Kev hloov kho kev kawm

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab cov qauv no los ntawm Andrey Fursov tau sau ntev dhau los, thaum kawg ntawm lub "Fursenko era", nws yog heev tseem ceeb niaj hnub no, vim hais tias qhov teeb meem nrog kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yog tsis txhim kho, tab sis phem heev txhua txhua. xyoo…

Kev kawm txuj ci nyob rau xyoo tas los no tau dhau los ua ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag tiag ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm nws txoj kev hloov kho thiab lawv cov neeg tawm tsam. Cov neeg tawm tsam - cov kws tshaj lij, cov niam txiv, cov pej xeem; Cov neeg txhawb nqa - feem ntau yog cov thawj coj thiab "cov qauv tshawb fawb" ua haujlwm rau lawv cov kev txaus siab - thawb "kev hloov kho" txawm tias muaj kev tawm tsam ntau. Kuv tabtom sau lo lus "reform" nyob rau hauv cov lus hais, vim hais tias kev hloov kho yog ib yam dab tsi muaj tswv yim. Qhov lawv ua nrog kev kawm hauv Lavxias Federation yog kev puas tsuaj, txhob txwm tshaj tawm lossis tawm ntawm kev ruam, kev tsis muaj peev xwm thiab tsis muaj kev tshaj lij, tab sis kev puas tsuaj. Li no cov quotes. …

Ib txoj kab ntawm kev tawm tsam rau "kev hloov pauv" ntawm kev kawm yog thiab yog kev thuam ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev kawm, lwm yam kev coj ua, kev txheeb xyuas lawv qhov tsis muaj zog, tsis sib xws, thiab lwm yam. Ntau twb tau ua tiav ntawm no thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lwm txoj hauv kev kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua tau: kev txiav txim siab ntawm "kev hloov kho" cov tswv yim thiab cov ntaub ntawv - Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Xeev, Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci (tom ntej no - FSES), Bologna system (tom qab no - BS) tag nrho. raws li ib yam ntawm kev sib raug zoo tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug dav kev sib raug zoo thiab geopolitical (geocultural) cov ntsiab lus, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kab lis kev cai (psychohistorical) kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub teb chaws, uas nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub teb chaws kev ruaj ntseg.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog qhov tseeb: txhua qhov kev hloov kho, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev kawm, yeej ib txwm cuam tshuam nrog kev txaus siab ntawm qee pawg, cov koom haum, thiab muaj lub hom phiaj kev sib raug zoo. "Lub geopolitical ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov kho kev kawm" - xws li ib tug formulation ntawm thawj glance yuav ua rau surprise.

Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no, thaum cov kev tawm tsam ntawm thaj chaw hauv thaj chaw tau txais ntau thiab ntau cov ntaub ntawv qhia tus cwj pwm, thaum kev tsis txaus ntseeg kev nom kev tswv tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv network, piv txwv li. cov ntaub ntawv thiab kab lis kev cai cuam tshuam rau kev nco qab thiab subconsciousness ntawm pab pawg thiab cov tib neeg (peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam seb qhov no tau ua li cas thaum lub sijhawm hu ua "twitter revolutions" hauv Tunisia thiab Egypt), thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov cuam tshuam no feem ntau nyob ntawm qib kev kawm ntawm lub hom phiaj (qhov siab dua ntawm kev kawm, qhov nyuaj dua nws yog los tswj tus neeg), lub xeev ntawm kev kawm dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm thaj chaw.

Tsis muaj tsawg dua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, hais, theem ntawm kev sib raug zoo polarization, ntsuas los ntawm cov ntsuas xws li Gini Performance index thiab decile coefficient. Kuv txhais tau hais tias, piv txwv li, txoj kev kawm ntawv txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm polarization (txog lub xeev ntawm "ob lub teb chaws", raws li nws nyob rau hauv Great Britain nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th los yog nyob rau hauv Russia thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. xyoo pua), ces nws ua hauj lwm rau exacerbate social tensions, thiab yog li ntawd, txo cov theem ntawm tsis tsuas yog internal (socio-system), tab sis kuj sab nraud (geopolitical) kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub zej zog.

Noj mus rau hauv tus account dab tsi tau hais nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, ua ntej, yog li hais tias "rau cov noob", lub txim ntawm "reform" ntawm kev kawm ntawv, nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub "wise" coj Andrei Aleksandrovich Fursenko, yuav piav luv luv; tom qab ntawd peb yuav tham txog kev sib raug zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev poob qis ntawm kev kawm; tom qab ntawd peb yuav luv luv "mus dhau" cov qauv uas tau npaj kev hloov kho - rau qee qhov teeb meem no, raws li txoj cai, tseem nyob hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo.

Cov ntsiab lus tom ntej yog lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas "kev hloov pauv" ntawm kev kawm tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txoj haujlwm ntawm Lavxias Federation hauv kev faib ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb thiab nws cuam tshuam li cas rau cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab. Kuv yuav hais tam sim ntawd: nws contradicts chav kawm no thiab, ntxiv mus, undermines nws.

Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias, thawj zaug, World Bank faib nyiaj rau kev hloov kho kev kawm hauv Lavxias Federation, uas tau txiav txim siab rau qee qhov laj thawj thiab qee qhov laj thawj (tiag tiag, vim li cas?) ua qhov zoo rau Russia.

Qhov thib ob, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, zoo li vultures, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "cunning" Western qauv mus txog rau carrion, tom qab uas nws scientific thiab nongovernmental zoo-zoo-zoo li xwm yog zais loj thiab ntse hniav ntawm predators thiab, paraphrasing lub npe ntawm phau ntawv thiab hom. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Anthony Perkins "Kev Lag Luam Killer", cov ntaub ntawv tua neeg. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, txhawm rau nkag mus rau hauv Russia, cov pej xeem no tau xaiv qhov "reformed" kev kawm, cov tsev kawm ntawv uas "nrog bang" lees txais kev hloov kho.

Raws li Pyotr Vasilievich Palievsky tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv nws lub sijhawm, Bulgakov's Woland tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv cov neeg noj qab haus huv, nws tsuas yog clings rau qhov rotting sab hauv. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv lub network, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev kawm mus rau hauv lub network "populated" los ntawm yooj yim manipulated "cov neeg koom tes" yog ib qho kev yeej-yeej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tawm tsam rau lub hwj chim, kev pab thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Yog li ntawd, kev kawm niaj hnub no ntau dua li kev kawm, nws yog yav tom ntej, kev sib ntaus sib tua uas twb tau pib lawm, thiab kev ua tsis tiav uas txhais tau tias tshem tawm ntawm Keeb Kwm. Yog li - nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

Qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiavYog tias peb tham txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm "kev hloov pauv", ces thawj zaug yog qhov poob qis hauv kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab thiab qib siab raws li kev qhia ntawm USE thiab BS. Raws li ib tug neeg uas tau qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tau yuav luag 40 xyoo, kuv ua tim khawv: ua qauv qhia txog kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm barbarization thiab cov ntaub ntawv kev txom nyem … Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 25-30 xyoo dhau los, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev kawm qib ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov neeg kawm tiav tau poob qis zuj zus, ces ob peb xyoos tsis tau tsuas yog sharply, tab sis kev puas tsuaj accelerated txheej txheem no. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj los mus nrog ib tug zoo dua txhais tau tias ntawm yav tom ntej debilization thiab kab lis kev cai thiab puas siab puas ntsws primitivization ntawm cov hluas tiam tshaj lub Unified State Exam. Kev poob qis hauv qib kev txawj ntse thiab erudition los ntawm kev hloov kho muaj ob yam ntxiv uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev rau kev txhim kho kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev kawm. Qhov no yog hais txog de-rationalization kev xav thiab kev nco qab thiab txog deformation ntawm keeb kwm nco … Kev txo qis hauv cov sij hawm qhia hauv cov kev kawm xws li lej thiab physics, qhov tseeb tshem tawm ntawm astronomy los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm - tag nrho cov no tsis tsuas yog nqaim thiab impoverishes tus tub ntxhais kawm daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, tab sis ncaj qha mus rau derationalization ntawm kev nco qab.

Kev ntseeg ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev ua khawv koob, hauv kev ua khawv koob tau nthuav dav niaj hnub no; astrology, mysticism, occultism thiab lwm yam obscurantist cov ntaub ntawv vam meej nyob rau hauv lush xim, xinesmas (tsis tas yuav mus deb - dab neeg ntawm Harry Potter) tshaj tawm rau peb lub possibilities ntawm khawv koob, txuj ci tseem ceeb.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, txo cov sij hawm hauv natural sciences ua hauj lwm rau lub triumphant lub peb hlis ntuj ntawm obscurantism, rau astrology coj qhov chaw ntawm astronomy nyob rau hauv kev nco qab, disorienting neeg thiab yooj yim manipulation: ib tug neeg uas ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv tej txuj ci tseem ceeb tau yooj yim soar tej propaganda uas ua. tsis muaj rational argumentation.

Ib tug tau txais kev xav tias tag nrho cov manipulations nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, ntawm lwm yam, yuav tsum npaj tib neeg kom txais ib tug tshiab lub hwj chim - tej yam yees siv, raws li ib tug thov rau khawv koob, ib tug txuj ci tseem ceeb, uas nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag tig mus rau hauv ib yam dab tsi zoo li seev cev rau theem. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv liab qab ntawm tus phab ej Lub Adventures ntawm Huckleberry Finn. Tab sis qhov no yog ob-edged ntaj.

Kev puas tsuaj sib npaug yog qhov tseeb tias cov kev kawm keeb kwm yog qhov tseem ceeb yog tshem tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm ntawm txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv, tshwj tsis yog keeb kwm, lossis raug nthuav dav. Corollary - poob ntawm keeb kwm tsis pom kev, keeb kwm nco. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis tuaj yeem sau npe hnub pib thiab hnub kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, Gagarin lub davhlau mus rau qhov chaw, Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino.

Xyoo no kuv xub ntsib ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv uas tsis tau hnov txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino; "Borodinsky" nws koom nrog tsuas yog qhob cij. Nws yog tseeb hais tias qhov deterioration (muab me me) ntawm keeb kwm nco, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog Russia keeb kwm, tsis pabtsim ntawm patriotism thiab pej xeem; dehistorization ntawm kev nco qab hloov mus rau hauv denationalization.

Qhov twg USE xaus nws txoj haujlwm, BS khaws lub baton. Kuv tau rov hais lus tsis zoo txog BS (saib hauv Internet), yog li kuv yuav tsis rov hais dua kuv tus kheej, Kuv yuav nco ntsoov qhov tseem ceeb.

Kev taw qhia txog plaub xyoos bachelor's degree es tsis yog tsib xyoos ntawm kev kawm ib txwm hloov kev kawm qib siab mus rau ib yam dab tsi uas nco txog lub tsev kawm ntawv ua haujlwm, ua rau nws poob qis, thiab yog tias qhov kev coj ua no phem heev rau cov tsev kawm, tom qab ntawd rau cov tsev kawm qib siab - kev puas tsuaj, lub tsev kawm ntawv raug rhuav tshem raws li kev sib raug zoo thiab kev vam meej.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev kawm BS nrog nws "modular-kev txawj ntse-raws li txoj kev", nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws rhuav tshem lub department raws li ib tug yooj yim chav tsev ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab / tsev kawm ntawv; "Kev txawj ntse" - kev sib txuas tsis zoo siv cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj lossis "kev txawj ntse" - hloov kev paub tiag.

Lub hom phiaj, BS faib cov tsev kawm qib siab dav dav thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg tsawg uas muaj cai nrog lawv tus kheej daim ntawv pov thawj, cov haujlwm thiab cov cai, thiab feem ntau tsis muaj cai; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov qauv kev kawm tau poob qis hauv ob qho tib si "zones", tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob - mus rau qhov ntau dua.

Txoj cai thiab koob meej txhais ua cov nqi kawm ntawv siab dua, uas ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntxiv thiab qhov sib txawv hauv kev kawm.

Thib ob. Ib zaug peb tau mob siab rau ntseeg tias qhov kev taw qhia ntawm Unified State Exam yuav txo qis theem kev noj nyiaj txiag hauv txoj kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag - thiab tsuas yog cov tub nkeeg tsis sau txog qhov no hnub no thiab tsis hais - txhua yam muab tawm raws nraim qhov opposite. Unified State Exam tau tsim cov xwm txheej thiab tau dhau los ua lub zog loj rau kev ua tsis ncaj ncees hauv kev kawm, uas rov ua tsis tau tab sis cuam tshuam rau qib kev npaj ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm, ntawm ib sab, thiab kev tshaj lij ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv, ntawm qhov lwm yam.

Yog li, los ntawm kev nce kev noj nyiaj txiag hauv kev kawm, feem ntau ntawm kev sib raug zoo, Unified State Exam ua rau muaj kev nce qib ntawm kev noj nyiaj txiag hauv zej zog tag nrho. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg uas muaj txoj haujlwm tswj hwm thiab nyiaj txiag yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev noj nyiaj txiag feem ntau thiab hauv kev kawm tshwj xeeb; uas yog, "kev hloov pauv" ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, ua rau muaj kev tsis sib xws thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo, thiab, yog li ntawd, kev ntxhov siab.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nrhiav tau ib txoj kev zoo dua li Unified State Exam kom nthuav tawm kev noj nyiaj txiag los ntawm kev kawm qib siab mus rau theem nrab, kom nthuav dav thiab tob rau thaj tsam ntawm kev noj nyiaj txiag. Hais txog qhov no, peb tuaj yeem hais tias ntxiv rau qhov kev ua phem phem rau kev kawm zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no, kev ua tiav ntawm Unified State Exam tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm kev tawm tsam rau zej zog los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis ncaj ncees..

Peb. Unified State Exam thiab, rau qhov ntau dua, BS tau nce qib ntawm bureaucratization hauv txoj kev kawm. Yog li, nrog kev qhia txog BS hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab, ntau tus "tus kws tshaj lij" tau tshwm sim hauv kev siv BS, tshuaj xyuas nws qhov kev siv raws li "txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev kawm", thiab lwm yam. Thiab cov kws qhia ntawv muaj qhov kev txhawj xeeb tshiab, siv sijhawm ntev: nqa cov kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab kev qhia ntawv ib txwm ua raws li cov cai ntawm BS, kev txhawj xeeb uas nyob mus ib txhis thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem.

Tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum txhawj xeeb ntau dua thiab ntau dua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem, siv sijhawm rau nws - tsis muaj sijhawm rau cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog qhov tseeb hais tias nyob deb ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tsis yog cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws qhia muaj tswv yim tshaj plaws tau npaj los tuav rau sab raug cai thiab mloog zoo rau nws. Ua li no, BS muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev dullness … Zoo, Kuv nyob ntsiag to txog qhov tseeb tias BS tsim ntuj ceeb tsheej rau cov tub ceev xwm los ntawm kev kawm.

Los ntawm kev hloov pauv qhov sib piv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm hauv kev pom zoo ntawm thawj zaug, BS tsis tsuas yog ua rau kev tsis zoo ntawm kev kawm, tsis tsuas yog tshem tawm cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau, ua rau lawv txoj haujlwm tsis zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog. cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov neeg ua pov thawj (uas yog tsim nyog tsuas yog hu kom hloov cov chav kawm qhia txhua xyoo, qhia cov tshiab - tom qab tag nrho, nws paub tias qhov kev kawm tshiab yuav tsum muaj 3-4 xyoos ntawm kev khiav hauv; nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov kev hu no yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. ntawm kev ua si hauv siab, xws li kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, lossis tsuas yog neeg ruam), tab sis kuj hloov pauv tus lej ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev kawm qib siab hauv kev pom zoo tom kawg.

Ntawm no - "ob pob nyob rau hauv lub hnab tshos": nyob rau hauv lub professional sphere - ib tug txo nyob rau hauv cov theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub luag hauj lwm ntawm personifiers ntawm tsawg-zoo, formalized kev kawm ntawv; nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo - ntxiv dag zog rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus nom.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, BS raws li ib tug union ntawm "grey" nyob rau hauv lub tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation yog dhau los ua lwm txoj kev loj hlob (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, rau cov kev kawm sector) ntawm cov feem ntau nyiam mus nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab lawv lub hwj chim. tshaj cov kws tshaj lij, uas ua rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm ob tus neeg ua haujlwm lawv tus kheej thiab cov kws tshaj lij ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb.

Plaub. Tag nrho cov no tau muab ua ke ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntxiv. incompetence thiab unprofessionalism raws li ib tug social phenomenon. Yog li, "reform" tsis tsuas yog rhuav tshem kev kawm, uas yog, ib qho kev sib cais ntawm tib neeg (qhov tseeb, qhov no "sib cais cais" cuam tshuam tag nrho lwm tus thiab txiav txim siab lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub teb chaws), tab sis kuj txo qis cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, cuam tshuam rau kev tshaj lij ntawm cov zej zog, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. tshaj tawm Modernization

Nws hloov tawm tias, ob qho tib si hauv kev ntiag tug thiab feem ntau, "kev hloov pauv" ntawm kev kawm tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam kev hloov kho tshiab, tab sis cuam tshuam nws, depriving yav tom ntej ntawm modernization thiab haiv neeg. Kev tuav ib qho kev kawm ntawm qhov txuas ntxiv "kev hloov pauv" ntawm kev kawm thiab, tib lub sijhawm, hu rau kev hloov kho tshiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev paub tsis meej.

Thib tsib … Ntawm no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua ib qho kev sib cais uas tau hais los saum toj no hauv kev dhau - nce kev sib cais ntawm ntau pawg thiab pawg raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm "reforms"

Nws yuav yog qhov tseeb dua los hais qhov no: kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo tau txais kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog, thiab txij li thaum, raws li peb tau hais, peb tau nkag los yog nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv zej zog, ces nws yog qhov loj me uas dhau los ua kev txiav txim siab, lub ntsiab, qhov system. -forming los yog class-forming.

Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv dhau los ua qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv kev tsim khoom, tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau nws (muaj nws, nws qhov kev faib khoom raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom ua si lub luag haujlwm tsim hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib raug zoo) dhau los ua cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab txoj hauv kev tsim cov pab pawg neeg, lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub social "pyramid".

Kev nkag mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab no, ntau qhov tseeb ntawm kev nkag mus, yog muab los ntawm kev kawm, nws qhov zoo thiab ntim. Kev poob qis hauv kev kawm zoo nrog kev txo qis hauv nws qhov ntim (los ntawm kev qhia txog cov ntsiab lus pub dawb thiab "ntxiv" cov ntsiab lus them nyiaj hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab txo cov sij hawm rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv raws li redundant rau kev taw qhia txog bachelor's degree - ib qho kev rho menyuam tawm ntawm kev kawm qib siab) hloov tus kheej thiab tag nrho pawg mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo, ua v yooj yim manipulated, luv- mus rau cov chav kawm qis cov zej zog cov ntaub ntawv, xyaum ua rau lawv tsis muaj kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho lawv txoj haujlwm, uas yog, thawb lawv tawm ntawm kev sib raug zoo.

