Phau ntawv tshaib plab lossis lub luag haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv hauv WWII

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Muaj ib hnub nyob ntsiag to tab sis tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv annals ntawm Great Patriotic War. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 9, 1943, thaum qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog tseem nyob deb ntawm qhov pom tseeb, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) tau txais kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tsim ib lub xeev phau ntawv nyiaj ntawm 4 lab luam rau kev kho dua tshiab. cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv thaj chaw liberated ntawm USSR.

Ntawm qhov pov tseg ntawm "Kultura" yog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau qhov tseem ceeb uas txuas nrog rau phau ntawv thaum xyoo tsov rog.

Copernicus txoj kev cawm seej

Cov ntawv xov xwm Wartime hu lawv "tus neeg tua neeg ntawm kev coj noj coj ua." Thiab cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej kab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsim kev faib, kev cia siab thiab txawm lub tuam txhab tsev qiv ntawv. Thiab cov neeg uas, nrog lub hnab duffel qab lawv nraub qaum, tau ua lawv txoj hauv kev mus rau thaj chaw deb ntawm sab xub ntiag nrog cov phau ntawv xaj los ntawm cov tub rog, thiab tsis tau pom lawv ciaj sia. Thiab tus neeg muag ntawv nws tus kheej tuaj yeem raug mob lossis tuag. Ces cov lus tu siab mus rau cov txheeb ze: "Nws tuag ib tug tuag ntawm lub siab tawv."

Thiab yuav ua li cas, yog tias tsis yog cov neeg tua rog, koj tuaj yeem sau npe cov neeg uas muaj peev xwm zais cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm lawv cov tsev qiv ntawv los ntawm fascist tub sab tub rog? "Komsomolskaya Pravda" nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1943, nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm sab hnub tuaj Ukraine los ntawm txoj hauj lwm, qhia: "Lub taub hau ntawm lub Kramatorsk lub nroog tsev qiv ntawv, phooj ywg. Fesenko, ua ntej tawm hauv lub nroog, nkaum 150 ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Ib tug neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Kharkov University A. Borsch faus rau hauv lub thawv hlau cov qub albums ntawm Italian architects (tseem muaj xws li cov ntawv luam hauv Louvre), thawj zaug ntawm Copernicus thiab Lomonosov."

Ntau tshaj 100 lab cov ntawv tshaj tawm raug rhuav tshem hauv thaj chaw nyob ntawm USSR. Hauv Kiev ib leeg, txog li 4 lab phau ntawv raug hlawv. Cov ntawv nyeem Soviet tshwj xeeb ntshai cov fascists. Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv lub ntes Starobelsk ntawm lub cheeb tsam Voroshilovgrad (tam sim no lub Luhansk neeg lub koom pheej): Kuv hais kom cov pej xeem ntawm lub nroog tam sim ntawd muab tag nrho cov Bolshevik leaflets thiab, feem ntau, tag nrho cov Bolshevik propaganda cov ntaub ntawv, ces German thiab lwm yam. riam phom.

Leej twg tsis ua raws li qhov kev txiav txim no los ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 1943 yuav raug tua. Dab tsi yog - riam phom hauv qhov chaw thib ob! Cov fascists tsis tau tso dag kiag li.

Nyeem ntawv hauv subway

Tsuas yog ib lub lim tiam tau dhau mus txij li qhov kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stalingrad, thiab kev yeej tseem nyob deb. Txawm li cas los xij, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm All-Union Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks tau txais kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv nyiaj hauv xeev txog li 4 lab phau ntawv. Lub teb chaws tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv thov kom rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv.

Lub luag haujlwm tshaj tawm thiab lub tsev luam ntawv nrhiav txoj hauv kev los nce cov phau ntawv luam tawm. Cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm thov kom cov neeg ua "phau ntawv mobilization". Cov tsev qiv ntawv tau mus rau kev sib tw mus rau cov zos-cov zos nrog lub hnab khoob, rov qab nrog cov khoom tsis muaj nqi. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, ntau tshaj 10 lab tau sau, thiab phau ntawv tshaib plab zuj zus.

