Keeb kwm tsis yog science

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

1. Keeb kwm tsis yog science … Muaj kev xyaum tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb, tsis muaj kev paub txog txuj ci, xyaum tsis muaj kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb, tsis muaj kev paub txog science ntawm phenomena. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, tag nrho los yog rau lub prevailing loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom siv pov thawj thiab falsification - cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub txog science. Thaum kawg, hauv keeb kwm, ib qho kev sim yog ib qho tsis yooj yim sua los yog xyaum tsis tseem ceeb, uas tseem yuav siv Keeb Kwm tawm ntawm lub moj khaum ntawm kev tshawb fawb nruj.

Ces Keeb Kwm yog dab tsi?

2. Keeb kwm yog ib tug offshoot ntawm Literature (Qhov no tuaj yeem pom txawm tias koj saib chronologically). Yog lawm, tshwj xeeb, tib yam li kev sau xov xwm, thiab tom qab ntawd propaganda, PR, GR, kev lag luam thiab lwm yam (Kuv hu nws raws li qib kev cai nyob deb ntawm tsob ntoo loj). Thawj historical treatises, chronicles, thiab lwm yam. yam raug tsim raws li Kev sau ntawv, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej-centricity kuj pom ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Qhov no tsis yog qhov phem lossis qhov zoo, nws yog ib nqe lus ntawm qhov tseeb. Qhov chaw ntawm Keeb Kwm yog qhov chaw tom qab kev sau xov xwm thiab kev tshaj tawm, thiab ze rau PR thiab kev tshaj tawm, yog tias peb txav mus deb ntawm qhov ntshiab (qhov tseeb, Kuv vam tias qhov no yog qhov nkag siab) Cov ntawv nyeem.

Yog li Keeb kwm tseeb nyob rau hauv feem ntau (tsis yog ib txwm, tab sis nyob rau hauv 60-75% ntawm cov neeg mob, thiab qhov ntxaum mus rau hauv lub abyss ntawm lub sij hawm, qhov ntau dua cov feem pua, thiab yog li ntawd ib co "epochs" yog kiag li - 95-100% - clogged nrog sau ntawv thiab cov xwm txheej.) Literary tseeb.

Txoj hauv kev no tshem tawm tag nrho cov kev sib tham me me txog kev kho dua tshiab, kev koom tes kho mob, thiab lwm yam. ravings ntawm qaug zog-minded idiots cosplayed los ntawm corporations thiab xeev. Cov ntawv nyeemyog koj nyiam. Nrog cov ntsiab lus propaganda muaj zog. Yog li ntawd, tus kws sau keeb kwm ci ntsa iab tsis yog tus neeg ruam uas tau sau ib pawg ntawm "qhov tseeb" (kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Las Navas de Tolos, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Azincourt, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Courtraus, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm …), tab sis tus uas nkag siab. literary keeb kwm nws tus kheej … Ib tug zoo keeb kwm yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug kws sau ntawv.

3. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm Keeb Kwm (yog tias nws yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm txhua qhov, vim qhov no tsis yog kab laum, tab sis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb), txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog lub ntsiab lus. Zoo, cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nws yog dab tsi? Hauv ntiaj teb, yog koj coj nws tiag thiab saib, tsis muaj ib thaj tsam ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb uas yog nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev tsim txhua, haha.

Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb (feature) ntawm Keeb Kwm yog tias peb kev vam meej muaj cov ntaub ntawv luv luv … Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm luv luv, yog tias koj nyiam. Uas, los ntawm txoj kev, kuj txo nws tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv kev ntseeg siab … Karl Jaspers ib feem hu ua "axial time", tau kawg, pib los ntawm nws txoj kev sau ntawv. Tus kws sau ntawv Galkovsky hu qhov no "optical range", hauv qab no uas theem ntawm kev ntseeg siab thiab txaus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug txo kom tsawg. Cov no yog 1400-1500s hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab nrog kev hloov ntawm 100-150 xyoo - niaj hnub Russia. Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim nyuaj hais. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias ci ntsa iab "ntev" tau ntsib qee yam kev puas tsuaj, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hauv paus poob rau hauv ib hom fwj.

