Pob zeb thaiv casting

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Petrified Ntoo - Ib qho Lus Qhia Kom Tau Txais Granite? Kev txhaj tshuaj macro ntawm tsob ntoo petrified. Raws li koj tau pom, tag nrho cov organic teeb meem yog hloov los ntawm inorganic crystalline compounds. Calcite, thiab tej zaum quartzite. Qhov no tshwm sim li cas? Tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov twg cov pa roj carbon raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov tebchaw thiab hloov los ntawm silicon lossis calcium. Muaj qhov tseeb, tab sis tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kws tshawb fawb, geologists cuam tshuam los sau PhD lossis kws kho mob thesis ntawm lub ncauj lus no thiab qhia rau pej xeem seb nws tshwm sim li cas. Los yog yuav ua li cas qhov no yuav nrawm dua (yog tias muaj txheej txheem nws tus kheej, ces nws tuaj yeem nrawm nrawm)?

Tsuas yog cov qauv tseem nyob rau hauv uas cov organic tau hloov los ntawm inorganic

Hauv geology, petrification lossis petrification yog cov txheej txheem uas cov khoom siv organic hloov mus rau hauv pob zeb los ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov khoom qub thiab sau qhov qub qhov pore nrog cov zaub mov.

Hauv qee qhov, cov qauv tsis tshua muaj crystalline, tab sis tseem pob zeb.

Txog tam sim no, ib yam yog qhov tseeb - qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum tsis muaj oxygen tag nrho, raws li lub hauv paus tsim nyog rau kev noj haus ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov fungi uas decompose ntoo. Cov. cov trunks nteg nyob rau hauv dej rau ib ntev lub sij hawm los yog nyob rau hauv brine los ntawm ib tug daws ntawm minerals. Nov yog cov kws tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws sau txog cov txheej txheem petrification:

Permineralization … Fossils tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem no yuav muaj feem ntau ntawm cov khoom qub. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim thaum cov dej hauv av uas muaj cov ntxhia hauv cov dej (feem ntau yog quartz, calcite, pyrite, siderite (hlau carbonate), thiab apatite (calcium phosphate)) sau cov pores thiab kab noj hniav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov pob txha, plhaub, lossis ntoo.

Silicification - txheej txheem uas cov organic teeb meem ua ntub dej hauv dej uas muaj quartz. Ib qho chaw ntawm quartz yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Pyritization - txheej txheem zoo ib yam li silicification, tab sis hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau thiab sulfur nyob rau hauv lub qhov hws thiab kab noj hniav ntawm lub cev. Pyritization tuaj yeem ua rau ob qho tib si tawv fossils thiab khaws cov ntaub so ntswg. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig marine, pyritization tshwm sim thaum cov kab mob pom muaj nyob rau hauv sediments uas muaj siab ntau ntawm hlau sulfides.

Hloov pauv. Cov txheej txheem thib ob koom nrog hauv fossilization tshwm sim thaum cov dej uas muaj cov ntxhia hauv cov dej ua kom yaj lub cev cov khoom qub, uas tom qab ntawd hloov los ntawm cov zaub mov. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb qeeb, ua raws li cov qauv microscopic ntawm lub cev. Qhov qeeb qeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem, qhov zoo dua qhov tshwj xeeb microscopic qauv yuav. Cov zaub mov feem ntau koom nrog kev hloov pauv yog calcite, quartz, pyrite thiab hematite.

Muaj kev tshawb pom uas hais tias petrification ntawm cov organic teeb meem tsis tshwm sim ntau lab xyoo, tab sis tsuas yog ntau pua, thiab tej zaum kaum:

Petrified ceg nyob rau hauv ib tug cowboy khau raj. Ib qhov chaw

Fossilized ntiv tes nyob rau hauv ib lub pob zeb ntau tshaj 100 lab xyoo. Ib qhov chaw

Hlau rauj hauv pob zeb

Petrified ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb

Yog tias peb xav tias granites tsis yog magmatic keeb kwm, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom ntawm crystallization, petrification ntawm ib qho kev daws teeb meem, slurry, ces lub tswv yim no tsis ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kuv lub siab.