Nyob rau hauv lub revisionist 90s, historian Samsonov sau txog cov teeb meem ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj 1941 nyob rau hauv Moscow: "Tsuas muaj 12 tus neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub chav nyeem ntawv." Thiab rau kuv - ntau li 12 tus neeg! Cov uas tsis ntshai, tsis khiav, leej twg ntseeg tias peb yuav tiv thaiv lub peev.

Thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv "Leninka" tau ua haujlwm rau lawv, tau kawm kom kov yeej kev ntshai, ua haujlwm ntawm lub ru tsev hauv qab kev foob pob. Tseeb, twb nyob rau hmo lub Xya hli ntuj 22-23, incendiary foob pob poob rau ntawm lub ru tsev, hem hluav taws. Tab sis lawv tua lawv sai sai thiab ua siab loj, muab pov rau hauv cov thawv xuab zeb. Tom qab ntawd lawv suav - lawv gasped: nws tig tawm tias 70 daim raug tua.

Kev ua tsov ua rog tau pom tias lub ntiaj teb zoo tshaj plaws Moscow metro tau dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb zoo tshaj plaws lub foob pob tawg. Cov niam thiab cov menyuam tau siv hmo ntuj ntawm no txhua lub sijhawm, lawv tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws tau muab cov mis nyuj, cov txwj laus tuaj yeem nyob deb ntawm lub sijhawm hauv paj ntaub thiab kos duab voj voog. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Moscow, ntau tshaj 200 me me Muscovites yug nyob rau hauv lub metro. Rau cov neeg laus, cov flooring tau ua rau ntawm txoj hlua rau hmo ntuj. Cov neeg ua haujlwm khaws cia. Cov tsev qiv ntawv kuj ua haujlwm ntawm no.

"Cov tsev qiv ntawv hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov koom haum tau qhib lawv cov ceg ntawm txhua qhov chaw nres tsheb metro," tshaj tawm Vechernyaya Moskva thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 26, 1941. - Kev nyeem ntawv tas mus li tau tsim. Hauv st. "Okhotny Ryad" yog muab rau yav tsaus ntuj 400-500 phau ntawv ". Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm tau qhib ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb Kurskaya ib qho kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab nthuav qhia rau Patriotic War ntawm 1812; ntawm no koj tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv keeb kwm thiab ntawv xov xwm tshiab.

Hauv thawj hnub ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm peb cov tub rog, "Vecherka" qhia txog kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg nyeem ntawv nyeem. A. S. Pushkin: "Yuav luag txhua tus neeg nug txog cov ntawv sau ntawm Napoleon lossis cov neeg koom nrog cov ntawv teev npe ntawm Denis Davydov.

Cov tub ntxhais hluas tuav hauv cov phau ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm aerodynamics, dav hlau txoj kev xav, lub cav tsim, keeb kwm kev dav hlau, thiab kev tshawb fawb txog artillery. " Kev hwm, los ntawm lub npe thiab tus neeg saib xyuas, cov ntawv xov xwm hu rau cov neeg nyeem nquag tshaj plaws - tus ntaus ntawv Mikhail Ivanovich Yakobson, kws tshaj lij Alexei Dmitrievich Monogov, tus kws ua zaub mov Mikhail Sergeevich Shishkov thiab tus poj niam hauv tsev Polina Mikhailovna Fomicheva, uas "thawj coj phau ntawv los ntawm koob "Rau Beginners", tom qab ntawd hloov pauv. rau cov ntawv nyeem txog kev yug me nyuam (nws tau sau ntawv qhia txog lub ncauj lus no), thiab tam sim no nws nyeem cov ntawv nyeem classic - Pushkin, Tolstoy."

Cov ntawv xov xwm kuj hais txog qhov tseeb qhov tseeb - tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nyeem ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv rau lawv. Lomonosov Moscow State University tau nce los ntawm peb caug tus neeg: "Feem ntau, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev qiv ntawv, rov qab los ntawm chaw nyob, nrhiav ib kab ntawm cov neeg nyeem ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev teev npe."

Nrhiav tus neeg soj xyuas

Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog, lub tsev qiv ntawv dheev los ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv, lub tswv yim thiab txawm tias qhov chaw zais cia. Lub taub hau ntawm Propaganda thiab Agitation Directorate ntawm Central Committee ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) G. Aleksandrov thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub department ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Propaganda thiab Agitation Directorate ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub All-Union. Communist Party (Bolsheviks) T. Zueva nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv mus rau lub secretaries ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) AA Andreev, G. M. Malenkov, UA Shcherbakova, "Rau Tus Txheej Txheem rau Kev Pabcuam Txawv Tebchaws thiab Soviet Cov Neeg Nyeem Ntawv los ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv," lawv tau sau tseg tias Lub Tsev Haujlwm "muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj rau kev siv peb cov tsev qiv ntawv pej xeem los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub txib txawv teb chaws thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm txawv teb chaws rau kev txawj ntse," thiab thov kom txwv. neeg txawv teb chaws nkag mus rau cov nyiaj.

Nws hloov tawm tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Askiv, Asmeskas, Suav, Turkish, Czechoslovak, Polish, Mongolian, Greek thiab lwm yam haujlwm tau khiav tawm mus rau Kuibyshev (tam sim no Samara) zaum hauv chav nyeem ntawv hauv cheeb tsam rau 8-10 teev txhua hnub. Lawv tau qhia "kev txaus siab rau kev sau ntawv xov xwm hauv nruab nrab thiab hauv cheeb tsam, hauv cov ntaub ntawv siv nyiaj txiag ntawm thaj av Volga, hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab kev nkag mus rau Moscow thiab Leningrad …"

Daim tshev qhia tias ib tus nyeem ntawv ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj npe tom qab Lenin, raws li txoj cai hauv cheeb tsam thiab hauv cheeb tsam xov xwm, tuaj yeem tau txais daim duab tiav ntawm kev lag luam thiab lwm yam teeb meem tshwj xeeb uas txaus siab rau nws hauv cheeb tsam lossis cheeb tsam.

Nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub Union koj muaj peev xwm dawb tau txais cov phau ntawv nrog economic thiab lub zos keeb kwm yam ntxwv ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Soviet Union, feem ntau nrog ib tug ua tiav topographic piav qhia ntawm lub cheeb tsam, nrog maps, txoj kev, thiab lwm yam.

Stakhanov phau ntawv ration

Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog xyoo, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "phau ntawv tshaib plab" thiab "phau ntawv ration" tau nkag mus rau lub neej, uas sib npaug ntawm phau ntawv nrog cov khoom nruj me ntsis - qhob cij, ntsev, xab npum. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tus neeg ua haujlwm miner Aleksey Stakhanov, uas tau hloov mus ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Tib Neeg Lub Chaw Haujlwm ntawm Kev Lag Luam Coal, tau nyob hauv Moscow. Hauv tsab ntawv mus rau Stalin, nws yws yws txog txhua hnub tsis yooj yim thiab teeb meem khoom siv.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Central Committee apparatus, uas tau qhia kom soj ntsuam tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv rau Malenkov qhia txog kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv lub neej nyob ntawm tus thawj coj, tab sis kuj taw tes rau: "Los ntawm kev sib tham nrog Stakhanov nws tau paub meej tias. nws nyeem yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi thiab yog kab lis kev cai lagging qab. Peb nug koj, phooj ywg. Malenkov, muab cov lus qhia muab nws ib phau ntawv ration. Yog lawm, nws yuav tsis zaum tam sim ntawd rau cov phau ntawv uas yuav muab rau nws, tab sis nws yuav ua rau nws txaus siab rau lawv."

Xws li kev ntsuas kev kawm tau nthuav dav hauv 30s thiab 40s. "Phau ntawv rations" tau muab tso ua ke rau ntau pawg ntawm cov pejxeem. Cov tsev qiv ntawv tau ua nws. Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Keeb Kwm tau khaws cia ib qho kev sau me me ntawm cov memoirs "Nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv pej xeem hauv cheeb tsam Sverdlovsk thaum lub sij hawm Great Patriotic War ntawm cov neeg Soviet."

