Leej twg yog cov Sarmatians thiab lawv tuaj qhov twg

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ammianus Marcellinus, uas nyob hauv lub xyoo pua IV, tau sau txog cov neeg Sarmatians: "Lawv xav txog tus uas tso siab rau tus ntsuj plig hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua kom zoo siab." Leej twg yog cov tub rog uas tsis txaus ntseeg no?

Great Steppe - lub teb chaws thiab tus nais maum ntawm Sarmatians

Cov haiv neeg-kev coj noj coj ua hauv zej zog ntawm Sarmatians yog nyob rau hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm lawv cov "cov npoj yaig" nto moo - cov Scythians, Goths thiab Huns, txawm hais tias lawv keeb kwm thiab kev ua tsis muaj tsawg, thiab qee zaum tseem ceeb dua. Poles thiab Russians raug suav hais tias yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Sarmatians, thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv tau sau tias "lawv nyiam kev txaus ntshai thiab kev ua tsov ua rog." Yog li yuav ua li cas cov neeg tuaj tshiab los ntawm Ural steppes tswj tsis tau tsuas yog tawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze, tab sis kuj txaus ntshai txawm cov Loos lawv tus kheej?

Cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Sarmatian thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev vam meej ntawm lawv lub hwj chim stretched los ntawm Central Asia mus rau lub Balkans, thiab ib co ntawm lawv txawm xaus nyob rau hauv Gaul, Spain thiab txawm Britain - ib ncig ntawm infinitely deb ntawm lawv cov pog koob yawg koob lub tsev. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias Sarmatian-Alans lawv tus kheej tsis yog tib neeg, tab sis tsim los ntawm ntau haiv neeg, koom ua ke los ntawm cov lus tshwj xeeb, kab lis kev cai ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab khoom siv thiab hom kev tswj hwm.

Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Sarmatians yog cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas tsis muaj hnub nyoog: "Lawv nyob mus ib txhis hauv ib lub yeej rog, thauj khoom thiab kev nplua nuj nyob qhov twg lawv cov pastures zoo tshaj plaws nyiam lossis raug yuam los ntawm kev thim rov qab lossis caum cov yeeb ncuab," sau ib tus kws sau keeb kwm Roman xyoo pua 1st. Tus nees ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm Sarmatians, zoo li ntau lwm haiv neeg, uas tau txiav txim siab ua ntej lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog hauv tub rog lub koom haum ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv steppe, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tau txawv los ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb.

Cov Sarmatians thaum ntxov los yog Sauromats ua ib lub zej zog tsim rov qab rau xyoo pua 7 BC. e., Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm ntawm lawv txoj kev nce hauv lub hwj chim belongs rau lub sijhawm ntawm Alexander lub Great - qhov kawg ntawm lub 4th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 3 BC. e. thiab txuas nrog, ntawm ib sab, nrog rau qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm Great Migration of Nations, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, nrog rau lub sijhawm poob ntawm Great Scythia. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj cai txawv teb chaws thiab kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev lag luam, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau txoj hmoo ntawm Scythians, tau qhib txoj hauv kev rau Sarmatians rau sab hnub poob, tso cai rau lawv nyob hauv thaj chaw loj ntawm Danube mus rau Urals. Cov Scythians raug kaw hauv Crimea, thiab cov Sarmatians tau los ua tus tswv ntawm Great Steppe.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pab pawg tshiab hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub tau tam sim ntawd xav tsis yog los ntawm Scythians, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov pab pawg Balkan thiab cov thawj coj ntawm Hellenistic. Cov neeg nyob hauv steppe tau ua kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua hla Danube thiab mus rau Caucasus, cuam tshuam cov ciam teb tsis yog ntawm Thrace thiab Bosporus, tab sis txawm ntawm Pontic lub nceeg vaj nws tus kheej. Yog li Mithridates VI Eupator raug yuam kom ua tib zoo saib xyuas "Sarmatian qhov teeb meem" thaum tshem tawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov nomads thiab ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam thiab nrhiav lawv rau nws sab. Nws yog raws li mercenaries thiab cov phooj ywg ntawm tus kav Pontic uas cov Sarmatians thawj zaug ntsib lub formidable Roman legions.

Kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg: los ntawm Urals mus rau Balkans

Nrog rau tag nrho cov no, nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees lawm kom pom cov Sarmatians ua ib hom kev nom kev tswv monolith. Alans, Roxolans, Aors, Urugs, Iazygs thiab lwm pab pawg tau tawm tsam ntawm lawv tus kheej rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws pastures thiab nomads, rau kev tswj hwm kev lag luam thiab dej, rau lub hwj chim thiab dominance nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no Sarmatian. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm kev txaus ntshai ua tub rog thiab kev npaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov nomads tau tswj hwm los txhim kho thiab ua kom tiav cov nuances ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kev ua tub rog ntawm cov neeg steppe thiab dhau los ua kev puas tsuaj tiag tiag rau cov neeg Loos ntawm Danube.

"Tsis muaj leej twg phem dua thiab tsis muaj zog tshaj lawv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ko taw, tab sis tsis tshua muaj ib pab tub rog muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm lawv cov nees hordes" - ncaj ncees, txawm hais tias qee qhov arrogantly sau Tacitus. Thiab yog tias nyob rau xyoo pua 1 A. D. e. Raws li cov yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb ntawm Rome nyob rau hauv Balkans yog Dacians, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej lawv qhov chaw raug coj los ntawm cov Sarmatians, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Yazygs thiab Alans.

Nws yog qhov xav paub tias thaum xub thawj Roman cov tub ceev xwm pom cov Sarmatians yog ib hom kev tiv thaiv lossis tsis tiv thaiv cov Dacians, tso cai rau Yazygs thiab Roxolans nyob rau nruab nrab thiab qis dua Danube. Tab sis twb nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 1 A. D. e. cov Sarmatians tau ua tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm Moesia thiab Pannonia, feem ntau ua raws li cov phooj ywg thiab cov pab cuam ntawm Dacians.

Nyob rau hauv 89, lawv tau tswj kom yeej ib tug tag nrho legion, yog li ntawd Emperor Domitian txawm yuav tsum tau ua kev sib haum xeeb nrog cov Dacians thiab rallied nrog lub zog los tua cov unbelted Sarmatians. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Trajan, cov Loos mus txog, tej zaum, lub ncov ntawm lawv lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub Danube, thiaj li hais tias ntau Sarmatian pab pawg neeg uas tau koom nyob rau hauv lub raids thiab raids nyob rau hauv Pannonia thiab Moesia raug yuam kom tso tseg robberies, ntawm qhov mob ntawm kev tuag, paub txog. lub patronage ntawm huab tais thiab txawm muab lawv contingents rau nws pab tub rog….

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Adrianople: kev daws teeb meem ntawm "Sarmatian lo lus nug"

Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Trajan, Danube Limes sai sai tau txais kev tawm tsam tshiab, uas tau mus txog qhov ntsuas uas Emperor Hadrian yuav tsum tau ua ntej ua tsov rog ntshav nrog cov Sarmatians, thiab tom qab ntawd pom zoo rau kev them nyiaj ntawm cov khoom plig, kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. ntawm Sarmatian nobility. Cov Alans, uas hloov cov Yazygs thiab Roxolans, tau dhau los ua yeeb ncuab hnyav dua thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm Rome.

Marcomanian kev tsov kev rog rau cov neeg niaj hnub zoo li tsis muaj qhov hnyav dua li Thib Ob Punic lossis Yugurtinsky Tsov Rog. Qhov tshwm sim nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Tebchaws Europe ntawm Germanic pab pawg neeg ntawm Lombards, Vandals thiab Goths yuam cov Sarmatians los tawm tsam Roman thaj av ib zaug ntxiv. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub lig 170s nws muaj peev xwm daws tau qhov teeb meem thiab txawm recapture ib tug nqaim strip ntawm av los ntawm cov Sarmatians nyob rau hauv lub opposite bank ntawm lub Danube. Txij no mus, nomads raug txwv tsis pub nyob ze dua 76 stades (13.5 km) mus rau tus dej faib Roman thiab barbarian thaj chaw.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm lub xyoo pua 3rd coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias Danube Limes tau tso tseg, thiab Iazygs, Roxolans thiab Alans tau txeeb lub tebchaws Pannonian thiab Dacian nrog kev txaus siab tsis tu ncua. Tsuas yog Diocletian, Galerius thiab lawv cov neeg ua tiav Constantine lub Great tau tswj kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntxhov siab rau cov neeg siab phem nyob rau ib ntus, txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas cov npe ib txwm muaj thiab cov npe ploj ntawm Roman cov peev txheej, muab txoj hauv kev rau cov thawj coj arkaragant thiab cov qhev tsawg.

Qhov no, raws li qee tus kws tshaj lij, tsuas yog kev xav txog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev kov yeej ntawm Yazygs los ntawm Roxolans, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem muaj kev nkag mus ntawm Gothic hordes thiab raug yuam kom xaiv qhov kev xaiv tshiab. tus neeg saib xyuas. Nyob rau hauv 334, 300,000 Sarmatians tau txais los ntawm Emperor Constantine nyob rau hauv nws tutelage li federates thiab nyob thoob plaws lub Danube Limes thiab txawm nyob rau hauv ltalis.

Qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau qhia meej txog qhov poob ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg Loos thiab ua yeeb yam nrog lawv yav tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv 374, cov Sarmatians tau tswj kom yeej ob Roman legions (nws yog zoo dua los tso cov lus nug ntawm lub relativity ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm legion nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no ib sab) thiab tsuas yog tus kheej kev cuam tshuam ntawm yav tom ntej huab tais Theodosius ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus nres lub predatory raids..

Tab sis lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Sarmatian cavalry ntaus plaub xyoos tom qab. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev sib tw ntawm 378, Alans, uas tuaj ntawm sab hnub tuaj nyob rau hauv lub vanguard ntawm lub Hunnic hordes, tsoo los ntawm lub Danube, qhov chaw uas lawv koom nrog pab tub rog ntawm lub Ostrogoths thiab koom nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Adrianople. Nws yog qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawd ntawm qhov kev txiav txim kaw ntawm Alano-Gothic cavalry uas txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab txoj hmoo ntawm tag nrho ecumene. Thiab cov Sarmatian pab pawg tau maj mus nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman xws li invaders los yog federated cov phooj ywg. Yog li dab tsi ua rau cov Sarmatians ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv lub tshuab ua tub rog tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm? Yuav tsum tau txuas ntxiv.