Granite qauv. Cov zaub mov ntawm cov zaub mov. Xws li quartzite.

Tsab ntawv CHEMISTRY OF FORMATION ROCKS OF MEGALITES Kuv sim theoretically ua ntej nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm yuav ua li cas kom tau pob zeb: granite, syenite tsis yog los ntawm yaj, tab sis los ntawm kev daws. Tab sis tam sim no, qhov no yog txhua qhov kev xav.

Cia peb mus rau cov piv txwv ntawm pob zeb casting nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm: Basalt ntaub pua plag

Thov nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv qab sab laug - lub basalt mus nyob rau hauv lub granite, yog li melting ntawm basalt yuav raug tshem tawm. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj feem ntau tias basalt tau yaj! Txhawm rau qee qhov kev xav tsis thoob ib zaug - Daim duab tau coj los ntawm Sakkara thiab Dashur, hauv suab puam, hauv qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev, lub tuam tsev, nyob deb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg ncig tebchaws, sab nraum thaj tsam ntawm archaeologists ' kev ua si.

(Duab los ntawm LAI expedition 2011, los ntawm Pizza) Source

Pyramids ntawm Giza. officially - tsis zoo limestone. Tab sis nws zoo li tsuas yog tsis zoo casting

Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov blocks, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov nodules thiab ridges. Qhov no yuav tsis tshwm sim thaum sawing

Nws zoo li kev kho dua tshiab ntawm no. Tab sis vim li cas ho tsis yaug nrog ntug ntawm qhov thaiv?

Restoration - brickwork, plastered nyob rau hauv blocks. Tab sis vim li cas thiaj nyuaj? Muaj ntau lub wreckage nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Nws tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv los ntawm lawv.

Puas yog ib yam dab tsi zais tom qab lub masonry lossis xws li kev kho thaum ntxov?

Baalbek. Granite Columns - Reconstruction los yog?

Sab hauv - ib yam dab tsi zoo li pob zeb ntawm cov pob zeb loj. Raws li txoj cai, nws tau ua los ntawm pob zeb nrog cov pob zeb loj. Tab sis nws zoo li nws yog ib qho hollow granite kem uas tau ntim nrog mortar ntawm gravel.

Diam duab ntawm Kem ntawm Alexandria, ua tiav hauv cov duab lim dej

Daim duab ntawm Isaac cov kab ntawv kuj los ntawm cov duab lim dej. Lub kem dawb yog ib txwm txiav horizontally. Thiab cov txheej hauv ntuj granite yuav ntsug ntawm kab.

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Isaac kev tsim kho. Kab hauv formwork Nyeem ntxiv

Tawm tswv yim los ntawm blagotrav: tsis pom ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho hauv St. Petersburg cranes. Qee qhov formwork.

Catherine casting

Znamenskaya Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Tsarskoe Selo.

Sab saum toj

Hauv qab

Tom qab ntawd vim li cas peb thiaj li xav tau lub chamfer no (rau clamping rau hauv lub cams ntawm lub tshuab), yog tias lub kem tsis sharpened? Los yog polished ntawm lub tshuab tom qab?

Lub mysterious tsim ntawm lub pob zeb Waffle

Nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Jennings Randolph Lake yog ib lub pob zeb loj heev uas tau ua rau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav thiab cov neeg tuaj saib xav paub ntau xyoo. Lub imprint nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb tsa controversy seb nws yog ib tug geological tsim los yog ib tug seem ntawm ancient technology.

Troants. Tej zaum ib tug neeg pov tseg? Qee cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam nrog dej tuaj yeem nthuav dav.

Kuv qhov kev xav yog nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov lus hais: taw tes peaks ntawm cov roob siab. Geology hais tias lub tsev roob yuav siv ntau lab xyoo (daim phiaj sib tsoo). Nyob rau tib lub lab xyoo, cov peaked ridges yuav tau tig mus rau hauv toj. Tab sis peb pom lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias peb coj lub version hais tias ntau ntawm cov roob no yog ib yam khoom tshiab: lub lithosphere slowed down, txhua yam crumpled rau hauv folding thiab yoj tseem dhau dej nyab. Tab sis cov roob tsis yog ib txwm tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom siv subsoil. Yas thiab tseem tsis tau petrified txheej tuaj tawm thiab o. Kuv yuav xav tias sai sai, reacting nrog CO2 ntawm huab cua, lawv tig mus rau hauv pob zeb. Tab sis cov neeg muaj sia nyob hauv qee qhov chaw tau tswj hwm txiav lawv tom qab, tom qab kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov pawg xws li: blocks, steles, incomprehensible polygonalism, thiab lwm yam. Nco ntsoov lub pob zeb Pudostky nyob ze St. Petersburg - nyob rau hauv qhib huab cua nws tig mus rau pob zeb, txawm hais tias nws yog yas av nplaum thaum lub sij hawm extraction. Thiab nws yog qhov yooj yim heev los txiav cov pawg no txawm tias muaj lub spatula (sab hauv cov grooves nrog cov ces kaum sab xis, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua txawm tias muaj cov cuab yeej niaj hnub). Txhua yam yog qhov yooj yim thiab tseem ceeb, xav tias lawv tau txiav raws nraim tib yam geo-concrete, tsis nyiam los ntawm ntau tus. Ntawm cov Islands tuaj ze Phuket, kuv ib zaug ntsia ntawm lub pob zeb, los yog nws cov pawg. Zoo li nag-noj av nplaum nto. Tab sis kuv tsis tuaj yeem xaiv cov xuab zeb: qhov saum npoo zoo li cov ntawv xuab zeb thiab muaj zog. Muaj 100% pov thawj tias cov dolmens tau nchuav rau hauv lub formwork thiab ces folded rau hauv masonry. Hauv qee qhov chaw hauv Caucasus muaj qhov chaw tawm ntawm cov pawg no, uas cov khoom raug coj los nchuav. Raws li hauv Peru. Lub ruts ntawm Malta, Qaib ntxhw thiab Crimea nyob rau hauv tuff teb tsis geo-concrete hardened nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Kuv tsis lees paub lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm cov pob zeb nyuaj, xws li hauv granite (txawm hais tias, muaj qee qhov tsis ntseeg ntawm no ib yam nkaus - Kuv tau ua lawv hauv kuv qhov ncej). Tab sis ntau zaus hais txog kev siv geo-concrete nrog cov cuab yeej siv tes: saws, spatulas, thiab lwm yam.

Kuv yuav muab qhov no version. Qhov no yog tag nrho cov sculpted los ntawm ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm plaster loj (tshwj tsis yog rau cov pej thuam uas tsis ntws - lawv yog marble). Tus kws tshaj lij thev naus laus zis thaum ub tsis meej pem ib yam dab tsi nrog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov sib tov tsis tau txais lub zog dhau lub sijhawm, tab sis pib ntws (muaj qhov cuam tshuam rov qab). Ib qhov chaw

Uffizi Gallery. Florence

Nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav mechanically. Cov khoom yas no tau muab dov tawm thiab dov rau hauv daim ntaub pob zeb.

Rome. Rooj sab laj. Zoo, nws tsis zoo li machining nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev. Notches zoo li xuas nrig ntaus

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Stupas hauv Indonesia. Ncuav mus rau hauv lub formwork, cov kab ntawm kab rov tav seams tseem

Tej zaum cov no yog cov rooj thiab cov rooj zaum ntawm cov neeg loj?

Kev soj ntsuam los ntawm jktumir:

Ib lub pob zeb nyob rau ntawm ntug dej. Qhov no tsis yog erosion dab dej. Lub "sab" yog pom, nws cov ntaub ntawv nyem tawm saum lub dav hlau ntawm lub pob zeb

Qhov kev xav tias qhov no tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum lub pob zeb yog ib feem ntawm lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub xeev unhardened. Los yog qee cov txheej txheem, hauv ntiaj teb, tuaj yeem ua rau lub pob zeb mos?

Kev soj ntsuam los ntawm i_mar_a:

Tshem tawm ntawm Vitruvius (Kaum Phau Ntawv ntawm Architecture. 1c BC):

8. Lwm cov kwj deg uas ntws raws cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub ntiaj teb, khob tawm, soaked nyob rau hauv cov roj, xws li, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Solach - lub nroog ntawm Cilicia - ib tug dej npe hu ua Lipar, nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg uas ua luam dej los yog da dej yog pleev xim rau nrog dej. nws tus kheej. Ib yam li ntawd, hauv Ethiopia muaj ib lub pas dej uas pleev xim rau cov neeg ua luam dej hauv nws, thiab hauv Is Nrias teb nws tso cov roj ntau hauv huab cua ntshiab, thiab hauv Carthage muaj lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm cov roj uas tsw zoo li txiv qaub tev. ntab; thiab txawm tias nyuj feem ntau yog smeared nrog cov roj no. Hauv Zakynthos thiab nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Dyrrhachium thiab Apollonia muaj cov dej ntws tawm uas tau nthuav tawm ntau cov tar ua ke nrog dej. Nyob rau hauv Npanpiloo, nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub pas dej uas dav heev hu ua λίμνη σαφαλτίτίς, muaj ib lub roob ua kua dej ntws; Los ntawm cov resin no thiab tua cib, Semiramis ua cov phab ntsa nyob ib ncig ntawm Babylon. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv Jope nyob rau hauv Syria thiab cov nomads nyob rau hauv Arabia muaj cov pas dej loj loj, pov tawm cov pob zeb loj ntawm lub roob resin, uas raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig.

9. Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas xav tsis thoob hauv qhov no, vim muaj cov quarries ntawm cov pob zeb pob zeb. Yog li ntawd, thaum dej lov los ntawm cov deposits ntawm lub roob resin, nws nqa tawm tej daim ntawm nws, thiab thaum nws tawm mus rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nws sib cais los ntawm nws thiab yog li pov tawm lub roob resin ntawm nws tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv Cappadocia, ntawm txoj kev ntawm Mazaka thiab Tiana, muaj lub pas dej loj, uas yog tias koj txo qis ib daim reed lossis lwm yam thiab coj tawm hnub tom qab, ces qhov uas tau tawm hauv dej yuav tig tawm mus. petrified, thiab cov seem saum toj no dej yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv nws li ib txwm mob.

10. Ib yam li ntawd, ntawm Hierapolis, hauv Phrygia, ntau lub qhov dej kub kub npau npau, cov dej los ntawm cov kwj deg uas ntws ncig lub vaj thiab vaj txiv hmab. Cov dej no tsim cov pob zeb crust tom qab ib xyoos. Yog li ntawd, txhua txhua xyoo, tau ua cov phab ntsa hauv av ntawm sab xis thiab sab laug, lawv rub cov dej no nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab ua laj kab hauv teb los ntawm cov pob zeb tsim. Qhov no tshwm sim, pom tseeb, rau tej yam ntuj tso, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov chaw thiab nyob rau hauv cov av uas cov dej no originates, muaj ib tug sap zoo li ib tug sourdough, cov khoom uas tawm los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov nrog dej., solidifies los ntawm cua sov los ntawm lub hnub thiab cua, raws li pom nyob rau hauv ntsev txias yees.

Yeha (52 km ntawm Axum mus rau sab hnub tuaj) Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm lub hli. Yees duab ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm kev ntoj ke mus rau Ethiopia. Xyoo 2008

Crumpled pob zeb blocks yog pom, uas muaj peev xwm tsuas yog thaum nteg plastics Source