Ancient art ntawm phau ntawv dummies

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev tsim cov phau ntawv zais qhov chaw tau raug coj los siv rau ntau pua xyoo. Peb nthuav qhia qhov tseeb thiab cov piv txwv nthuav tshaj plaws.

Cov phau ntawv tau khaws cia ntev ntev thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, zais cov khoom txwv tsis pub thiab zais cov khoom raug nyiag. Poob nws lub hom phiaj qub, phau ntawv tau dhau los ua tus lav tsis pub lwm tus paub thiab kev nyab xeeb.

Phau ntawv attractions

Lub sijhawm Baroque, nrog rau nws qhov kev ua si dag, tau tsim ib qho kev zam rau cov phau ntawv cuav uas paub tias yog phau ntawv cuav, phau ntawv tseeb (Scheinbücher), phau ntawv nyiam (Buchattrappensind Objekte) thiab txawm tias "phau ntawv ntxiab" (German. Buchattrappen - los ntawm fr. Attraper, ntes.). Cov no yog masterfully executed hollow daim ntawv luam ntawm ntim, nyob rau hauv uas tau muab tso rau cov khoom zais cia. Los ntawm tib kab - qhov rooj zais zais tom qab phau ntawv thiab trompe l'oeil tseem muaj sia nyob. Qee phau ntawv cuav tau tsim los rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, lwm tus - ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kom nyiam mloog, ua qauv qhia kev tsim txiaj thiab kev txawj ntse.

Nyob rau lub sij hawm thaum illusion los ua lub ntsiab aesthetic qeb, kev dag ntxias yog ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kos duab, thiab tsis pub leejtwg paub conspiracies yog ib tug nrov cuab tam ntawm nom tswv kev tawm tsam, cia disguised li phau Vajlugkub los yog ib tug thov Vajtswv phau ntawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov. Lawv zais cov nyiaj thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, riam phom thiab tshuaj lom, tshuaj thiab cawv, cov qauv tshawb fawb thiab cov khoom sau.

Ib qho ntawm cov khoom qub no tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv Baroque engraving thaum ntxov los ntawm Jacques de Gein, piav txog Abraham van Goorle, ib tug Dutch antiquarian, sau cov khoom qub qub thiab cov pob zeb zoo nkauj. Cov ntaub ntawv rau npib yog stylized li laconic tome nrog loj clasps.

Thiab ntawm no yog lub tsev qiv ntawv zoo nkauj, suav nrog 16 zawv zawg qhov rooj nrog malachite leeg. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog ib lub tais inlaid depicting lub pob txha taub hau, ib txwm Baroque ceeb toom txog kev tsis muaj kev tuag. Nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub hau yog lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Duke von Leuchtenberg.

Ob lub kaum os txawj ntse dummies tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv sau los ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Keeb Kwm ntawm Duchess Anne Amalia. Txaus siab rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws cache ntawm tshuaj lom thiab tshuaj Muaj 10 lub thawv me me nrog cov ntawv sau "Tobacco", "Wormwood", "Datura", "Hemlock", "Belladonna" ua rau hauv kev khi cuav ua los ntawm npua …

Hauv nruab nrab qhov chaw so tom qab lub khob muaj cov duab ntawm tib neeg pob txha taub hau thiab kab stag beetle ua cov cim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub neej. Qhov thib ob qhov chaw ntawm lub cache, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog tooj liab engraved portrait ntawm Vajntxwv Roman Emperor Leopold I, tau npaj rau khaws cov tshuaj ntsuab: celandine, milkweed, buttercup, adonis, noog cherry …

Caches nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv kuj ua hauj lwm raws li memorials: memorabilia thiab tus kheej cov ntawv raug khaws cia rau hauv lawv. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv lub Baroque era, xws li cov khoom tau los ua collectors 'cov khoom. Yog li, cov khoom siv pab dawb tsis pub lwm tus paub yog rau qee cov kwv tij Schmid los ntawm Switzerland, sau cov phau ntawv cuav.

Kev kos duab ntawm phau ntawv dummies txuas ntxiv txhim kho nyob rau hauv Rococo era nrog nws cov ntaub ntawv muaj tswv yim txawv txawv thiab zoo nkauj stylizations. Ntawm no yog ib pawg ntawm kub-embossed tawv tomes, nyob rau hauv uas yog ib tug cawv bar nrog ob damask thiab plaub khob. Cov npe ntawm kev ntseeg cuav raug nyeem nyob rau ntawm tus txha nraub qaum.

Lwm qhov kev xav paub - cov ntaub ntawv zoo li phau ntawv nrog cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag - tsuas yog paub los ntawm cov duab kos los ntawm John Pass thiab ob nplooj ntawv piav qhia hauv phau ntawv xov xwm Askiv Universal rau lub Plaub Hlis 1753. Tus kws tsim khoom siv cuab yeej tshawb fawb thiab tus tswv lag luam James Eiskow tau npaj "universal microscope" uas tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke los ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov khoom pom hauv daim duab kos.

Es tsis txhob nyeem - plab

Qee lub tsev qiv ntawv nyab xeeb tau tsim los ntawm cov phau ntawv tiag. Nyob rau hauv lus Askiv cov ntaub ntawv lawv yog hu ua hollowed tawm phau ntawv - ib phau ntawv nrog ib tug cache; lus "hollow, emasculated." Ib qho kev txhawb nqa recess (lodgement) raug txiav hauv qhov khi hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho khoom uas yuav tsum tau muab zais. Txhawm rau kho nws, lawv siv cov hlua khi, cov hlua elastic thiab cov kua nplaum, thiab tom qab ntawd - cov hlau nplaum zais thiab cov xauv nyuaj.

Ib qho piv txwv nto moo ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog lub thawv tshuaj ua los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv nruj nreem kaw, tsim ib lub thawv. Cov seem rub tawm yog tsim los khaws cov tshuaj lom lossis tshuaj. Cov ntawv sau rau hauv phau ntawv muaj cov npe Latin: valerian, belladonna, castor roj, tshuaj yej poppy … Ntawm lub khob iav, muaj cov lus qhia los ntawm tus Thwj Tim Povlauj tsab ntawv rau cov neeg Yudais: Statutum est hominibus semel mori (“Thiab ua li cas? tib neeg yuav tsum tuag ib hnub …"). Nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub hau yog ib qho kev kos duab qhia txog lub cev pob txha los ntawm kev kho mob "Lub cev tib neeg" los ntawm tus naas ej xyoo pua 16th anatomist Andreas Vesalius.

Ib tug zoo nkauj rab yaj phom-Bible, ua los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Venetian doge Francesco Morosini. Tus txhais tau muab zais rau hauv ib txoj hlua lo lo ntxhuav uas tej zaum yuav yuam kev rau ib phau ntawv. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom pov thawj hauv kev sau los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Askiv Edward Brook-Hitching, tau piav qhia hauv nws phau ntawv "The Library of the Madman".

Thiab ntawm no yog ob peb rab phom flintlock nyob rau hauv 1727 Psalter, Ameslikas hais rau Benedictine cov hauj sam. Lub txaj tau them nrog marble ntawv, uas yog fashionable thaum lub sij hawm ntawd. Cov ntawv sau rau ntawm lub receiver qhia cov chaw tsim khoom - tus naas ej London gunsmith Israel Segalas, uas nws cov khoom tau dav theej los ntawm Belgian craftsmen.

Phau ntawv muaj kev nyab xeeb los ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog qhov yooj yim dua hauv kev tsim. Ntawm no, piv txwv li, yog ib qho kev tsis txaus ntseeg los ntawm Lub Neej ntawm Txiv Plig, Martyrs thiab Lwm Haiv Neeg Ntseeg hauv kev txhais lus Fab Kis dawb los ntawm Abbot Godeskar los ntawm lus Askiv thawj los ntawm Alban Butler.

Neeg soj xyuas arsenal

Nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov neeg Amelikas cov tsev qiv ntawv thiab cov neeg sau khoom hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv Mindel Dubanski tau muab lawv lub npe dav dav rau bloki (lus Askiv zoo li phau ntawv - zoo li phau ntawv). Nyob rau hauv ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb, nws tau hu ua Phau Ntawv Koob Yees Duab - cov koob yees duab zais hauv ntim, qhov pom, ntim rau cov duab, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no arsenal ntawm tus neeg soj xyuas, neeg soj xyuas, tus neeg saib xyuas zais cia tau nthuav dav txij li xyoo 1880s.

Ib lub koob yees duab thaum ntxov tshaj plaws tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib phau ntawm kev ntseeg hymns - "Taschenbuch" (lit. German "paperback") los ntawm Rudolf Krugener, German ua lag luam hauv kev lag luam duab.

Rudolf Kruegener's Camera, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, 1888. Source: Wikimedia Commons

"Kuv tsis xav tias cov koob yees duab hauv phau ntawv tuaj yeem dag leej twg, vim tias qhov tsis xis nyob ntawm tus kws yees duab yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov txav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nrawm mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv," Dubanski hais. "Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, cov neeg tsim khoom tau mus rau qhov ntev los tsim qhov kev xav tiag tiag." Koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov no nrog piv txwv ntawm "Scovillbook" lub koob yees duab. Lub teeb yuag thiab compact, nws yog disguised raws li ib lub pob ntawm peb phau ntawv tawv-txheej txheem.

Qhov sib npaug zoo nkauj yog Revolver Photogénique neeg soj xyuas lub koob yees duab los ntawm kev sau los ntawm Swiss Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej, uas tsim nws tus kheej lub teeb pom kev zoo kom ntes tau qhov txav ntawm ib qho khoom, thiab txawm tias tseem yog rab yaj phom!

Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum II, cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw nyob tau zais cov xov tooj cua siv lead ua hauv cov phau ntawv uas tsis xav tau hluav taws xob. Tag nrho cov cuab yeej no tau txais los ntawm cov pej xeem pej xeem; lawv siv tau raug hem nrog kev tua. Phau ntawv txi txiv cawm tau txoj sia.

Cov duab ntawm phau ntawv-cache yog nquag siv hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab xinesmas. Hauv ib qho ntawm James Bond cov yeeb yaj kiab, rab yaj phom tau muab zais rau hauv ib daim qauv ntawm Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb. Tus phab ej ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab "Kev khiav tawm ntawm Alcatraz", "Lub Shawshank Kev txhiv dim", TV series "Kev khiav tawm" zais cov cuab yeej rau kev khiav tawm hauv tsev lojcuj hauv phau Vajlugkub. Hauv Disney's The Three Musketeers, Aramis cawm D'Artagnan nrog rab yaj phom retrieve los ntawm phau Vajlugkub. Hauv Simpsons, phau Vajlugkub dhau los ua qhov zais zais zais rau lub raj mis cawv.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv nyab xeeb feem ntau yog cim txuam nrog cov khoom zais hauv nws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov "Matrix" cia rau lub computer disks yog lub philosophical treatise los ntawm Jean Baudrillard "Simulacra thiab Simulations". Hauv kev ua yeeb yaj kiab National Treasure, nyiaj tau muab zais hauv Thomas Paine phau ntawv Common Sense. Nyob rau hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws thriller The Game, rab phom tau khaws cia hauv ib daim qauv ntawm Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird.