TOP-12 discoveries ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev tshawb fawb ntiaj teb paub ntau qhov kev tshawb pom thiab kev tsim kho tshiab uas tau txiav txim siab, thiab lwm yam, kev coj ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho noob neej. Thiab nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias ntau ntawm lawv yog cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias thiab Soviet. LED, hluavtaws roj hmab, tshuaj lom neeg thiab txawm tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuag taus yav dhau los - tag nrho cov kev tshawb pom no yog qhov zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab science.

1. Aluminothermy (1859)

Nikolai Nikolayevich Beketov tej zaum yuav tsis yog lub npe hu ua Mendeleev, tab sis nws tau tso nws lub cim rau hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb. Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm Kharkov University, tus kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog kev sim ua ntej ntawm kev txo cov hlau oxides nrog lwm cov hlau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem, nws lined lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug thiaj li hu ua "tshem tawm series" thiab thawj zaug tau txais kev npaj ntshiab ntawm ob peb alkali hlau.

Hmoov txhuas tau lees paub tias yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws txo cov hlau - kev cuam tshuam nrog nws yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm cov cua kub ntau. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem hu ua alumothermy - ib txoj kev tau txais cov hlau, tsis yog hlau thiab alloys los ntawm kev txo lawv cov oxides nrog hlau txhuas. Kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kws tshuaj ntawm xyoo pua 19th tseem siv niaj hnub no hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov kav dej thiab cov ntsia hlau, nrog rau hauv metallurgy kom tau txais manganese, chromium, thiab lwm yam.

2. Quantum Dots (1981)

Quantum dots yog semiconductor nanocrystals, cov khoom uas nyob ntawm lawv qhov loj thiab cov duab. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom meej meej tswj tsis tau ntawm lawv cov hluav taws xob. Quantum dots, thawj zaug tau los ntawm Soviet physicist Alexei Ivanovich Yekimov nyob rau hauv 1981, yog ib tug cog lus kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv biology, tshuaj, optics, optoelectronics, microelectronics, printing thiab zog.

3. Artificial teeb rau cov nroj tsuag (1866)

Tau ntev, tsis muaj leej twg paub tias cov nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm ntawm photosynthesis nyob rau hauv lub teeb ci. Tsuas yog Lavxias teb sab botanist Andrei Sergeevich Famintsyn ua tiav qhov kev ua pov thawj no, uas tau ua ntau yam kev sim nrog cov teeb pom kev zoo nrog cov roj teeb.

Yog li ntawd, nws tau pom tseeb tias algae txuas ntxiv mus rau photosynthesize yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Tab sis Flamycin tsis tau tso tseg - nws txuas ntxiv kawm txog cov nyhuv ntawm luv-yoj (liab-daj) thiab ntev-yoj (xiav-violet) hluav taws xob, yog li tso lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov teeb pom kev zoo rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov qoob loo.

4. Hnub ci roj teeb (1888)

Ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev, tsis zoo li lub ntiaj teb kev kawm, paub me ntsis txog Honored xib fwb ntawm lub Imperial Moscow University, Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov. Thiab tsis muaj dab tsi: tom qab tag nrho, nws yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws qhov kev sim uas tau los ua lub hauv paus rau txoj haujlwm theoretical tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li Einstein, uas thaum kawg tau txais Nobel nqi zog rau lawv. Peb tab tom tham txog Stoletov cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm sab nraud photoeffect - lub thiaj li hu ua "knocking" electrons los ntawm cov khoom los ntawm hluav taws xob flux.

Nws yog Stoletov uas tsim cov kev cai lij choj ntawm cov txheej txheem no, thiab kuj tau sib sau ua ke thiab sim ib lub photocell uas siv lub teeb los tsim hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv kev ncaj ncees, nws yuav tsum tau qhia meej tias qhov kev paub no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua kev tsim thawj lub hnub ci roj teeb hauv ib daim ntawv paub, tab sis hnub no nws yog cov photocells uas ua haujlwm raws li cov txiaj ntsig photoelectric nrhiav pom thiab piav qhia los ntawm Alexander Stoletov uas tau siv nyob rau hauv. ntsuab zog.

