Lub hnub ci ntsa iab vim roj hlawv nyob rau ntawd - Lavxias teb sab cov kws qhia txog cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau sab hnub poob

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tsuas yog cov tub nkeeg tsis tau sim piv cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab Lavxias nrog Western. Kev txiav txim los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, cov qhab nia tsis nyob hauv peb qhov kev pom zoo. Tab sis puas yog kev kawm txawv teb chaws ib txwm zoo dua li kev kawm hauv tsev, nws lub zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog yog dab tsi, thiab nws yuav ua li cas los hloov cov neeg tsis paub ntawv mus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav qib siab? Cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias qhia nyob rau sab hnub poob tau hais txog qhov no thiab ntau ntxiv.

Lawv tsis paub cov lus sib npaug

Kuv kawm tiav los ntawm Physics Department ntawm Moscow State University nyob rau hauv 1991 thiab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 1994. Kev kawm tiav qib siab suav nrog kev qhia xyaum, ua cov rooj sib tham thiab kev xeem hauv physics rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Mechanics thiab lej ntawm Moscow State University. Nws kawm tiav nws lub tsev kawm tiav thib ob hauv New York, yog postdoc hauv Seattle, Princeton, Canada. Nws tau qhia txog physics dav dav thiab theoretical rau txhua pawg ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm qib siab mus rau postdocs, tau txais kev xeem nkag, qhuab qhia hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv Great Britain, thiab koom nrog kev txhim kho cov kev kawm ntawm ntau qib hauv physics. Yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account lub kindergarten (thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv uas kuv tau txais kuv thawj lub tswv yim txog abstract geometric tswv yim), ces kuv kev kawm rau hnub no muaj ob lub sij hawm sib npaug: 22 xyoo nyob rau hauv lub USSR-Russia thiab 22 xyoo nyob rau hauv Western lub teb chaws..

Western system ntawm kev kawm txuj ci, txoj cai mus rau qib kawm tiav, tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub xeev deplorable. Cov neeg thov physics los ntawm Oxford University uas tau dhau qhov kev xaiv ua ntej tuaj yeem, yam tsis muaj qhov muag, tshaj tawm tias lub hnub ci ntsa iab vim tias cov roj hlawv nyob ntawd. Qee cov menyuam kawm ntawv hnub nyoog 14 xyoo tsis paub cov lus sib npaug, thiab cov kawm tiav ntawm Oxford Physics Department yeej tsis tau hnov txog lub neej ntawm cov dej num ntawm qhov sib txawv (ib ntu ntawm kev txheeb xyuas lej kawm hauv thawj xyoo).

Thawj qhov uas ua rau pom qhov muag hauv kev kawm txuj ci nyob rau sab hnub poob yog qhov tsis muaj zog txaus ntawm kev kawm preschool thiab tsev kawm ntawv piv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tom qab-Soviet. Thaum nkag mus rau cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics (Oxford ua nws tus kheej kev xeem), nws yog qhov tseeb heev qhov twg cov neeg thov kev kawm - nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov Western lub teb chaws los yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub qub socialist zej zog (piv txwv li, Poland), qhov twg nws tsis tau thaum kawg ditch lub conquests ntawm socialism nyob rau hauv kev kawm sphere … Nrog cov txuj ci sib npaug, qhov kawg yog kev txiav saum toj no ntawm qhov muaj nuj nqis thiab kev paub zoo.

Oxford

Peb muaj kev sib tw loj heev ntawm Oxford, thiab peb tuaj yeem xaiv qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws. Tab sis kaum xyoo dhau los peb tau raug yuam kom qhia qee yam xws li kev kawm rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tshiab, txwv tsis pub qee tus yuav tsis muaj peev xwm kawm tau thawj xyoo. Kuv ib zaug nyeem cov chav kawm no rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lej (!) Kws qhia ntawv, txawm tias tsis yog Oxford, tab sis Southampton University (nws kuj muaj qhov ntsuas siab). Kuv tau muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia no, thawj tshooj hu ua "Fractions". Kuv nco ntsoov tias tsawg kawg yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv Askiv cov neeg tseem ceeb uas muaj physics thiab lej tsis ncaj ncees siv cov phau ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv Asmeskas, uas muab kev paub zoo sib xws rau lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo Soviet yam tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog Western physics thiab lej kev kawm, ces lub ntsiab drawback ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv theem yog, nyob rau hauv kuv lub tswv yim, nyob rau hauv nws fragmentation, tsis muaj ib tug ncaj ncees thiab ib tug kuj tsawg theem. Tam sim no kuv tab tom muab piv rau kuv qhov kev paub hauv USSR. Nws nyuaj dua rau kuv los tham txog qhov tshwm sim hauv Russia tam sim no, txawm hais tias kuv vam tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm tau raug khaws cia.

Cov tub ntxhais kawm Oxford kawm physics tau plaub xyoos. Lub xyoo tas los no yuav tsis raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, txij li nws tau ua tiav nrog qee yam ntawm qhov project (analogue ntawm daim ntawv lo lus) thiab ob peb qhov kev tshawb fawb. Lub xyoo kawm ntawv muab faib ua peb semesters. Cov khoom tshiab yog them rau thawj ob, thiab qhov thib peb yog mob siab rau rov ua dua. Hauv lwm lo lus, lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm kev kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev paub tshiab hauv ib lub xyoo. Ntawm Physics Department ntawm Moscow State University, kev cob qhia yuav kav tsib xyoos thiab ib nrab xyoo (rau lub hlis kawg yog siv rau kev npaj thesis). Qhov ntawd yog kwv yees li 150 lub lis piam ntawm kev kawm - peb zaug ntawm Oxford. Yog li nws yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob tias ntau Oxford kawm tiav tsis tau hnov txog Boltzmann kab zauv thiab lwm yam xav paub.

Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, tus txheej txheem tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm nyob rau hauv physics xav hais tias ob lub ntsiab lus: thawj - cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv general physics (mechanics, hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam), lej kev qhuab qhia nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ces, tom qab ib tug thiab ib nrab mus rau ob xyoos, thaum. kev kawm lej twb tau tso cai, txhua yam mus rau qhov thib ob, tab sis twb nyob rau theem ntawm theoretical physics. Hauv Oxford tsis muaj sijhawm rau qhov no, thiab qib ntawm cov neeg thov tsis tso cai. Yog li tsuas yog cov chav kawm physics dav dav tau qhia. Lawv tab tom sim them ib feem rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov kev kawm theem pib ntawm ib xyoos (them them) cov kev kawm ntawm qhov nyuaj ntxiv.

Lub ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog ntawm Soviet txoj kev kawm yog, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, "kev kawm tiav qib siab - kev ua haujlwm tshaj lij" ntu. Qib ntawm kev kawm tiav qib siab nyob rau sab hnub poob tag nrho yog ntau dua nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab qhov no yog vim lub koom haum zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws tus kheej, suav nrog kev xaiv nruj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "cov kws tshawb fawb muaj zog - muaj zog kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv, thiab txhua yam yuav ua raws" ua haujlwm. Hais lus ntxhib, nyob rau sab hnub poob, tus kws tshawb fawb novice yuav tsum tau mus dhau ntawm ib lub sieve zoo, qhov twg nws yuav raug tsis lees paub, thiab los ntawm peb lawv yuav khuv xim thiab coj. Tus txiv neej zoo.

Raws li cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb nyob rau sab hnub poob, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj raws sijhawm, tsis qhia npe ntawm cov haujlwm tshawb fawb los ntawm cov npoj yaig los ntawm lwm pawg tshawb fawb ntawm tib yam kev kawm. Nyiaj txiag nyob ntawm nws. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tau ua hauj lwm sluggishly nyob rau hauv tsib lub xyoos dhau los, tsis tau ua dab tsi tsim nyog, ces nyiaj rau postdocs, khoom siv, mus ncig teb chaws, thiab lwm yam. lawv yuav tsis muab rau nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus qauv nyiaj hli (zoo heev) tseem nyob. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb tsis ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Cia kuv hais ntxiv: kev kawm physics thiab lej hauv USSR los ntawm qib kindergarten mus rau cov tsev kawm qib siab, suav nrog, yog tus qauv kub ntawm tus qauv siab tshaj plaws. Cov txheej txheem, tau kawg, tsis zoo tag nrho, tab sis kuv tsis tau pom dab tsi zoo dua hauv 22 xyoo ntawm kuv txoj kev kawm mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb. Tab sis tag nrho cov no tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau paub nyob rau hauv Russia.

Cov kawm tiav ntawm Lavxias teb sab physics thiab lej universities tseem muaj kev hwm nyob rau sab hnub poob. Qhov no yog qhov phem nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab hais tias lub npe hu ua "lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum" ua hauj lwm, irretrievably nqus peb cov neeg ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm ntau npaum li cas dag zog thiab nyiaj txiag tau nqis peev. Tab sis cov xwm txheej txaus tsis tau tsim rau lawv rau kev tshawb fawb hauv lawv lub tebchaws. Thiab lo lus tseem ceeb ntawm no yog "irrevocable".

Nyob thiab kawm

Kuv tau nyob hauv Denmark tau 20 xyoo, ntawm 16 tau qhia. Txoj kev qhia ntawv no muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua. Tus menyuam kawm ntawv muaj txoj cai los txiav txim rau nws tus kheej seb nws yuav tsum kawm dab tsi. Cov kev kawm yuam kev yog kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm cov npe loj. Kuv qhia ntau yam kev kawm. Ib chav kawm yog 13 tshooj ntawm plaub teev tag nrho, ntxiv rau kev ua homework. Yuav ua li cas sau lub sij hawm no, tus kws qhia txiav txim. Koj tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhuab qhia, koj tuaj yeem teem caij mus ncig ua si, ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj. Lossis tsuas yog hais tias: “Yog lawm, hnub no yuav tsis muaj chav kawm. Txhua lub tsev! Yog lawm, yog tus kws qhia ntawv ua qhov no ntau zaus, cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav yws lossis tsis tuaj. Qhov kuv tabtom hais yog tias kev ywj pheej tsis yog rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv xwb, tabsis kuj yog rau cov xibfwb. Peb yog, tau kawg, tau coj los tsim cov chav kawm los ntawm kev tawm dag zog, ua haujlwm ntawm tes thiab cov haujlwm. Txhawm rau muab nws yooj yim, xav txog tias ib txoj haujlwm tau piav qhia rau koj hauv thawj teev. Thiab peb teev tom ntej no, koj xyaum daws nws.

Tau kawg, kuv nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg tus tub ntxhais kawm xaiv kuv chav kawm, tab sis tsis ncaj qha. Piv txwv li, yog tias tsawg dua kaum leej tuaj ntsib kuv, ces yuav muaj kev sib tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau kaw qhov kev kawm. Thiab ua ib qho kev kawm tshiab zoo li sau phau ntawv. Muaj ntau tshaj 30 tus tub ntxhais kawm hauv kuv chav kawm, qee tus tub ntxhais kawm ntau dua 50. Txhua chav kawm thiab tus kws qhia ntawv tau txais cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws cov tub ntxhais kawm: chav kawm puas muaj txiaj ntsig, cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau zoo, thiab lwm yam. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo, piv txwv li, kuv raug ntaus nqi tsis zoo, chav kawm yog tham nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb council, uas muab cov lus pom zoo yuav ua li cas thiab yuav ua li cas txhim kho.

Txhua tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv yog ib nrab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb. Raws li txoj cai, kuv daim ntawv cog lus hais tias kuv yuav tsum ua science ib nrab ntawm kuv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Ntawd yog, kuv muaj cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav, cov haujlwm tshawb fawb. Txwv tsis pub, cov tsev kawm ntawv tsis tuaj yeem xav txog lub neej. Tau kawg, kuv qhov kev ntaus nqi yog nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshawb fawb hauv cov ntawv xov xwm. Tab sis dua, tsis nyuaj heev. Txawm hais tias ib tug neeg nyob hauv qhov rho tawm, nws nyuaj heev los tua nws. Cov xwm txheej kawg no yog 20 xyoo dhau los.

Nws yog qhov tseeb tias Lavxias teb sab kev kawm yog kev kawm ntau dua. Tab sis kuv pom tias cov Danes uas xav paub ntxiv tab tom ua. Tsuas yog lawv ib txwm nug lawv tus kheej cov lus nug: "Thiab rau dab tsi?" Txoj kev uas nws nrog kuv - Kuv kawm vim hais tias nws yog nthuav - nrog Danes nws tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim.

Tab sis yuav luag txhua tus ntawm no paub yuav ua li cas ua haujlwm tiag tiag. Cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj peev xwm ua tau ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej, coj los ntawm xoom mus rau cov khoom lag luam, teeb tsa qhov chaw kawm nyob ib puag ncig lawv, ua haujlwm hauv pab pawg, thiab lwm yam. Lawv muaj nws hauv lawv cov ntshav. Kuv tsis xav txiav txim seb qhov system twg zoo dua. Kev kawm Danish tau tsim kho kom yog tias ib tus neeg tsis muaj kev paub, nws tuaj yeem ua tiav nws txoj kev kawm txhua lub sijhawm. Piv txwv li, ib lub tuam txhab tab tom hloov mus rau qhov kev tshaj tawm tshiab - tsis muaj teeb meem, tus tuav ntaub ntawv lossis tus accountant mus rau chav kawm tshwj xeeb txhua lub lim tiam. Muaj ntau qhov kev kawm sib txawv - ntev, luv, yav tsaus ntuj, internet thiab lwm yam. Ntau tus neeg, los ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv mus rau cov neeg laus, tau txais kev kawm ntxiv rau txhua lub sijhawm.

Cov neeg txawj ntse tau tsom mus rau hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab

Rau ntau tshaj 35 xyoo kuv tau qhia nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws: nyob rau hauv Russia, America, Great Britain, Switzerland, Canada, Hungary. Hauv kev sib piv nrog Russia, ob yam tseem ceeb tam sim ntawd ntes lub qhov muag, yam tsis muaj lub tsev kawm ntawv twg tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Ua ntej, cov nyiaj. Tsoomfwv nyiaj txiag rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua rau ib feem me me ntawm lawv cov peev nyiaj. Lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv khwv tau lawv tus kheej: kev tshaj tawm, nyiaj pab, txawm tias them rau qhov chaw nres tsheb. Thiab qhov thib ob yog kev ywj pheej. Kuv nco qab li cas qhov kev teem caij ntawm tus rector ntawm University of Vermont nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, qhov chaw uas kuv ua hauj lwm nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd, mus. Qhov chaw seem tau tshaj tawm nyob qhov twg los tau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nws tus kheej tsis raug pom zoo kom raug xaiv tsa. Ntau tshaj 20 tus neeg sib tw tau xam phaj. Peb zoo li cog lus rau lub commission. Lawv raug caw tuaj koom lub rooj sib hais hauv tsev kawm ntawv uas lawv nthuav qhia lawv cov kev kawm. Thiab tom qab ntawd muaj kev xaiv tsa zais cia. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tsis kam muab lo lus rau ib tug neeg sib tw, nws yuav raug liam tias kev noj nyiaj txiag. Koj puas xav txog qhov no hauv Russia?

Kev kawm zoo nyob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm qhia. Hauv Western European lub teb chaws thiab Asmeskas, 90 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb yog nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, thiab tsis nyob hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, xws li hauv Russia. Cov neeg txawj ntse tau tsom mus rau hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab. Cov tub ntxhais kawm pom lawv nyob ze. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyiam cov menyuam yaus rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm kev kawm. Thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, lawv twb muaj ntau yam kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm.

Hungary, qhov chaw uas kuv tau qhia nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, yog los ntawm lub socialist camp. Tab sis niaj hnub no daim ntawv pov thawj Hungarian, suav nrog kev kho mob, tau lees paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Hungary tau ua haujlwm rau qhov no tau ntau xyoo. Peb piv cov qauv ntawm kev kawm qib siab nrog Europe thiab Asmeskas. Peb hloov cov ntsiab lus ntawm Hungarian universities, lub xeev txoj cai.

Kuv piv cov ntaub ntawv kawm ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv cov nroog loj hauv Lavxias nrog cov Hungarian (thiab Hungarian program yog qhov nruab nrab nyob sab Europe). Tab sis kuv tsis tuaj hla cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tuaj yeem ua ke nrog peb. Txhua lub tebchaws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev cob qhia hauv tebchaws. Thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij. Qhov no yog lub zog ntawm European Union. Muaj Erasmus cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab kev sib pauv xibfwb qhia ntawv. Ua tsaug rau nws, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv European Union tuaj yeem mus rau lwm lub tebchaws thiab kawm rau ib semester. Nyob ntawd nws yuav muab tej yam uas nws xaiv tseg rau nws kawm. Thiab tom tsev, cov qhab nia nws tau txais yuav raug lees paub. Ib yam li ntawd, cov kws qhia ntawv tuaj yeem tau txais kev paub tshiab.

Lwm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog yuav ua li cas kev tswj hwm kev paub hauv peb lub tebchaws. Cov yeeb yaj kiab qub tsis tu ncua qhia li cas, hmo ua ntej qhov kev xeem, cov tub ntxhais kawm crammed thiab sau cov ntawv cuav. Niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv Hungarian qhov no yog ib qho kev tawm dag zog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Thaum lub xyoo kuv tuaj yeem xeem 3-4 xeem. Thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv suav rau qib kawg. Kev kuaj qhov ncauj yog qhov tsawg heev. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm muaj sijhawm rau kev ntsuas lub hom phiaj ntau dua.

Qhov nruab nrab ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus kws qhia ntawv hauv Hungary yog kaum kev qhuab qhia hauv ib lub lis piam. Lub tsev kawm ntawv thov kom mob siab rau tib lub sijhawm rau ntau lub rooj sib tham thiab kev sib tham. Txoj haujlwm qhia hauv Hungary muaj koob npe thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Tus kws tshaj lij, tsis muaj kev txiav tawm, tau txais qhov nruab nrab 120-140 txhiab ib hlis hauv Lavxias rubles. Cov nyiaj hli nruab nrab hauv Hungary yog kwv yees li 50 txhiab rubles.