Peb xav tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis nws yuav ua li cas? Nyob rau hauv dav dav, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias "tsim" ntawm lub qis strata ntawm lub "post-industrial" / "cov ntaub ntawv" haiv neeg pib nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob nyob rau hauv lub 1970s, thiab tsim nyob rau hauv lub 1980s ib txhij nrog kev sib kis ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua. "cov tub ntxhais hluas kab lis kev cai" ("pob zeb, poj niam txiv neej, tshuaj"), tsim nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cov koom haum commissioned los ntawm Western cov thawj coj, kev sib deev haiv neeg tsawg zog, ib puag ncig lub zog (nyiaj txiag los ntawm Rockefellers), kev nthuav dav ntawm fantasy (thiab hloov chaw ntawm science ntawv tseeb.,uas yog nrov heev niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv Suav teb), kev qaug zog ntawm lub teb chaws lub xeev, kev ua phem ntawm lub sab sauv voj voog ntawm nruab nrab stratum thiab lub sab sauv strata ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm (Thatcherism thiab Reaganomics)

Qhov ntawd yog, nws yog ib feem ntawm lub pob ntawm neoliberal counterrevolution, uas txhais tau tias tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li lub ntiaj teb redistribution ntawm yam ntawm ntau lawm thiab cov nyiaj tau los nyob rau hauv txaus siab rau cov nplua nuj, uas yog, ib tug reversal ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub "muaj koob meej peb caug xyoo" (J.. Fourasterier) 1945-1975.

Cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab ua kom yooj yim, txo cov kab lis kev cai (Cov "tus phooj ywg zoo" ntawm Russia thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Russians Zbigniew Brzezinski hu cov txheej txheem no "titration" thiab suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov hom. riam phom psychohistoric, uas tau tso cai rau Amelikas kom yeej nws cov yeej, suav nrog dhau USSR / Russia) thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, kev kawm tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xwm txheej no raws li kev tsim kho lub neej yav tom ntej, kev tsim ntawm nws cov qib siab thiab qis dua, nws " muaj” thiab “havenots”. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, peb tau pom cov txheej txheem no nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation, txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tej yam kev mob, cov creation ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo cov chav kawm ntawv" yog ib tug txaus ntshai: peb tsis muaj ib tug zoo noj Euro-America, peb tsis muaj. xws li kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib raug zoo rog uas tuaj yeem noj tau qee lub sijhawm, zoo li muaj, ntawm peb muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo, peb muaj cov neeg sib txawv, ib zaj dab neeg sib txawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv peb keeb kwm muaj ib zaug ib lub siab xav kom txo qis cov qauv kev kawm, dag cov pej xeem thiab yog li ua rau nws ntau pom zoo thiab mloog lus. Kuv txhais tau hais tias cov kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Alexander III (nyob deb ntawm qhov phem tshaj Lavxias teb sab tsar, tab sis tuaj, koj yuav mus rau hauv kev ruam), ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, kev hloov ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib mus rau parish tsev kawm ntawv. (derationalization ntawm kev nco qab) thiab ib ncig los ntawm Lub Rau Hli 18, 1887 (lub npe hu ua "txoj cai ntawm tus ua noj cov menyuam")

Kuv yog Minister of Education Ivan Davydovich Delyanov, rau nws lub sij hawm ib daim duab tsis tsawg odious tshaj A. A. Fursenko rau peb li, muaj kev txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau kev kawm rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm qis, i.e. Cov pab pawg tau nyiaj tsawg thaum tswj kev nkag mus rau kev kawm rau cov neeg uas, raws li ib tug ntawm Gogol heroes hais tias, yog "huv" (analogous rau cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation ntawm them nyiaj kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab ib txoj kev npaj rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm them nqi qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv Cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib thiab theem nrab uas yuav tsum tau pub dawb yam tsawg-yam tsawg kawg nkaus).

Qhov no tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim, kuv rov hais dua, tig cov chav kawm qis rau hauv cov pab pawg mloog lus thiab kom tsis txhob muaj kev hloov pauv European. Ib tug European-style kiv puag ncig tau zoo siab zam. Lub kiv puag ncig ntawm tus qauv Lavxias teb sab, ntau dua lim hiam thiab ntshav, tsis tau khiav tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Delyanov "kev hloov pauv" ntawm kev kawm tau ua lub luag haujlwm ob qho tib si hauv kev hloov pauv thiab hauv nws cov ntshav.

Cov kab hauv qab no yog qhov no: "neeg ruam" hauv kev kawm, ntawm chav kawm, ua rau tib neeg tsis tshua tsim, lawv tsis paub yuav ua li cas kom meej meej qhia lawv cov kev txaus siab thiab kev xav tau, nws yooj yim dua rau kev dag lawv los ntawm kev dai ntawm lawv pob ntseg "noodles" ntawm cov lus cog tseg.. Tab sis qhov no yog - rau lub sijhawm, kom txog rau thaum "roasted rooster" pecks, uas yog. kom txog thaum muaj teeb meem kev sib raug zoo thiab nyiaj txiag tshwm sim, vim tias koj tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem nws nrog kev kawm "neeg ruam".

Tab sis thaum lawv tom, qhov kev txhim kho tsis zoo ntawm cov neeg coob coob, lawv txoj kev kawm qis lossis tsuas yog tsis muaj kev kawm pib ua lub luag haujlwm tawm tsam qhov uas cov kws sau ntawv tswv yim "muab qib kev kawm hauv qab lub plinth" suav nrog.

Ua ntej, cov neeg kawm ntawv tsis zoo yog yooj yim los tswj tsis tau tsuas yog cov neeg tseem ceeb tswj hwm, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws muaj kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb uas tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1917, thaum cov tuam txhab nyiaj thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov neeg tawm tsam Lavxias tau cuam tshuam cov neeg Lavxias mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab.

Thib ob, tus neeg kawm ntawv tsawg dua, qhov tsawg dua nws muaj peev xwm paub txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub teb chaws-patriotic hom phiaj, thiab yog li ntawd, tiv thaiv lub teb chaws thiab cov chav kawm siab los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab sab nraud (piv txwv li, tus cwj pwm hauv 1916-1917 ntawm lub pem hauv ntej ntawm ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb Lavxias hnav khaub ncaws ua tub rog).

Thib peb, tus neeg tsis muaj kev kawm thiab kev coj noj coj ua, qhov ntau nws raug coj los ntawm kev xav, feem ntau ua phem (A. Blok: "kev mob siab rau tsiaj qus tau tso rau hauv qab tus quab ntawm lub hli tsis zoo"), qhov nyuaj dua nws yog los cuam tshuam nws nrog cov lus thiab qhov ntau dua nws yog tias nyob rau hauv "tsis zoo" cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kub ntxhov lossis tsuas yog qhov xwm txheej nyuaj, nws yuav teb nrog ib tug pitchfork rau ib qho kev sim ntawm rational argumentation ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias cov lus teb no yog keeb kwm tsis ncaj ncees kiag li.

Cov thawj coj ua ntej tsis nco qab (lossis tej zaum lawv tsis paub) cov kab sau los ntawm Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov rov qab rau xyoo 1830 (tshaj tawm xyoo 1862): Lub xyoo yuav los, Russia lub xyoo dub, Thaum huab tais lub kaus mom yuav poob; Cov rabble yuav tsis nco qab lawv txoj kev hlub yav dhau los, Thiab cov zaub mov ntawm ntau yuav yog kev tuag thiab ntshav; Nyob rau hnub ntawd ib tug txiv neej muaj zog yuav tshwm sim, Thiab koj yuav paub nws - thiab koj yuav to taub, Yog vim li cas yog nws damask riam nyob rau hauv nws txhais tes. Nws ua rau kev nco txog cov kab no rau txhua tus neeg uas tswj hwm lossis yuav mus kav tebchaws Russia, uas cov Suav tsis yuam kev hu ua "ego" - "lub xeev ntawm surprises", "protraction thiab instant hloov." Peb qhov kev sib tsoo tshwm sim tam sim ntawd. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1917, autocratic Russia tau khiav tawm, raws li Vasily Vasilyevich Rozanov sau tseg, nyob rau hauv ob hnub, nyob rau hauv feem ntau peb. Thiab tsis muaj leej twg sawv (zoo li thaum Lub Yim Hli 1991 rau USSR), hauv ib lo lus, " ploj mus, tuag, hnub yug ntxhais! “Thiab Pawg Tsiaj qus los ntawm cov roob tsis pab. Tsis muaj leej twg pab kiag li. Cov kab hauv qab yog qhov kev ua si ntawm kev txo qis kev kawm rau kev sib raug zoo, tshwj xeeb, nrog rau kev ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov chav kawm sab saud thiab lawv cov peev xwm tswj hwm, yog qhov pom luv luv, txaus ntshai thiab tawm tsam. Thiab cov neeg txom nyem thiab cov teeb meem kev lag luam tsis zoo, qhov txaus ntshai thiab kev tawm tsam ntau dua - mus txog rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev txiav txim siab, raws li tau tshwm sim hauv Russia thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, uas nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev hwm, Txawm hais tias tsis yog tag nrho (feem ntau yog vim yog cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Soviet, thiab kuj vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb) kev sib raug zoo zoo ib yam li Lavxias teb sab Federation thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XXI, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj saib qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj thiab cov neeg pluag. Puas yog tus rake tiag tiag nyiam artifact ntawm peb keeb kwm? Kuv rov hais dua: yuav luag tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tau hais los saum toj no ntawm "kev hloov pauv" ntawm kev kawm twb tau pom niaj hnub no thiab, dhau sijhawm, lawv cuam tshuam rau kev kawm thiab tib neeg, rau lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub tebchaws. yuav loj hlob, feem ntau yuav, exponentially.

Cov lus nug tshwm sim: Puas yog cov neeg uas thawb lawv nkag siab txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov lawv tau ua thiab tab tom ua? Yog lawv tsis to taub ces cov no yog cov idiots tiav nyob rau hauv nruj (Greek) kev nkag siab ntawm lo lus: nyob rau hauv Greek, "idiot" yog ib tug neeg uas nyob tsis pom lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm nws.

Yog hais tias lawv to taub, ces peb yuav tsum hu rau ib tug spade ib spade: peb yuav tsum tham txog ib tug nco ntsoov loj-scale thiab mus sij hawm ntev kab lis kev cai, puas siab puas ntsws, ntaub ntawv. sabotage, tab sis qhov tseeb - tsov rog tawm tsam Russia, nws cov neeg, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov - lub xeev-tsim, Russians. Thiab qhov no tsis yog idiocy, tab sis kev ua txhaum hauv kev ua txhaum cai.

Raws li cov neeg civilized, peb xaiv txoj hauj lwm ntawm presumption ntawm innocence, i.e. nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, peb mus los ntawm lub version ntawm "idiocy", i.e. tib neeg tsis nkag siab tias lawv tab tom ua dab tsi, tsis txhob (ua ntej) pom qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm lawv cov dej num. Muaj tseeb tiag, yog tias qhov no yog li ntawd, yog vim li cas lawv thiaj siv zog los qhia lawv txoj haujlwm rau hauv lub neej ntawm kev dag, tsis muaj kev sib tham, zais cia? Lawv ntshai dab tsi?

Cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas kev hloov kho tau npaj, kev npaj mus li cas, piv txwv li, rau "kev ua" ntawm txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev kawm lossis kev taw qhia ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci tsim nyog tshwj xeeb, txij li cov lus teb rau lo lus nug " raws li? "Tshaj tawm ntau lub teeb rau cov lus nug" vim li cas? », « rau lub hom phiaj twg? "Thiab - kawg - rau lo lus nug tseem ceeb: cuibono, cov. nyob rau hauv uas nws nyiam. Yog li, cov qauv dab tsi thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj tau npaj "kev hloov pauv" [1]?

"Reform" ntawm kev kawm - sau ntawv Cia peb rov qab mus rau thaum xaus ntawm xyoo 2010 - pib ntawm 2011, thaum muaj kev sib tham txog Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci thiab hais txog tsoomfwv txoj cai tshiab "Rau Kev Kawm hauv Lavxias Federation." Ob qho ntaub ntawv raug thuam: los ntawm cov kws lij choj - rau qhov tsis sib xws nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txoj cai lij choj, rau qhov tsis muaj lub xeev lav ntawm txoj cai rau kev kawm; xib fwb thiab niam txiv - rau ntau, ntau qhov tseem ceeb flaws uas rhuav kev kawm. Lub FSES tsuas yog qhuas los ntawm tus rector ntawm State University - Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Kev Lag Luam Yaroslav Ivanovich Kuzminov, uas tau xa mus rau txoj cai ntawm Alexander Oganovich Chubaryan thiab Alexander Grigorievich Asmolov (hais lus ntawm Russia-24 TV channel). Tsim los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci, tsim nyob rau xyoo 2006, Lub Tsev Haujlwm rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv Kev Kawm (ISO) Ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Kawm (RAO); Tus Thawj Coj ntawm IISI - Mikhail Lazarevich Pustylnik, Ph. D. in Chemistry; scientific supervisor - Cov tswv cuab ntawm RAO Alexander Mikhailovich Kondakov

Tus neeg no, uas, thaum ua haujlwm hauv Ministry of Education thiab Science, coj lub neej kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv pej xeem, hauv 2006 tau raug xaiv los ua tus tswv cuab ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Kawm. Ib lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov kho, Mr. Kondakov pom hauv kom haum rau Lavxias teb sab kev kawm ntawv rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (rau qhov no, Lavxias teb sab system yuav tsum xub raug rhuav tshem? - Kuv nug); Mr. Kondakov ntseeg qhov ntawd tsis muaj dab tsi tsis zoo rau lub hlwb ntws tsis yog, tab sis hauv Internet nws tus kheej yog qhov chaw ntawm kev paub, uas nws qhib siab hais txog.

Tab sis hais txog qhov tseeb hais tias cov qauv kev hloov kho ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation Lub World Bank tau qiv nyiaj nws hais lus tsis xav … Thiab nws xav tau, ntawm chav kawm, los tiv thaiv "kev hloov pauv", uas nws tau ua ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Lub Xeev Duma thaum Lub Ob Hlis 9 hauv 2011 hauv kev sib tw nrog Isak Davydovich Frumin.

Mr. Frumin yog Tus Thawj Coj Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Txhim Kho Kev Kawm ntawm Lub Xeev University - Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Kev Lag Luam thiab ib puag ncig tus tswj hwm ntawm International Programs ntawm International Bank for Reconstruction thiab Development (IBRD); pom meej IBRD muaj kev txhawj xeeb heev txog kev kawm Lavxias, tej zaum, nws kev coj noj coj ua "ua mob rau tus ntsuj plig ntawm peb txhua tus thiab mob lub siab").

Lub koom haum no kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai Kev Kawm Txuj Ci. Tus Thawj Coj ntawm lub koom haum yog Irina Vsevolodovna Abankina, paub txog nws cov hauj lwm (piv txwv li, "Lub Culture ntawm Desertion"), uas hais tias yuav tsum tau mus ua ke "khoom kim heev" nyob deb nroog cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv rau hauv "kev koom ua ke koom haum" nyob rau hauv loj kev sib haum xeeb. Kuv hu nws yooj yim: tshem tawm cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm hauv lub teb chaws, thiab yog tias koj ntxiv tshuaj - ces lub neej feem ntau.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau hais txog ib ntau ib qho qauv ua haujlwm hauv kev hloov kho peb txoj kev kawm. Qhov no yog Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Txhim Kho Kev Kawm (FIRO); thawj CEO - Evgeny Shlyomovich Gontmakher (tam sim no - Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm IMEMO RAN); tus thawj coj. cov thawj coj - Leibovich Alexander Naumovich uas feem ntau nthuav tawm nws tus kheej ua tus thawj coj ntawm National Agency rau Kev Txhim Kho Kev Tsim Nyog nyob rau hauv Lavxias Union ntawm Industrialists thiab Cov Lag Luam; ex-tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Liberal Club Evgeny Fedorovich Saburov tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm FIRO. Keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm FIRO yog nthuav. Nws tshwm sim rau lub Rau Hli 29, 2005: raws li Order No. 184, raws li tsib lub koom haum tshawb fawb hauv nruab nrab (kev kawm qib siab, kev kawm dav dav, kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm txuj ci, teeb meem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm hauj lwm theem nrab, lub teb chaws teeb meem ntawm kev kawm), ib qho tau tsim - FIRO. Cov. vaj tse, khoom siv, thiab lwm yam khoom muaj nqis raug txeeb los ntawm tsib lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab xa mus rau lub koom haum tshawb fawb tshiab uas tsim los ntawm nthwv dej ntawm ib lub tshuab ua khawv koob. Tsis ntev los no, FIRO tau cim los ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm lwm qhov kev tsim kho tshiab - hloov cov phau ntawv hauv cov qib qis nrog cov nyeem hluav taws xob. Qhov kev sim yuav tshwm sim hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation. Cov kws kho mob suab lub tswb: nws tsis paub tias txhua yam no yuav cuam tshuam li cas rau kev noj qab haus huv (qhov muag, lub paj hlwb) ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Cov kws kho mob tham txog qhov xav tau ua ntej, tsawg kawg rau lub hlis, kev tshawb fawb. Tab sis tag nrho cov no tsis yog tsab cai rau "neutons" los ntawm FIRO; zoo li, cov me nyuam txoj kev noj qab haus huv yog ib qho abstraction rau lawv; kev muaj tiag - cov nyiaj faib rau kev sim. Cov npe ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv uas npaj qhov kev hloov kho tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis cov ntsiab lus tau pom meej lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev taw qhia tiag tiag uas peb lub zej zog tau txav mus rau kev hloov kho kev kawm tuaj yeem raug txiav txim los ntawm kev sib tham ntawm AA. Fursenko "Moskovsky Komsomolets" (2010), los yog txawm tias, ib lo lus ntawm ib lub sij hawm, xav tsis thoob hais. " Vim li cas Soviet kev kawm ntawv "tsis zoo"? »

A. A. Fursenko thiab nws cov ntawv zais zais

Minister hais tias: Lub ntsiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet yog tias nws tau mob siab rau kev qhia ib tus neeg-tsim, thaum lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias yog npaj cov neeg siv khoom tsim nyog uas tuaj yeem siv yam uas lwm tus tau tsim.

Yog li, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, ntawm ib tug neeg-creator yog lwm tus. Tsis muaj leej twg tau xav txog cov qauv no, thiab hauv qhov no, Mr. Fursenko cov kab lus yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau hauv Phau Ntawv Guinness.

Andrey Fursov