5. Stem cells (1909)

Kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb loj tau mus txog cov hlwb no rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, tab sis nws yog tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias - tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Alexander Alexandrovich Maksimov - uas tau tso lub hauv paus rau lawv. Nws yog nws leej twg yog thawj zaug taug qab cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm hematopoiesis, uas yog, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav tsim.

Piav txog xws li ib tug complex mechanism, nws kuj pom tau hais tias ntau hom ntawm cov ntshav yog tsim los ntawm tib "poj koob yawm txwv", uas zoo li lymphocytes. Nws hu cov hlwb qia hlwb (Stammzellen). Technically, Maksimov tsis tau muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, thiab, ntxiv rau, lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub rau lo lus no, tab sis nws yog tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias uas tau qhia nws rau hauv kev hais lus tshawb fawb.

6. Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob cholera (1892) thiab kab mob plague (1897)

Technically, qhov kev tshawb pom no tsis tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, tab sis nws tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg Yudais uas yug hauv Odessa thiab tau sim nrhiav nws qhov chaw nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb hauv cov chaw qhib hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, hmoov tsis, qhov no tsis tshwm sim rau Vladimir Aronovich Khavkin, thiab yog li ntawd nws tau tsiv mus rau Switzerland thiab tuaj rau nws lub tebchaws tsuas yog ib ntus. Nws nyob ntawd, hauv nroog Lausanne, uas nws tau tsim thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob cholera los ntawm kev npaj cov kab mob tsis muaj zog. Ntxiv mus, nws tau ua pov thawj nws cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sim nws ntawm nws tus kheej.

Tom qab ntawd, tus kws paub txog txuj ci tau pib koom tes nrog tsoomfwv Askiv, thiab lawv tau pab nws qhib lub chaw soj nstuam rau kev tsim thiab kuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv Mumbai, Is Nrias teb - hnub no nws yog qhov chaw loj bacteriological. Nyob rau tib qhov chaw, nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm Is Nrias teb, Khavkin pib kawm lwm yam kab mob txaus ntshai, tus kab mob plague, thiab tom qab ob peb lub hlis, nws tswj tau ib tug tshuaj los ntawm qhov scourge, uas tau ua phem rau tib neeg ntau pua xyoo.

7 hluavtaws roj hmab (1910)

Niaj hnub no, cov roj hmab hluavtaws tau siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab nws qhov kev cuam tshuam tsis txo qis txawm tias ib puas xyoo tom qab nws nrhiav pom. Tab sis tom kawg peb tshuav rau tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev. Nws yog nws leej twg, nyob rau hauv 1910, tau ua thawj cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm polybutadiene, thiab tom qab ntawd, twb nyob rau hauv 1928, kuj tau piav qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis los tsim butadiene nws tus kheej los ntawm cov cawv ntau. Ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev, los ntawm xyoo 1940, USSR tau dhau los ua tus tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv roj hmab hauv ntiaj teb: raws li Novate.ru, ntau tshaj 50 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom no tau tsim hauv ib xyoos.

8. Childhood autism (1925)

Kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev tsis tau poob qab hauv cov teeb meem ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws. Yog li. Yog hais tias autism muaj npe tom qab tus thawj piav qhia, ces nws yuav hu ua li ntawd - "Sukhareva's syndrome." Grunya Efimovna Sukhareva tau npaj cov tsev kho mob neuropsychiatric rau Moscow cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas txij thaum xyoo 1920s.

Nyob ntawd nws pheej ntsib teeb meem ntawm qhov hu ua "schizoid psychopathy". Hauv chav kawm ntawm nws txoj kev kawm, nws tau piav qhia tias nws yog "autistic", yog li tsom mus rau qhov kev xav ntawm pathological kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib txuas lus los ntawm cov neeg uas muaj hom kev puas siab puas ntsws no.

Kev txwv lub ntsej muag, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo, nyiam automatism - cov cim stereotypical Sukhareva tau teev tseg ntev ua ntej tshaj tawm ntawm lwm tus kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm tib yam, Hans Asperger. Raws li kev ntseeg nrov, xyoo 1926, Sukhareva cov haujlwm tau luam tawm ua lus German, thiab qhov no yog li cas tus kws kho mob hlwb German tau paub txog cov lus xaus ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb.

Nthuav qhov tseeb:Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws tau qhia tias yog vim li cas tsis muaj kev siv rau Sukhareva txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv Asperger cov hauj lwm. Qhov tseeb yog tias tom kawg tau nyob thiab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Thib Peb Reich, thiab yog li ntawd, raws li "txoj kev xav ntawm haiv neeg", hais txog tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet yuav tsawg kawg tsis ntseeg.

9. Tonometer (1905)

Ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo, tsis muaj ib txoj kev ntsuas ntshav siab tau raug pom dua li ntawm lub suab ntawm cov mem tes, uas txawv thaum lub siab siv rau cov hlab ntsha hauv qhov kev txwv. Tab sis tsawg tus neeg paub tias nws tau piav qhia los ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkov hauv Izvestia ntawm Imperial Military Medical Academy rov qab rau xyoo 1905. Amazingly, tus kws tshawb fawb lub tswv yim tau nqis los rau niaj hnub no xyaum tsis hloov.

10. LED (1927)

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ntseeg, tab sis thawj semiconductor LED yog tsim los ntawm ib tug yooj yim Soviet pej xeem, uas, ntxiv mus, tsis txawm muaj ib tug formal kev kawm ntawv qib siab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau tiv thaiv tus kws tshaj lij xov tooj cua Oleg Vladimirovich Losev los ntawm kev ua tiav kev koom tes nrog cov chaw soj nstuam ntawm Nizhny Novgorod thiab Leningrad, thiab txawm tshaj tawm ntau lub kaum os cov ntawv tshawb fawb hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws.

Rov qab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-ntaus xyoo pua xeem, Losev pom tias thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev ntawm ib tug tam sim no los ntawm ib tug carborundum ntes, lub teeb tshwm. Qhov no tau hais nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm Telegraphy thiab Xov tooj tsis muaj xov tooj. Nyob rau hauv 1927 nws tau txais ib tug patent (No. 14672) rau lub thiaj li hu ua "light relay", uas, nyob rau hauv essence, yog thawj semiconductor lub teeb-emitting diode. Thaum kawg ntawm 1941, Losev twb tau sau ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv uas, raws li ib co qhov chaw, nws piav txog ib tug semiconductor transistor. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, cov ntawv nyeem tsis tau muaj sia nyob, thiab Losev nws tus kheej tuag tsawg dua ib xyoos tom qab nyob rau hauv lub nroog Leningrad.

11. Stealth technology (1962)

Soviet physicist thiab lej Pyotr Yakovlevich Ufimtsev tau paub thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, vim nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm xam lub diffraction ntawm electromagnetic yoj los ntawm kev ua lub cev, nyob rau hauv uas muaj kinks. Qhov tseeb, nws tau tsim cov kev sib npaug rau kev xam qhov chaw tawg ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob rau cov dav hlau ntawm ntau yam duab.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov sixties Ufimtsev tsim lub ntug yoj txoj kev. Kuj ceeb tias, yog tias nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb hauv Soviet lub ntiaj teb qhov kev tshawb pom no tau raug kho mob hnyav heev, ces lub koom haum Asmeskas Lockheed pom qhov kev cia siab tiag tiag hauv qhov no. Cov algorithms muab los ntawm Ufimtsev tau siv thaum lub sij hawm tsim lub npe nrov F-117 Nighthawk, thawj lub dav hlau tsim siv stealth technology. Lub nevmdimka liner tau tawm hauv xyoo 1981.

12. Chemosynthesis (1887-1888)

Lub ntiaj teb tau paub txog qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm photosynthesis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob lom rau lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis cov txheej txheem no tsis muaj nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, lwm cov txheej txheem feem ntau ua haujlwm nyob rau ntawd - chemosynthesis. Qhov no yog dab tsi Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb-botanist Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradsky hu nws.

Chemosynthesis yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov microbes kom tau txais lub zog los ntawm oxidation ntawm cov khoom yooj yim inorganic: hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hlau (II) oxide, thiab sulfites. Cov kab mob thiab archaea muaj peev xwm ntawm cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nkag tsis tau rau lwm yam kab mob, tsis muaj oxygen - cov av sib sib zog nqus, thiab txawm tias hu ua "cov neeg haus luam yeeb dub" nyob hauv qab ntawm lub ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv.