Los ntawm cov phau ntawv keeb kwm dab tsi Pushkin tau kos nws txoj kev paub?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tsis muaj leej twg nug cov txuj ci ntawm A. S. Pushkin, tsis yog nws lub txiaj ntsim ntawm cov yaj saub embodied nyob rau hauv paj huam thiab prose. Tom qab tag nrho, peb pom yuav ua li cas, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv "Lub Tale ntawm lub Golden Cockerel" tus kws sau paj lug sim muab peb lub tswv yim ntawm lub ancient keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Thiab dab tsi yog qhov piv txwv ntawm tus miv kawm taug kev "ntawm ib txoj hlua hauv lub voj voog" …

Txawm li cas los xij, cov chav kawm keeb kwm uas Pushkin kawm ntawm lyceum yog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm, tsim, raws li peb yuav pom hauv qab no, nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm nruj heev ntawm Romanovs. Qhov twg tus kws sau ntawv tau raug yuam kom ua raws. Txawm hais tias, pom tseeb, Pushkin txoj kev paub hauv keeb kwm tsis tshua muaj kev txwv rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov chav kawm.

Los ntawm txoj kev, ib tug ntawm cov cim ntawm lub official keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub notorious Germans, yog undoubtedly Karamzin. Nws tseem yuav hais hauv qab no.

Cov phau ntawv twg A. S. Pushkin?

Raws li ntau tus paub, tus kws qhia keeb kwm ntawm lyceum qhov twg Pushkin kawm los ntawm 1811 txog 1817 yog Ivan Kuzmich Kaidanov.

Yog li leej twg yog tus kws qhia keeb kwm no?

Kaidanov tuaj ntawm cov txiv plig thiab kawm, ntawm chav kawm, ntawm Kiev Theological Academy [Nyob zoo A. V. Pyzhikov! - Kwv yees. ss69100.], as well as the Pedagogical Institute. Txij li thaum 1808, nws txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm ntawm txawv teb chaws universities, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philosophy ntawm lub University of Göttingen, tom qab uas nws tau nce mus rau lub master's degree.

Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Göttingen thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, thiab, kuv xav tias, yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Freemasonry. Nws yog nyob rau ntawd Kaidanov nyob rau hauv 1810 los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Petersburg lodge "Peter rau qhov tseeb". Tom qab rov qab los rau xyoo 1811, nws tau raug xaiv tsa tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum thiab qhia keeb kwm rau AS Pushkin. Dab tsi yog qhov nthuav: Lyceum tau qhib rau tib lub xyoo.

Kaidanov yog tus sau phau ntawv keeb kwm, raws li lawv tau kawm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias. Thiab ib txhia ntawm lawv txawm raug txhais ua lwm yam lus: German, Fabkis, Polish.

Yog li vim li cas tib neeg thiaj kawm txog Ancient Russia los ntawm Karamzin, dab tsi ntawm keeb kwm tau Kaidanov qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm lyceum ntawm Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum?

Thiab ib tug sequel los ntawm lwm tus sau.

Cov lus nug zoo li no tshwm sim thaum koj nyeem tias "Pushkin hu ua Karamzin Columbus, uas qhib Ancient Russia rau nws cov neeg nyeem ib yam li cov neeg taug kev nto moo qhib Asmeskas rau cov neeg European." (Tau los ntawm Yu. M. Lotman, "Karamzin" - St., Art. 1997, p. 56.).

Los yog cov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo li no: "Txog xyoo pua 19th, Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg yuav luag tsis muaj lub tswv yim "qhov twg lub tebchaws Lavxias tuaj." Nikolai Karamzin, tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub imperial, yog thawj tus teb lo lus nug no. cov pej xeem, thiab cov keeb kwm thiab hloov cov lus dab neeg rau hauv kev nyeem ntawv zoo nkauj. " ("AN Sakharov" Nikolay Karamzin. Columbus ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ")

Dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem? Vim li cas tsis muaj leej twg paub dab tsi txog Ancient Rus ua ntej tshaj tawm thawj phau ntawv "Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab State" los ntawm N. Karamzin? THAUM LUB SIJ HAWM nws paub cov neeg nyeem nrog keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Russia.

Qhov no yog raws nraim li cas nws yuav tsum tau, raws li lub version ntawm lub yeej ntawm St. Petersburg tshaj Muscovy raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tsov rog ntawm 1812. Lawv tseem tsis tau paub tias Muscovy muaj dab tsi hauv cov ntawv sau tseg thiab cov ntaub ntawv.

Tab sis tom qab xyoo 1812, kev ntxuav loj ntawm thaj chaw uas tau kov yeej ntawm Muscovy tau pib, suav nrog kev txeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Cov phooj ywg los ntawm lub voj voog ntawm suav Rumyantsev tab tom scouring thoob plaws Muscovy hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntawv sau: "Stroev's detours, ua ke nrog K. F. Kalaydovich, cov tsev teev ntuj nyob ze Moscow nrhiav cov ntawv sau qub (1817-1820) kev tshawb fawb nrog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb." Raws li yog "Tshawb nrhiav hauv lub tsev teev ntuj archives ntseeg Stroyev ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm zais los ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab tuaj yeem ploj mus yooj yim los ntawm kev tsis paub ntawm cov neeg khaws khoom."

Zoo, yog, yog tias koj ntseeg tias kev sib tham, cov ntaub ntawv tau khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus rau 300-700 xyoo, thiab tom qab ntawd mam li nco dheev tus neeg txais txiaj ntsig tau tshwm sim, txiav txim siab los cawm … Hauv 1823 nws txhawb lub tswv yim ntawm qhov xav tau los nruab ib qho chaw archaeographic. ntoj ke mus kawm thiab kos cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev sau, piav qhia thiab tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau qub qub …Cia peb nco ntsoov tias Pavel Mikhailovich Stroyev yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov keeb kwm tshiab ntawm Romanov-Oldenburgskys.

Thiab tseem, vim li cas Pushkin thiab lwm tus tsis paub dab tsi txog Ancient Russia, vim hais tias raws li cov nom version (saib "Keeb kwm ntawm cov phau ntawv keeb kwm"), cov Synopsis tau republished ob peb zaug txij li thaum 1674, thiab txij li thaum 1760 ib tug yooj yim retelling raug liam tias luam tawm nyob rau hauv parallel. "Synopsis" MV Lomonosov nyob rau hauv lub npe "Ib nyuag Lavxias teb sab Chronicler"? Nws hloov tawm tias Pushkin thiab lwm tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb no yog cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis zoo? Tsis muaj. Tsuas yog cov lus dab neeg hais txog cov phau ntawv qub qub no yog lus dag thiab dag rau cov pej xeem hwm.

Ib qho kev hais txog Romanovs hauv keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Rus thiab Muscovy ua ntej 1812 yog ib qho kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev forgery ntawm ib daim ntawv, thiab ntawm no zaj dab neeg yog coj mus rau lub thib peb tsar ntawm Romanov dynasty: "Synopsis los yog ib tug luv luv piav qhia ntawm no. Ntau yam chroniclers txog thaum pib ntawm cov neeg Slavic, hais txog thawj Kiev princes, thiab hais txog lub neej Dawb Huv Noble thiab Grand Duke Vladimir ntawm tag nrho cov Russia, thawj autocrat thiab txog nws cov qub txeeg qub teg, txawm mus rau pious Tsar thiab Grand Duke Fyodor Alekseevich lub Autocrat. ntawm Tag Nrho Russia rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov neeg nyiam keeb kwm."

Yog li ntawd, txhua yam ntawm "Synopsis", raug liam tias luam tawm los ntawm 1674 txog 1836, nrog rau nws qhov kev iab liam rov qab los ntawm M. V. Lomonosov "Ib tug luv luv Lavxias teb sab chronicler" raug xa mus rau lub pob tawb ntawm falsifications:

1760 Lomonosov Ib tug luv luv Lavxias teb sab chronicle. (saib los ze zog saib thiab nyeem "The Short Russian Chronicler" los ntawm M. Lomonosov ntawm RSL lub vev xaib)

Nws raug nquahu kom sib piv cov luam ntawv zoo nrog cov qauv los ntawm cov sijhawm teev sijhawm, cov ntawv nyiaj ntawm 25 rubles hauv 1769 thiab 1778 thiab 10 rubles hauv 1812:

1769 5 rubles 1778 banknote 25 rubles 1812 banknote 10 rubles

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev luam ntawv zoo tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias ua ntej ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812 Romanovs tsis muaj lub sijhawm los nrhiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm Muscovy, uas tsuas yog ua tiav los ntawm Stroyev txoj kev ntoj ke mus rau xyoo 1817-1820, tom qab ntawd cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg tau ua tiav. thiab tsim lawv tus kheej keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv uas lub Romanovs twb tam sim no thiab glued mus rau keeb kwm Rurikovich.

Yog li ntawd, tsis yog Pushkin, los yog lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub secular zej zog, uas, raws li lub official version ntawm "Synopsis" los yog "Lavxias teb sab Chronicler", yuav tsum tau ntev dhau los kawm "qhov twg lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab tuaj," yog kiag li tsis quav ntsej txog. rau kev tshwm sim ntawm Karamzin.

Tom qab tag nrho, tag nrho cov lus piav qhia thiab cov ntawv sau keeb kwm tau luam tawm raws li ib phau ntawv qhia ntawm Romanov pawg thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam tom qab 1812. Thiab nws tsis yog ib qho xwm txheej uas qhov kev sib tw rau kev tsim cov phau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau tshaj tawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1831, thaum cov ntawv sau ntawm Muscovy tau raug txheeb xyuas, phau ntawv tau ua tiav. Tab sis qhov tsis nco qab "Synopsis" tau luam tawm txog xyoo 1836. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1839, phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Ustryalov thaum kawg tau pom zoo, uas Emperor Nicholas-1 kav tus kheej. Qhov no yog li cas ib zaj dab neeg tau tsim, uas tau muab luam tawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub no.

Tus nyeem ntawv tej zaum yuav muaj ib lo lus nug ntuj: leej twg luam tag nrho cov fakes, uas yuav tsum tau siv ntau yam sib txawv fonts?

Ntawm no yog cov neeg sib tw tshaj plaws: ib ceg ntawm British Bible Society, tsim nyob rau hauv 1813 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab nyob rau hauv 1814 renamed lub Lavxias teb sab Bible Society (nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau niaj hnub no, qhov zoo sib xws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub npe). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhais phau Vajlugkub rau cov lus ntawm ntau haiv neeg (qhov ntawd yog qhov ntau ntawm fonts rau); tag nrho cov ntawv luam tawm tsis pub tsawg tshaj li ib nrab lab luam, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hauv phau npaiv npaum ntawm lawv cov dej num hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tseem tsis tau pom.

Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog phau Vajlugkub thaum kawg tau muab txhais ua lus Lavxias tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Yog li ntawd lawv ua dab tsi tiag tiag nyob ntawd?

Qhov kawg, 12th ntim ntawm "Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab State" los ntawm N. M. Karamzin tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1829, tom qab nws tuag, thiab coj mus rau Boris Godunov thiab lub sij hawm ntawm teeb meem. Romanovs tseem tsis tau tshwm sim.

Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsis yog ib qho exaggeration los xaus hais tias lub regional pawg thawj coj ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Romanovs raws li cov successors ntawm lub Rurikovichs tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1816 - 1831.