Tej zaum qhov no piav qhia txog "focal nature" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub tshaj plaws uas muaj rau peb.

Kuv yuav muab piv txwv luv luv kom meej. Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Muscovy ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, tsis tshua muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hom no tau los rau cov kws sau ntawv (qeb, kev txiav txim raws li daim ntawv). Qhov no yog ib feem vim hais tias txoj kev tswj hwm tsuas yog tsim (piv txwv li, cov kws sau ntawv rau cov tsev teev ntuj tsuas yog xav tau los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Stoglav, thiab qhov no yog raws nraim li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, tab sis cov phau ntawv uas tau nqis los rau peb tuaj yeem suav tau. ntawm ib sab!). Nws ntseeg tau tias nyob rau hauv Muscovy thawj kev suav pej xeem tau ua nyob rau hauv lub 30s-40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv lub 70s-80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Raws li kuv paub, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tsis tau mus txog peb, thiab Lavxias Lub Xeev Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) muaj cov ntawv luam ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Lawv tau muab tso rau hauv kev ncig txawm tias tom qab. Piv txwv li, cov tub ntxhais hluas "keeb kwm ntaub ntawv" ntawm Russia pom cov Novgorod sau ntawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th (thawj tshuaj xyuas yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1841 nkaus xwb).

Cov pejxeem ntawm Novgorod tau kwv yees nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 20-25 txhiab tus neeg mus rau 50 txhiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub nroog - raws li cov kws sau ntawv - yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse heev - txog li 80% ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog tau koom nrog cov khoom siv tes ua (4,500 ntawm 5,500 tsev neeg nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th). Muaj pes tsawg tus neeg raug "tua" hauv Novgorod thaum lub sij hawm pogrom ntawm 1570? Cov lej khiav ntawm 1,500 txog 60,000. Coj yam koj nyiam. Ntawd yog, qhov no yog tag nrho "focal" thiab tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm "yard" hauv cov kws sau ntawv yog ib qho nyiaj txiag ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab tsis yog pej xeem. Ib yam li thaj tsam taxable ntawm arable av, uas yog hu ua nyem.

Tab sis tob tshaj li ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, los ntawm qhov uas peb tau flickering, conditionally ntseeg tau (los ntawm rewriting nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th) thiab heev episodic thiab tsis tiav cov ntaub ntawv, tsis muaj dab tsi hlo li … Tsuas yog kev sau ntawv ntawm ib lub sijhawm tom qab (chronicles), piav qhia, raws li nws ntseeg, ces, "sho bulo". Thiab koj tuaj yeem nkees sai ntawm kev nplua nuj ntawm lawv cov ntawv sau.

Tab sis yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv ncaj qha me me, ces nws puas tuaj yeem siv kev tshuaj xyuas tsis ncaj? Kuv ua li cas kos xim rau qhov tseeb tias muaj qhov pom tseeb "stick-ups" txawm tias qhov chaw ntawm lub teeb twb tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, cov nom Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm hais tias Slavic degenerates rau ntau tshaj 300 xyoo minted fucking "penny-scales" thiab zoo siab txog nws. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Dmitry Donskoy mus rau Peter kuv suav nrog - los ntawm 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV thiab mus txog rau thawj "xyoo pua" ntawm XVIII caug xyoo! Ntxiv mus, qhov system no tau meej meej "cargo", ntxiv rau nws yog qhov tsis yooj yim, tsis ua haujlwm thiab siv tshuab qis. Cov tswv yim zoo sib xws ntawm minting npib tau siv nyob rau thaj tsam thaj tsam ntawm Tebchaws Europe, tab sis tsis yog rau 300 xyoo, tab sis ntawm lub zog ntawm ob peb lub xyoo caum, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm ib puas - Scandiania, Poland thiab Lithuania, Muscovy, Spanish colonies hauv Asmeskas, thiab lwm yam..

Lwm "gluing" yog thawb tob rau hauv qhov hu ua. cov "hnub nyoog tsaus nti" ntawm Lub Nrab Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab ntawm kev coj txawv txawv, feem ntau zoo nkauj cam, npib. Cov no yog cov nyiaj npib nyiaj thiab kub kub ntawm Vladimir I, Yaroslav the Wise thiab Svyatopolk, tom qab ntawd lawv cov khoom lag luam ploj mus thiab lub sijhawm tsis muaj nyiaj pib (tom qab nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th). Ib qho xwm txheej zoo sib xws yog hauv tebchaws Poland, Scandinavia, Ireland, England (tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 7th-8th), thiab lwm yam. lub periphery ntawm teb chaws Europe. Pom tau tias, qhov no yog tus qauv zoo li qhov kawg knights, vaj, kev sib tw, thiab lwm yam. kev sib tw.

Tab sis cov no yog txhua yam tshwj xeeb. Qhov tseem ceeb yog tias peb nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb qhov twg khaws cia, khaws cia thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv muaj lawv tus kheej keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm no, alas, yog luv luv, yog tias koj ntsuas nws chronologically nruam … Thiab chronology yog ib qho ntxiv ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tib yam (nws cov yam ntxwv zoo, cia peb hais).

Raws li kev khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv, qhov no yog ib feem qhia meej thaum kawm cov lus nug, thaum nyob rau hauv tib lub teb chaws Europe tau tshwm sim thawj cov tsev qiv ntawv, thawj cov khoom muag ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv thiab cov ntawv teev npe (sic!), Qhov twg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia thiab cov ntawv teev npe tuaj rau peb. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov thawj qhov chaw, thiab uas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tom qab censuses … Qhov no tsis kov raws li qhov teeb meem ntawm "xeev" (departmental) los yog "cov koom haum" archives, vim hais tias lub xeev (corporation) tsis muaj accounting, cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tswj apparatus. tsis ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Muscovy, Lub Zos Order (izba) yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv nruab nrog cev (hnub tim tiag tiag ntawm nws cov creation yog tsis paub, muaj nyob rau hauv 1721), tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab tseem tsis tau kawm tiag tiag cov ntaub ntawv rau lub xyoo pua 17th, muaj. yog ib yam dab tsi, tej zaum txawm los ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, muaj xws li cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws daim ntawv los ntawm lub XIII-XIV centuries, tab sis tsis yog txhua yam yog li ntawd zoo nrog lawv, lawv ciaj sia nyob rau hauv fragments (piv txwv li, lub qub masaria ntawm Kafa yog 1374-1381).

Tom ntej no, cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg - ntawm cov xov xwm twg tau tsim, lawv tau khaws cia li cas, lawv tau txais kev cawmdim, thiab lwm yam.

Nkag siab, cov dab neeg hais txog qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv ib co damp lub tsev teev ntuj hauv qab daus lawv mam li nco dheev pom "lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai", qhov twg nws nyob ntsiag to thiab kaj siab lug rotted rau 100 xyoo, qhov no yog nyob rau hauv nws purest daim duab tas luav. Vim hais tias txawm tam sim no ib tus neeg thuam kos duab yuav qhia koj li cas qhov no lossis theem ntawm cov av noo, lub teeb, thiab lwm yam cuam tshuam rau parchment, ntawv, number case (lawv yog dab tsi?), Ntoo, tsis hais pwm thiab fungi. Nws twb paub tias yuav ua li cas rau ntoo, parchment los yog ntawv yog tias cov av noo nyob rau hauv qhov chaw cia nce los ntawm 10-20%.

Tab sis nrog qhov no txhua yam yog tseeb. Thiab yog li Keeb Kwm yog qhov nthuav, koj yuav tsum nkag siab nws. Vim hais tias txhua tus "revisionist" yuav tsum paub nws rau nws tus kheej thiab rau "tus txiv neej ntawd" nrog lub hlwb ntxuav, tham zoo li ib tug capercaillie txog lub "Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau" thiab "Kiev Zasrus". Los ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj archives, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv, los yog txawm npib tiag tiag mus txog peb (tsis suav cov cuab yeej cuab tam antique nyiaj npib thiab kub npib).