Cov hauj lwm qub thiab niaj hnub no

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 02:39

Nyob rau nplooj ntawv no, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm ancient sij hawm thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm gigantic quarries tau rov hais dua.

Qee qhov muaj cov piv txwv zoo li cov qauv Conder … Qee qhov tsis zoo li nthuav tawm thiab sib piv, tab sis kuj xav ua piv txwv. Tab sis muaj ntau yam piv txwv ntxiv los qhia. Lawv feem ntau nug cov lus nug: dab tsi yog mined? Qee zaum koj tuaj yeem paub cov lus teb yooj yim (raws li nrog tib lub Konder - muaj platinum deposits), tab sis qhov chaw tsis muaj lus teb.

Lub sijhawm no peb yuav mus los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm cov quarries tooj liab, saib seb puas muaj cov lus qhia hauv hom kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub no uas mining twb tau ua nyob rau hauv cov chaw no ntev dhau los. Thiab tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm qhov ntsuas uas tus neeg niaj hnub no yeej tsis tau npau suav txog …

Deposits ntawm tooj liab ore. Ib yam ntawm cov ore no: chalcopyrite (los ntawm Greek χαλκóς "tooj liab" + pyrite) - ib tug ntxhia los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm sulfides, synonymous - tooj liab pyrite. Cov tshuaj formula - CuFeS2.

Keeb kwm … Lub thiaj li hu ua "cuprous sandstones" - sandstones muaj chalcopyrite thiab lwm yam tooj liab tebchaw, kuj tshwm sim vim hydrothermal kev daws teeb meemlos ntawm magma chambers raws thaj tsam ntawm tectonic faults. Hydrothermal dej, nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog calcite, cementing sandstones, metasomatically hloov nws nrog sulfide tebchaw. Chalcopyrite kuj tsim ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary, sib cais los ntawm cov dej saum npoo av nplua nuj nyob hauv tooj liab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tooj liab sulfate. Tsis tas li ntawd, chalcopyrite raug tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm crystallization ntawm yooj yim thiab felsic magmas thiab tshwm sim raws li kev nthuav tawm hauv cov pob zeb yooj yim thiab felsic igneous. Copper pyrite kuj yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb volcanic (Kounrad deposit hauv Kazakhstan).

Nws ntes tau kuv lub qhov muag: "hydrothermal daws". Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ib zaug cov deposits tau tsim los ntawm cov dej tawm hauv av, uas ntxuav tawm lub pob zeb, tsim ib qho kev daws, thiab slurry.

Lossis: "Chalcopyrite tseem tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary, khiav tawm ntawm cov dej saum npoo av." Ib qho piv txwv rau qhov tseeb tias lub pob zeb tau tsim los ntawm cov sediments ntawm cov av nkos loj ntawm dej nyab. Thiab los ntawm cov duab ntawm thaj chaw, uas yuav muab hauv qab no, nws tuaj yeem taug qab.

Qhov chaw yug … Nyob rau hauv Eurasia, tooj liab ore deposits nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan - Kounradskoye, Dzhezkazganskoye, thiab lwm yam., Central Asia (Almalyk), nyob rau hauv lub Urals (Karpushinskoye, Levikhinskoye, thiab lwm yam), nyob rau hauv Georgia (Madneuli), nyob rau hauv Eastern Siberia, Orenburg cheeb tsam (Gayskoye)., Blyavinskoye, Autumn, Caij nplooj ntoos hlav, Dzhusinskoe, Barsuchiy Log). Copper-nickel deposits tau pom nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Krasnoyarsk Territory: Talnakhskoye, Oktyabrskoye, Noril'skoye. Lub Udokan deposit (Chita cheeb tsam) yog nto moo.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws tooj liab deposit nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv Chile - nws yog lub Esconida quarry.

Lwm cov deposits loj:

• cov mines ntawm Kivino Peninsula (USA, Michigan);

• Chuquicamata mine hauv Chile (txog 600 txhiab tons hauv ib xyoos);

• Corocoro mine hauv Bolivia;

• Gumishevsky mine (Middle Urals, Russia) - tam sim no depleted;

• Valley ntawm tus dej Lyovikha (Middle Ural, Russia);

• gabbro massif (Ltalis).

Yog li cia peb saib qee qhov mines, quarries los ntawm cov npe no:

Esconida, Chile

Loj loj quarry. Loj deposits ntawm haiv neeg tooj liab tau pom ntawm no.

Nco ntsoov lub roob ntawm sab laug hauv daim duab. Nws tsis zoo li lub roob, tab sis zoo li chaotically poured khib heaps, dumps. Koj puas pom ob lub elongated rectangular heaps nyob ze ntawm lub chaw txua txiag zeb nws tus kheej? Lawv puas yuav square - yog vim li cas tsis lub ntiaj teb pyramids ntawm Teotihuacan hauv Mexico? Los yog tej zaum tsis muaj pyramids nyob rau hauv Teotihuacan, tab sis pov tseg los ntawm mines, undergrounds, uas archaeologists tau pom tsis ntev los no. Tab sis lawv tsis xav txog kev kawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau hauv qab "pyramids". Cia kuv ceeb toom rau koj tias tsis ntev los no cov pyramids zoo li toj: MEXICAN PYRAMIDS UA TSAUG NTAU

Lub roob toj ib ncig ntawm kuv. Nws puas zoo li khib nyiab, embankments, dumps? Hauv kuv lub tswv yim - heev. Daim ntawv qhia txuas

Me ntsis sab qaum teb ntawm qhov chaw no Esconida yog lwm qhov tooj liab ore deposit:

Cov pov tseg ntawm lub mine tooj liab hauv Chuquicamata, Chile

Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas cov no yog cov pob tseg niaj hnub nyob saum cov neeg qub. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias cov ancients tau smoothed tawm los ntawm cov dej ntawm cov dej nyab. Daim ntawv qhia txuas

Cov pob tseg niaj hnub no yuav ua rau cov nag tsis tshua muaj cua, cua nyob ib puag ncig lawv thiab hauv ib puas xyoo lawv yuav tig mus rau hauv toj, nws yuav tsis paub meej tias cov pob zeb no yog pob zeb.

Lub foreground yog niaj hnub dumps. Dalny - cov ancients?

Muaj txawm tias kev teeb tsa rau kev muab tshuaj txhuam thickening ntawm ore hnav khaub ncaws khoom. Peb yuav tham txog lub ncauj lus no lwm zaus.

Qhov chaw tom ntej:

Bingham Canyon, Utah, USA. Copper ore tau pom nyob rau hauv 1850 thiab 13 xyoo tom qab ntawd lawv pib tsim cov nyiaj tso cia. Raws li xyoo 2008, qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw txua txiag zeb tau ncav cuag 1.2 km, dav 4 km, thiab thaj tsam ntawm 1900 acres. Kwv yees li 450 txhiab tons ntawm pob zeb tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb txhua hnub.

Saib saum toj no. Puas yog peb poking ncig hauv cov pob zeb loj loj uas peb tam sim no hu ua roob sedimentary?

Chaw txua txiag zeb nyob rau sab nraud

Bingham Canyon raug kaw vim muaj av loj heev, uas npog tsheb, khoom siv thiab rhuav tshem ib feem ntawm cov tsev nyob ntawm nws ntug. Qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim rau lub Plaub Hlis 11, 2013.

Lub ntim ntawm cov pob zeb pov tseg uas tau nchuav rau ntawm ntug ntawm qhov chaw txua txiag zeb rau txhua xyoo tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus lub siab thiab ib feem ntawm txoj kab nqes nqes hauv qab nws qhov hnyav.

Digressing, Kuv yuav hais tias nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txiav txim hais tias xws li crawls los ntawm cov toj siab, muaj cov pob zeb sedimentary, yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pob zeb qub heev. Sedimentary pob zeb nyob rau hauv xws li peaked toj siab tsis fold thaum lub roob tsev. Kev pom huab cua ntawm thaj chaw puas tsuaj hauv Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Daim duab no tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Kaum Hli 3, 2009 tom qab av qeeg. (AP Duab / Dita Alangkara). Kev tawg av yog ib lub ntsiab lus cais. Tej zaum kuv yuav kov nws hauv cov ntawv tom ntej.

Tsis zoo li dub poob hauv ib puag ncig ntawm Corocoro mine, Bolivia. Zoo ib yam li cov pob tseg, uas sawv tawm ntawm cov xim tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes. Txuas rau qhov chaw

Potosi Silver Mines, Bolivia

Mount Sero Rico. Txuas rau qhov chaw

Lub roob sawv tawm (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm qhov siab) nrog nws cov tsos tsis zoo thiab xim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm lub roob

Nyob rau hauv lub roob no muaj nyiaj mines, qhov twg nyiaj yog mined los ntawm artisanal txoj kev. Tab sis tej zaum qhov no tsuas yog kev rho tawm thib ob xwb.

Lub nroog ntawm Potosi nws tus kheej yog nyob rau hauv theem av, tejzaum nws nyob rau hauv ancient pov tseg.

Niaj hnub nimno heaps ntawm toj

Tsab ntawv NORIL LANDSCAPES. ANCIENT MINES DUMP? Kuv sim ua kom pom kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev txhim kho niaj hnub nrog cov ua tau thaum ub. Kuv muab cov duab, tab sis tsis qhia tias lawv saib saum toj no:

Ntawm sab xis yog lub chaw txua txiag zeb niaj hnub tooj liab-nickel nrog cov pob tseg niaj hnub. Nyob rau sab xis - nws yog ua tau hais tias ancient dumps. Daim ntawv qhia txuas

Koj puas tuaj yeem qhia qhov txawv ntawm cov pob tseg thaum ub thiab cov niaj hnub no?

Mus rau sab qab teb. Zoo li cov pob zeb muaj ob peb puas xyoo? Tab sis qhov tseeb, cov roob no muaj ntau lab xyoo - qhov no yog qhov geology qhia peb.

Cov pob tseg niaj hnub yog nchuav rau saum

Geology hais tias cov no yog tag nrho cov tawm ntawm tuffs thiab lavas ntau lab xyoo dhau los. Yog li ntawd lub txaj hauv cov pob zeb. Tej zaum tsis muaj qhov paub tsis meej ntawm no.

Nyob ze muaj ib lub pas dej sludge (kwv yees tom qab ore hnav khaub ncaws)

"Terraces" ze Kaerkan (saib rau sab hnub poob) - kuj nyob ze Norilsk. Daim ntawv qhia txuas

Thiab qhov no yog nyob ze ntawm Kaerkan thee mine. Koj zoo li cas?

Ua ke

Tsiv mus…

Grasberg, Indonesia

Grasberg yog suav tias yog qhov chaw txua txiag zeb siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nws nyob ntawm qhov siab ntawm 4285 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb pib xyoo 1973. Tam sim no, lub chaw txua txiag zeb tau mus txog qhov tob ntawm 480 meters.

Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov chaw txua txiag zeb niaj hnub thiab tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm qub ntawm no. Tab sis qhov piv txwv ntawm no yog qhov txawv, hauv qab no

Grasberg deposit yog qhov loj tshaj plaws kub mine thiab qhov thib peb loj tooj liab mine thiab kuj yog lub siab tshaj plaws quarry nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws nyob hauv Papua xeev ntawm Indonesia, ze Punchak Jaya, lub roob siab tshaj hauv Papua New Guinea. Txoj kev loj hlob ntiav 20 txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 2006, muaj ib tug zus tau tej cov 610,800 tons ntawm tooj liab; 58,474,392 kilograms ntawm kub thiab 174,458,971 kilograms ntawm nyiaj.

Sib tham hauv cov terraces

Lub analogy yog raws li nram no:

Paub qhov chaw? Machu Picchu

Paub terraces

Tej zaum qhov seem ntawm cov av yog zais los ntawm cov ntoo?

Cov lus xaus ntawm cov keeb kwm: qhov no yog Inca ua liaj ua teb terraces, Moray.

Qhov no yog Cuzco. Peru. Thiab historians xav tsis thoob - yog vim li cas tag nrho cov terraces ua? Suab zoo li lub chaw txua txiag zeb me? Cov keeb kwm tsis xav tsis thoob tias cov neeg Isdias Asmesliskas South America muaj cov khoom kub ntau heev. Yuav ua li cas thiab qhov twg yog mined? Lawv xam seb nws yuav siv sij hawm npaum li cas rau shov pob zeb ua ntej mining thiab smelting 1 kg ntawm kub? Lawv muaj lus teb - txhua yam tau pom nyob rau hauv nws haiv neeg lub xeev, yuav luag nyob rau hauv ingots. Tam sim no, rau qee yam, nuggets tsis tshua muaj.

Zoo, vim li cas Incas yuav tsum khawb cov qhov no thiab npaj cov terraces hauv lawv rau kev cog qoob loo, thaum koj tuaj yeem cog koj tus kheej pob kws, lentils hauv ntau qhov chaw? Txoj cai? Quarry terraces yog cov lus piav qhia tsim nyog tshaj plaws.

Qhov no kuj yog Peru. Muaj peev xwm hais tias cov neeg Isdias Asmesliskas uas tuaj rau cov chaw no muaj peev xwm kho tau cov terraces rau lawv cov qoob loo. Los yog lawv tau txais kev pab kom lawv muaj sia nyob hauv roob.

Thiab ua ntej lawv nws yog ib yam dab tsi zoo li no:

Lub tsev terraces

Ntau tus neeg nug cov lus nug: yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tsim nyog los ua cov kauj ruam loj thiab cov kauj ruam rau kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg.

Thiab Ollantaytambo. Tej zaum tag nrho txoj kab nqes yog terrace ntawm lub chaw txua txiag zeb qub.

Kuj tseem muaj terraces hauv Indonesia:

Tab sis qhov no yog tag nrho cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg hauv zos, uas tsim nws nrog hoes nyob rau hauv cov nqes hav ntawm av nplaum toj.

Bali

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm muaj quarries, tab sis theem nrab mining nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov dumps yog tsis yooj yim sua - txhua yam yog ua hauj lwm tawm muaj. Nws hloov tawm tias qhov no nyob deb ntawm rooj plaub. Ntau cov hmoov av kub thiab cov khoom me me tseem nyob hauv cov pob tseg ntawm cov haujlwm qub. Lawv tau muab rho tawm nrog cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub, ntxuav nrog dej dav hlau.

Pov tseg los ntawm kub mining. Johannesburg, South Africa. Peb txiav txim siab rov ntxuav dua.

Ntawm no nws tau nchuav thaum tsa pob zeb los ntawm ib lub mine kub

Thiab tam sim no muaj excursions rau mines

Nyob rau hauv lub nroog nws tus kheej muaj lwm lub roob - heaps ntawm kub mines:

Koj nyiam li cas niaj hnub pyramid-embankments?

Lub ntim ntawm lub pob zeb excavated tsuas yog loj heev!

Cov no, ib yam nkaus, yog cov pob zeb pov tseg ntawm cov pob zeb kub

Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias cov toj no nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog yog cov pob zeb qub qub. Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ntau lub pas dej nyob ze lub nroog, nrog rau cov puag ncig - zoo li cov chaw txua txiag zeb.

Dej nyab quarries

Mine dumps nyob ze thaj chaw nyob

Loj hlob pov tseg

Hauv 50-100 xyoo, cov pob tseg no yuav raug noj los ntawm kev yaig, lawv yuav dhau mus thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb yuav tsis nco qab, vim tias tag nrho cov kub tau ua tiav hauv qhov chaw no. Thiab lawv yuav pib hu ua tej yam ntuj tso toj.

Cov no yog cov piv txwv uas kuv tau qhia lub sijhawm no. Koj tuaj yeem pom zoo nrog qhov no, koj ua tsis tau. Tab sis kuv xav tias nws tsim nyog xav txog ntau.