Nws hloov tawm tias txawm tias ua ntej qhov kev txiav txim thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho lub teb chaws ntawm kev ua tsov rog, cov tsev qiv ntawv lawv tus kheej tau mus rau cov neeg "nrog kev nyeem nrov" ntawm phau ntawv thiab ntawv xov xwm. Nrog cov phau ntawv hauv tsev los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm clippings ntawm paj huam thiab cov lus tshaj tawm. Peb mus rau cov tsev neeg ntawm cov uas tau mus rau pem hauv ntej, mus rau tsev kho mob, mus rau cov neeg ua haujlwm hostels. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau ntxhov siab rau kev kawm yav tsaus ntuj.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau cia, koj yuav tsis pom kev tsis txaus siab txog kev ua haujlwm hnyav, hais txog cov xwm txheej hnyav ntawm Northern Urals, txog cov nyiaj hli me me thiab muab cov ntawv teev lus ntawm pawg ua haujlwm thib ob. Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo ntawm kev ua tub rog loj heev hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, zoo li cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev qiv ntawv tsis txawm xav txog lawv txoj haujlwm li kev ua yeeb yam.

Kev Kawm Txuj Ci hauv Ukraine

Cov tsev qiv ntawv zoo tib yam tsis paub tias Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Potemkin, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm tsev cia puav pheej thiab tsev qiv ntawv, tau thov mus rau Central Committee peb zaug nrog kev thov kom nce nyiaj hli ntawm lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm, txij li 2nd qeb ntawm 200 rubles "ua li cas. tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sib raug rau tus nqi ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ua hauj lwm thiab cov yuav tsum tau rau librarians ".

Nws thov kom daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev muab cov tsev qiv ntawv raws li cov qauv tsim rau cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab ntawm kev txuas ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv coj mus rau cov tsev noj mov rau tog neeg thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv Soviet. " Tsis muaj lus teb, thiab Potemkin, hauv nws tsab ntawv thib peb (hnub tim 30 Lub Plaub Hlis, 1943), tau nthuav tawm cov npe quaj ntsuag ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv uas tuag los ntawm kev qaug zog. Kuv kuj tau teev cov kev txom nyem los ntawm dystrophy thiab edema. Daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm Tsib Hlis 29, 1943, txuas nrog rau tsab ntawv kua muag ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas, hais tias: “Cov phooj ywg. Mikoyan nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov ntawm Comrade Potemkin tsis kam."

Tsuas yog thaum peb cov tub rog mus txog lub xeev ciam teb ntawm USSR, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev tau txais Kev Txiav Txim Siab "Rau cov nyiaj ua haujlwm tshiab rau cov thawj coj ntawm chav nyeem ntawv, cov koom haum nyob deb nroog …" thiab "Nyob rau kev nce nyiaj ua haujlwm rau cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv pej xeem thiab tsev kawm ntawv…"

Ntawm thaj av uas muaj kev ywj pheej, cov tsev qiv ntawv uas twb muaj lawm tau rov qab los thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv tshiab tau tsim. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them rau qhov txuas ntxiv ua ntej tsov rog thaj tsam sab hnub poob ntawm Ukraine, Belarus thiab lub xeev Baltic, qhov twg ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem tsis hais lus. Phau ntawv keeb kwm ua tim khawv: “Lub Ib Hlis 15, 1945 cheeb tsam Volyn.

Ntawm cov neeg laus, 15 txhiab tus neeg raug qhia nyeem thiab sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam sab hnub poob ntawm Ukraine, kev ua hauj lwm tab tom ua kom tshem tawm kev nyeem ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg. " "Lub Ob Hlis 6, 1945 thaj tsam Western ntawm Ukrainian koom pheej. Rau kev kho kom sai tshaj plaws ntawm lawv lub neej kev coj noj coj ua, txog li 19 txhiab tus kws qhia ntawv sab laug, xa 2 lab phau ntawv, phau ntawv sau, ntawv tseeb. Cov tub ceev xwm tshiab ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tab tom npaj”.

ABC cov phau ntawv, sau txog cov teeb meem, ntawv tseeb, suav nrog cov kws sau ntawv hauv tebchaws, tau luam tawm ntau. Thiab tag nrho cov no yog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thiab nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws hom lus.

… Txhua tus paub hauv Internet, indulging nyob rau hauv ib tug ceev cov lus teb rau tej lo lus nug, yog thawb tawm ntawm peb lub neej lub nyob mus ib txhis qhov chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse - ib phau ntawv, thiab cov heev selfless profession ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv. Tab sis cia peb nco ntsoov tias nws yog phau ntawv uas tsim tus txiv neej Lavxias.

"Cov phau ntawv thaum tsov rog"