Teb chaws Europe tsis ntxuav

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Koj puas paub yuav ua li cas False Dmitry raug ntes nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nws tsis yog Lavxias teb sab, thiab yog li ntawd ib tug impostor? Yooj yim heev: nws tsis mus rau lub tsev da dej. Rau Russians, qhov no yog thawj kos npe rau ntawm ib tug "German", "Latin", "Pole", "Vlakha", thiab lwm yam. Lub cim, alas, yog heev ruaj.

Lub tsev da dej, tau txais los ntawm Tebchaws Europe los ntawm ancient Rome, tuag tsawg kawg yog ob zaug hauv nws. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau peb xav txog tej yam zoo li no, tab sis kev thim rov qab tsis yog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg keeb kwm, vim nws tseem muaj lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb, "secondary savagery". [Nws ntseeg tias Maya tsis paub lub log, tab sis thaum lub sijhawm khawb hauv lawv lub nroog, cov menyuam yaus cov khoom ua si tau pom - lub laub ntawm plaub lub log ua los ntawm cov av nplaum ci. Cov neeg ntawm Congo thiab Angola muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus sau, thiab tom qab ntawd poob nws. Tib yam tshwm sim nrog Incas.]

Thawj zaug lub tsev da dej hauv Tebchaws Europe tau ploj mus thaum lub sijhawm "hnub tsaus ntuj" (raws li lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm 5th thiab 12th centuries yog qee zaum hu ua). Cov Crusaders, uas tau tawg mus rau Middle East, ua rau cov Arab xav tsis thoob nrog lawv cov kev lim hiam thiab kev qias neeg: "Cov Franks yog cov tsiaj qus, qhuas lawv tus Tswv Yexus, lawv haus tsis ntsuas, poob qhov twg lawv haus thiab noj, cia cov dev mus yaim lawv daim di ncauj, spew tsim txom thiab zaub mov noj."

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog Franks (Crusaders) uas, txaus siab rau cov da dej ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, rov qab los rau hauv XIII xyoo pua. lub koom haum no rau Europe. Cov chav da dej maj mam pib kis dua nyob rau ntawd, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Kev Hloov Kho, los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev coj noj coj ua, cov chav da dej hauv Tebchaws Europe tau raug tshem tawm ib zaug ntxiv ua qhov chaw ntawm kev ua phem thiab kev kis kab mob.

Thiab tus cwj pwm no tau nyob ntev.

Cov poj niam ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Louis lub hnub (tam sim no ntawm Alexei Mikhailovich thiab Peter I) tau tas li khawb lawv tus kheej tsis yog vim kab thiab dev mub. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub xyoo pua ntawm Enlightenment thiab Encyclopedists, Fabkis Abbot Chappe tseem thuam, cov neeg pluag, ntawm Lavxias teb sab da dej! [Ib tug ntawd Chappe (Jean Chappe d'Auteroche), nyob rau hauv refutation ntawm nws cov tshuaj lom tsis zoo Catherine II luam tawm nws ua hauj lwm "Antidote" (ie "Antidote") nyob rau hauv Amsterdam nyob rau hauv 1771 - ib qho kev to taub, tab sis tsis tsim nyog]

Cov da dej rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Europe thib peb tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. Nws yog feem ntau lees txais tias lub zog rau lawv lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm no tau muab los ntawm cov kev taug kev da dej uas cov tub rog Lavxias mus txog Paris xyoo 1814, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias qhov kev txhawb siab no tau mus sai sai.

Piv txwv li, hauv Berlin thawj lub tsev da dej Lavxias tau qhib rov qab rau xyoo 1818 [IA Bogdanov. "Peb centuries ntawm lub Petersburg da dej", St. Petersburg, 2000, p.22.], tab sis tsuas yog ntau xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1889, nws tuaj mus rau tsim lub "German Society of People's Baths", uas qhia nws lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv 1889. cov lus hauv qab no: "Txhua tus German muaj da dej txhua lub lim tiam". Thaum pib ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, lub hom phiaj no tseem tsis tau ua tiav, tk. muaj 224 da dej hauv tag nrho lub teb chaws Yelemees. [A. Fischer, Grundriss der sozialen Hygiene (chapter "Volksbadwesen"), Karlsruhe, 1925.] Vladimir Nabokov nco qab nyob rau hauv "Lwm Ntug Dej" hais tias nws txoj kev cawm seej yog nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv, lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub 20s thiab 30s. -ies muaj. ib lub hnab roj hmab collapsible uas nws nqa nrog nws nyob txhua qhov chaw.

Cov chav dej nyob thoob plaws hauv Western Europe feem ntau yog kev ua tiav tom qab tsov rog.

Tab sis tig peb lub ntsej muag mus rau peb tus kheej lub teb chaws, peb yuav pom tias peb lub tsev da dej tseem laus dua li peb cov keeb kwm nco: tsuav yog Russia nco ntsoov nws tus kheej, nws nco txog nws lub tsev da dej ntau npaum li cas, thiab cov pov thawj thib peb txog nws tseem yog qub dua. Yog li, Herodotus (5th caug xyoo BC) hais txog cov neeg nyob hauv steppes [Eastern Europe], uas tau muab tso rau hauv cov tsev pheeb suab, nchuav dej rau ntawm pob zeb kub.

Cov lus dab neeg muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm hais txog lub xub ntiag ntawm da dej nyob rau hauv lub Novgorodians thaum lub sij hawm legendary taug kev ntawm tus Thwj Tim Andrew mus rau cov Slavs nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 1 AD. Cov dab neeg xav tsis thoob ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws Arab ntawm 8th-11th centuries ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus yog paub zoo. Kev hais txog kev da dej ntawm Kievan Rus zoo li plausible, pib txij lub sijhawm ntawm Ntxhais fuabtais Olga (uas xaj Drevlyan ambassadors los npaj da dej), i.e. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua X, onwards, mus txog rau lub tuag ntawm Kievan Rus nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua.

Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov tseeb hais tias Me Me Lavxias teb sab tsis paub da dej ["Lub da dej yog ib yam rau North Russians; South Russians thiab Belarusians ntxuav lawv tus kheej tsis nyob rau hauv da dej, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov cub; Ukrainians feem ntau tsis yog tshwj xeeb yog nquag ntxuav" (DK Zelenin, East Slavic ethnography, M., 1991, p. 283). Nws yog superfluous ntxiv tias cov lus xaus ntawm classic ntawm Lavxias teb sab ethnography yog raws li kev tshawb fawb yuav luag ib puas xyoo dhau los. Kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum hauv USSR sib npaug yuav luag txhua yam thiab txhua tus], txhawb kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg uas xav tias lawv yog cov neeg tuaj tshiab, cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Carpathians, uas maj mam nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Kievan Rus uas tau depopulated tom qab Horde pogrom..

Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, txawm nyob rau hauv lub "me me da dej renaissance" ntawm lub XIII-XVI centuries. cov neeg feem coob tseem tsis tau ntxuav, thiab qhov no ua rau cov av loj heev. Tus kab mob phem tshaj plaws uas Europe tau paub hauv nws keeb kwm yog "Dub Tuag" ntawm 1347-53. Vim hais tias ntawm nws, England thiab Fabkis txawm yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab xaus kev sib cav nyob rau hauv lub npe hu ua Hundred Years War (uas lawv tau tawm tsam nrog bulldog tawv ncauj ntawm lawv tus kheej tsis yog ib puas, tab sis 116 xyoo).

Fabkis poob ib feem peb ntawm nws cov pej xeem los ntawm tus kab mob plague, England thiab Ltalis - mus txog ib nrab, qhov kev poob ntawm lwm lub teb chaws yog hais txog tib yam kev nyuaj siab. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm hais tias tus kab mob plague loj, tau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Is Nrias teb thiab hla tag nrho Western thiab Central Europe mus rau qhov chaw deb tshaj plaws, nres "qhov chaw hauv tebchaws Poland." Tsis yog "qhov chaw", tab sis nyob rau ciam teb ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania (uas cov pej xeem muaj 90% ntawm Russians, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog uas nws tseem hu ua Lithuanian Rus), uas yog, nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm kev sib kis ntawm da dej. Thiab txawm ntau precisely: nyob rau hauv lub hlws ris ntawm tsis muaj thiab muaj kev tu cev.

Echoes ntawm Dub Tuag ces nkag mus rau hauv qee lub nroog Lavxias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, tab sis qhov ntsuas ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov Russians (thiab tseem ntawm Finns, lwm tus neeg "da dej") yog qhov sib piv nrog rau qhov lawv cov neeg nyob sab hnub poob tau ntsib. Txawm tias qhov mob plague loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm Lavxias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xyoo 1603, 1655 thiab 1770, yeej tsis tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub tebchaws. Tus kws tshaj lij Swedish Petrei Erlesund tau sau tseg hauv nws txoj haujlwm ntawm "Muscovy" tias "kab mob" tshwm sim ntau zaus ntawm nws ciam teb dua li thaj tsam sab hauv.

Raws li tus kws kho mob Askiv Samuel Collins, uas nyob hauv Russia tau cuaj xyoo, thaum xyoo 1655, "kab mob" tshwm sim hauv Smolensk, "txhua tus neeg xav tsis thoob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim tsis muaj leej twg nco qab dab tsi zoo li nws." [Nrog. Collins. Lub xeev tam sim no ntawm Russia, raws li tau hais tseg hauv tsab ntawv rau ib tus phooj ywg nyob hauv London. Ib., 1846.]

Summing txog ob centuries ntawm kev soj ntsuam haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia, DK Zelenin tau hais tias ntawm tag nrho cov Eastern Slavs "North Russians yog txawv los ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab txawm mob purity [peb tab tom tham tsis tsuas yog hais txog lub cev huv si, tab sis kuj hais txog kev huv ntawm lub tsev.]" [DK Zelenin, tsab cai. cit., p. 280.] - ib. cov tswv ntawm cov lus zoo (as opposed to the akaye "South Russian"). Yog hais tias lub neej zoo yog txuam nrog kev huv, qhov xaus qhia nws tus kheej tias nws yog qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub autochthonous Great Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam txij thaum ancient sij hawm, maj mam txo mus rau sab qab teb, mus rau qhov chaw ntawm tom qab Lavxias teb sab kev sib haum xeeb.

Tab sis cia peb mus ntxiv. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, txhua tus tau pom zoo tias Russia-Russia nyob deb ntawm nws cov neeg nyob sab hnub poob hauv kev txhim kho lub neej. Peb tau nyeem ntau dua ib zaug hais tias cov nroog nyob sab Europe medieval yog, thawj zaug, lub vanguards ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, thiab qhov thib ob, nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv tias nws yooj yim dua rau kev ua neej nyob ua tsaug rau lawv txoj kev txhim kho ntau dua thiab ntau qhov kev tsim kho uas ua rau lub neej ntev dua thiab qab ntxiag. Peb yuav rov qab mus rau kev ywj pheej tom qab, thaum peb poob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub.

Ntawm cov inventions ntawm medieval Europe, ib tug tsis tuaj yeem hais txog lub canopy. Vim li cas canopies tshwm sim hauv tsev ntawm cov neeg muaj nyiaj txiag? Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev kom tsis txhob muaj kab thiab lwm yam kab ntxim hlub uas poob ntawm lub qab nthab. Cov xwm txheej tsis huv tau pab txhawb rau lawv cov kev yug me nyuam. Cov canopies tsis pab ntau, rau cov kab zoo kawg nkaus tau npaj lawv tus kheej hauv cov quav. Nyob rau lwm qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no - tib yam: "Fleas yog disgusting creatures. Lawv dhia nyob rau hauv ib tug hnav ris tsho kom nws zoo li yuav co," sau ib tug poj niam Japanese ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th.[Sei-Shonagon, "Notes ntawm lub taub hau", M., 1975, p. 51.]

Peb twb tau tham txog qhov tseeb hais tias cov poj niam ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Louis-Sun tau tas li khawb lawv tus kheej. Tab sis rau qhov no nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv tias txij li thaum lawv, ua lush hauv lub cev, tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag txhua qhov chaw, ntev combers tau tsim. Lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv tsev cia puav pheej, lawv ua los ntawm cov kaus ntxhw, feem ntau ua haujlwm zoo heev. Cunning flea traps, kuj feem ntau zoo nkauj heev, tau siv zoo heev.

Muaj tseeb tiag, txhua tus huab muaj ib txheej nyiaj - peb tshuav tag nrho cov kev txaus ntshai no rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm dab. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev nyob sab Europe invention.