso tawm, uas ua rau kom qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov yaj, cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau tawg tawm ntawm lub caj pas convector, thiab cov hlau yog npaj txhij!

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau yog nchuav rau hauv pwm thiab tam sim ntawd, kom txog thaum nws tau txias thiab yog yas, yog pub rau lub tshuab dov.

CEEB TOOM!!! TSEEM CEEB HEEV!!! Yog cov hlau txias, nws tsis yob, nws yog tuab heev !!! Lub tshuab dov yuav siv cov hlau los ntawm qhov nchuav ncaj qha. Nws yog qhov dov ntawm cov hlau kub uas ua rau nws nyuaj thiab ua haujlwm, txij li cov hlau dov tau npaj cov crystalline lattice thiab tsim cov fibers uas tau muab tso rau hauv cov hlau dov. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum lawv pib txias - qhov no yog qhov sib txawv kiag li! Cov hlau yuav tsum tau muab rhaub dua kom nws muaj rau ob qho tib si forging thiab dov. Qhov no yog raws nraim li lawv ua - thaum lub sij hawm dov, cov hlau yog rov ua dua li nws tau dov rau hauv qhov cub tshwj xeeb.

Cov cuab yeej rau dov hlau yog hu ua tawg thiab slabbing!

Thawj dov zeb nyob rau hauv Russia pib ua hauj lwm raws li lub official keeb kwm ntawm lub Sormovsky cog nyob rau hauv 1871.

Thawj cov paj tawg paj tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - Thawj zaug, trio-mills tau siv los ua kom cov Bessemer ingots hauv Tebchaws Meskas los ntawm A. Holley (1871). Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, John thiab George Fritz thiab A. Holley tau tsim kho tshuab trio blooming mills nyob rau ntawd rau dov lub teeb ingots. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv, Ramsbotom tsim (1880) ib tug duo-reversing zeb nrog ib tug sib txawv kev taw qhia ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm rolls rau dov ingots txog li 5 tons thiab ntau dua. Lub duo-reversing zeb tau nthuav dav ua tsaug rau cov hluav taws xob thim rov qab tsav uas tau npaj los ntawm K. Ilchner (1902). Blooming mills tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR txij thaum 1931; Thawj qhov tawg ua nyob rau hauv USSR (raws li German kos duab) tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Makeevka Metallurgical Plant (1933). Thaum xyoo 1940s. Soviet cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij (A. I. Tselikov, A. V. Istomin, thiab lwm tus) tau tsim cov qauv tsim qauv zoo Soviet thawj zaug (cov haujlwm tau txais txiaj ntsig Stalin nqi zog ntawm qib 2 hauv xyoo 1951).

Tau kawg cov hlau tuaj yeem ua rau forged, nrog rau hammers thiab sledgehammers koj tuaj yeem forge ntaj, rab ntaj, riam, tab sis tsis yog kev tsheb nqaj hlau !!! Thiab tsis yog vov tsev hlau thiab tsis yog ib daim ntawv nti ntawm lub nkoj hull.

Zoo, zoo, ib tus neeg nyeem tau qhia kuv tias ua ntej ntawd muaj cov hammers loj los ntawm lub tshuab tsav dej lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab koj tuaj yeem ua dab tsi nrog lawv! Piv txwv li, xws li ib tug rauj thiab forging …

Hom tshuab rauj no muaj ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb, nws pom tseeb hauv daim duab - lub rauj ntog rau ntawm lub qhov quav ntawm lub kaum sab xis thiab vim qhov no nws lub peev xwm raug txwv hnyav heev!

Yog lawm, qhov no yog li cas tus pej thuam tau tsim nyob rau thawj lub nkoj sib ntaus sib tua thiab saib xyuas thaum Tsov Rog Asmeskas Tsov Rog!

Ntawm no yog ib tug ntawm cov "inventors" zoo li Brunel - tag nrho ib zaug, leej txiv ntawm tag nrho cov chav locomotives thiab thiaj li nyob rau … James Nasmyth (English James Nasmyth; Lub yim hli ntuj 19, 1808, Edinburgh - Tej zaum 7, 1890, London) - Scottish astronomer thiab engineer, tus tub ntawm Scottish artist Alexander Nasmyth (eng.), inventor ntawm chav rauj thiab hydraulic xovxwm._James

Tokmo tsis paub meej tias nws forged muaj dab tsi … yog tias Bessemer tseem tsis tau tsim nws tus kheej txoj kev tsim cov hlau hauv cov khoom lag luam!

Ntawm no yog cov hammers

Fabkis huab tais rauj.

Tab sis tag nrho tib yam, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tsis tuaj yeem hammered nrog rauj, thiab lub nkoj nkhaus mast. Yog vim li cas hydraulic presses tau tsim. Tab sis dua, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, qhov no yog qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th!

Tam sim no kuv xav pom yuav ua li cas cov ore tau mined raws li keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm kev yees duab. Tom qab tag nrho, ore yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog khawb, nws kuj yuav tsum tau xa mus rau lub cub tawg.

Yog lawm, nrog cov tsiaj txhu zoo li no, nws zoo yog tias koj tuaj yeem ua hlau rau txhua tus neeg ua liaj ua teb nrog rab riam thiab rab phom! England los yog Fabkis nyob rau hauv cov duab tsis txawv nyob rau hauv ib yam dab tsi tshwj xeeb raws nraim tib yam miners nrog ib tug teeb ntawm lawv lub taub hau thiab ib tug nees thiab ib lub laub, tsis ntau tshaj 500 kg. Tsis txhob hnov qab tias qhov chaw txua txiag zeb nyob hauv av thiab tus nees nqa lub laub nqa mus! Ntawd yog, ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm excavators thiab tsheb hnyav, lossis tsawg kawg ua ntej txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau mus rau mine, tsis muaj lus nug txog qhov loj ntawm cov ore mining. Hlau yuav tsum heev, kim heev! Tab sis peb pom tsuas yog ib qho kev tsis quav ntsej txog cov seem hlau - cov nkoj tab tom pw ntawm ntug dej thiab tsis muaj leej twg coj lawv sib nrug. Vim li cas? Koj puas tuaj yeem ua nws, tab sis tsis ua nws tawm?

Ib qho ntawm thawj cov lus nug tam sim ntawd tshwm sim - yuav ua li cas txiav hlau?

Gas vuam thiab txiav cov hlau tau tshwm sim dua thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiab dua nyob rau Fabkis -

Tab sis thov zam txim, tab sis ua li cas lawv txiav cov ntsia hlau, lawv txiav cov npoo dab tsi, lawv tau txiav cov hlau li cas mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Puas yog lawv ua nkoj hauv nruab nrab xyoo 19th??? Koj puas tau txiav ib daim ntawv ntiv tes nrog lub chisel? Yog lawm, muaj hydraulic txiab, tab sis qhov no yog dua qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th! Cov cuab yeej steel saws yog nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th …. nrog tungsten carbide lawv feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th.

Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Qhov no yog li cas koj xav, koj ua dab tsi nrog cov seem hlau, zoo, lub chav boiler tsoo los yog ib feem rau lub nkoj ua tsis ncaj ncees lawm los yog cov ntsia hlau tau dov, lawv ua dab tsi nrog tag nrho cov no daim hlau, cov nqi hlau. nyiaj! Lub ntuj teb yog yaj! Txawm tias los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, txhua tus nco ntsoov tias lub tank puas tsuaj thiab lwm yam riam phom uas tsis tsim nyog tau raug xa rov qab … nws yog hlau!

Yog li nws hloov tawm, ua ntej qhov kev tsim kho zoo ntawm Martin Pierre Emile - lub qhov cub hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab, lawv tsis tuaj yeem yaj cov hlau nplaum !!! Ib zaug ntxiv - TAM SIM NO MLOOG METAL SCRAP !!!

Nws yog ib qho ua tau kom sov thiab forge ib lub tsheb ciav hlau rau hauv saber lossis lub duav, tab sis piv txwv li, lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua lub tsheb ciav hlau tshiab, lossis lawv tsis tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke cov tsheb ciav hlau qub thiab ua lub nkoj tawm ntawm lawv. Nov yog qhov keeb kwm ntawm metallurgy hais tias!

Hauv tebchaws Yelemes thiab lwm tebchaws Askiv, txoj kev no hu ua Semens - Open-hearth. Ntawm no yog Martin …

Tab sis Wilhelm Siemens, qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov kwv tij ntawm tsev neeg loj.

Qee cov ntawv tseem ua rau lawv tsis meej pem.

Qhov tseeb yog tias Siemens supposedly tuaj nrog txoj kev xav, thiab Martin ua thawj qhov cub. Martin txoj hmoo yog coj txawv txawv, nws tau lees paub tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig ua ntej nws tuag. Nws cov duab muaj tsawg.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov cub thiab txoj kev smelting tsis nyuaj - sib tov ntawm cam khwb cia hlau ore thiab seem hlau yog rhuab los ntawm combustion ntawm regenerative gas, uas lawv paub yuav ua li cas kom tau txais yuav luag los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th! Tab sis nws tseem yog neeg txawv teb chaws tias iav melting tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tib lub cub tawg raws nraim tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus!

Tab sis iav tau paub txij thaum ub!!!

Lub Siemens zaj dab neeg yog nthuav nyob rau hauv hais tias lub nkoj ua los ntawm hlau nteg phav phav kilometers ntawm cable, uas yog them nrog dov hlau - ib tug braid, lub cable los ntawm uas, raws li nws tig tawm, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom xa cov teeb liab txij li thaum nws yog damped… thiab tag nrho cov no yog ua ntej lub invention ntawm tam sim no txoj kev ntawm ua steel nyob rau hauv industrial ntim, zoo zoo hlau.

Qhov tseeb yog tias, raws li nws tau muab tawm, Bessemerovsky los yog Tomasovsky txoj kev tshuab cam khwb cia hlau nrog cua tsis muab cov hlau zoo. Txoj kev Bessemer "pom nws lub incarnation tshiab" thaum, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, lawv kawm tau oxygen thiab pib tshuab los ntawm cam khwb cia hlau nrog ntshiab oxygen !!!

Kev txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv tuaj yeem ua tiav tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab maj nrawm los ua riam phom. Technologically, kuv kwv yees thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th raws li qhov kawg ntawm 19th … yam tsawg kawg nkaus! Yog li vim li cas Napoleon thauj nws cov tub rog ntawm lub laub lossis hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau, qhov no tseem yog lus nug! Thiab tom qab ntawd peb sib cav tias nws tsis tuaj yeem rub cov tub rog ntau lab los ntawm Belarusian swamps nrog phom! Fuck paub tias muaj dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th thaum ntxov. Zoo, 50 xyoo ua ntej thawj cov duab, koj tuaj yeem kho qhov ntawd oh oh oh! Kuv nco qab li cas hauv 90, nyob rau hauv ib lub caij ntuj no, lub caij ntuj sov cottages raug deprived ntawm tag nrho cov nyob ntawm tej, txhuas lauj kaub thiab lwm yam xim meta. Tab sis kuv tuaj yeem hais li cas - cov kaus mom los ntawm txoj kev tau rub mus rau hauv cov khoom seem, vim tias tsis muaj lub dab tshos, ib lub qhov ntawm txoj kev! yog li ntawd Siemens tau tso lub cable nyob rau hauv 1856 ntawm "Leviathan" thiab "Faraday" los yog rub tawm, nws yog txawm kuv pog hais.

PS: Auj, yog vim li cas kuv thiaj hu Martin ua neeg dawb huv? Muaj xws li ib tug neeg dawb huv nyob rau hauv lub Koom Txoos Catholic - Louis Martin (fr. Louis Joseph Aloys Stanislaus Martin; Lub yim hli ntuj 22, 1823, Bordeaux, Fabkis - Plaub Hlis 29, 1894, Arnier-sur-Eaton, Fabkis) - ib tug neeg dawb huv ntawm Roman Catholic Lub Koom Txoos, leej txiv ntawm St. Teresa ntawm Lisieux, tus txiv ntawm Saint Marie-Zeli Martin. Qhov tseeb tiag, nws tsis zoo li yuav tau koob meej los ntawm lwm yam tsuas yog ua ib tug txiv neej dawb huv thiab ib tug txiv dawb huv. Yog vim li cas? Txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo li Martin tus kws tshuaj metallurgist uas nws txoj hmoo tau raug dag heev, nws tuag hauv kev txom nyem hnyav yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv nws cov patents, tag nrho Siemens ntxuav. Tab sis qhov no yog li ntawd … rau intrigue, yuav tsum muaj intrigue hauv kuv LJ?:::-)))