Keeb kwm ntawm Por-Bazhyn fortress nyob rau hauv phau ntawv kos duab ntawm Siberia
Keeb kwm ntawm Por-Bazhyn fortress nyob rau hauv phau ntawv kos duab ntawm Siberia

Video: Keeb kwm ntawm Por-Bazhyn fortress nyob rau hauv phau ntawv kos duab ntawm Siberia

Video: Keeb kwm ntawm Por-Bazhyn fortress nyob rau hauv phau ntawv kos duab ntawm Siberia
Video: Vim li cas tus vaj ntxwv hauj sam thiaj muaj hnub nyoog 80 xyoo xwb 31/10/2020 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Tuva, nyob ze ciam teb ntawm Mongolia, ntawm qhov siab ntawm 1300 meters, Lake Tere-Khol yog nkaum nyob rau hauv lub roob. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, Semyon Remezov, tus naas ej compiler ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Siberia, nrhiav tau lub ruins ntawm ib tug monumental fortress ntawm ib tug kob nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm lub pas dej, uas nws sau nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv: "Lub nroog pob zeb yog qub, ob phab ntsa. tsis zoo, ob tug tau raug rhuav tshem, tab sis peb tsis paub lub nroog.”… Cov neeg hauv zos hu lub fortress ntawm cov kob "Por-Bazhyn", uas nyob rau hauv txhais los ntawm cov lus Tuvan txhais tau tias "lub tsev av nplaum".

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Thawj qhov hais txog Por-Bazhyn yog nyob rau hauv "Daim duab phau ntawv ntawm Siberia, sau los ntawm Tobolsk boyar tub Semyon Remezov nyob rau hauv 1701" (tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv 1882). Nyob rau hauv 1891, qhov kev sib hais haum tau soj ntsuam los ntawm Lavxias teb sab ethnologist thiab archaeologist D. A. Klemenz, uas tau tshem tawm nws txoj kev npaj thiab thawj zaug tau mloog zoo rau qhov zoo ib yam ntawm cov ruins ntawm lub nroog Karabalgasun ntawm Orkhon River hauv Mongolia. Nws tau sau tias cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm Por-Bazhyn yog "tsis yog Mongols lossis Suav thiab tsis yog Khidans lossis Dzhurdzheni, feem ntau yuav yog tib neeg lossis cov neeg zoo li cov neeg tsim ntawm Karakorum thaum ub."

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Rau lub sijhawm ntev heev, Por-Bazhyn tsis nyiam cov neeg tshawb nrhiav vim nws nkag tsis tau. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum archaeologists tau xa mus rau nws thiab txawm hais tias qhov kev sib hais haum yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Uyghur Kaganate (744-840).

Nyob rau hauv 1957, lub Soviet archaeologist S. I. Vainshtein pib excavations ntawm kev sib hais haum thiab txuas ntxiv nrog rau lub Tuva ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Ethnology ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR. Kev sib tham thiab kev paub txog ntawm lub fortress yog raws li typological zoo sib xws ntawm cov ciaj sia kawg ornamented discs ntawm cov pobzeb.

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Raws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, qhov seem ntawm lub fortress Por-Bazhyn tau rhuav tshem cov phab ntsa txheej txheem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim duab plaub uas muaj cov phab ntsa oriented raws cov ntsiab lus cardinal. Qhov siab ntawm phab ntsa hauv qee qhov chaw mus txog 10 meters. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov phab ntsa sab hnub tuaj, cov seem ntawm lub rooj vag nrog zoo-fortified perverse yees tau khaws cia. Nyob rau hauv lub fortress, archaeologists kuj pom ib tug kab nyob rau hauv lub tsev thiab cov kev pab cuam lub tsev, nyob rau hauv lub site ntawm uas fragments ntawm ceramic thiab pob zeb lauj kaub tais diav, hlau rau tes thiab lwm yam artifacts tau pom nyob rau hauv 1957 thiab 1963. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm lub fortress, ob earthen toj siab mus txog 2 meters siab tau pom, nyob rau hauv uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm ob lub tsev.

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Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub fortress Por-Bazhyn tseem tsis meej. Thaum pib, lub tswv yim tau hais tias qhov kev sib haum xeeb tuaj yeem yog lub tsev teev ntuj, tab sis tsis ntev cov kws tshawb fawb tau tso tseg. Yog hais tias peb cia siab rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Bayan-Chor inscription, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub hnub ntawm kev tsim kho fortress twb txiav txim siab, peb muaj peev xwm hais tias lub fortress tau ua raws li lub caij ntuj sov chaw nyob ntawm Uighur kagan. Nov yog li cas Bayan-chor qhia txog nws txoj kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Chik pawg neeg:

Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 750 kuv mus ua rog tawm tsam cov Mev. Lub hli thib ob, hnub tim 14, nyob ze [tus dej] uas kuv tau tsoo lawv. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, kuv hais kom tsim lub Kasar Kordan lub hauv paus chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Upper nce mus txog ntawm lub Tez [dej] (nyob rau sab hnub poob txoj kab nqes ntawm Otyuken). Kuv yuam kom txhim tsa cov phab ntsa nyob ntawd thiab siv lub caij ntuj sov nyob ntawd. Nyob ntawd kuv teem ciam teb [ntawm kuv lub npe]. Nyob ntawd kuv thiaj txib kom sau kuv tej paib thiab kuv tej ntawv.

Lavxias teb sab Turkologist S. G. Klyashtorny, uas tau qhia meej cov kab no, ntseeg tias Kasar Kordan (hauv Terkhin inscription - Kasar Korug) yog thaj chaw sab hnub poob thiab lub hauv paus hauv paus ntawm Eletmish Bilge Kagan. Nws txheeb xyuas Kasar Kordan nrog Por-Bazhyn fortress.

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Ntau cov lus dab neeg Tuvan yog txuam nrog cov ruins ntawm Por-Bazhyn. Ib tug ntawm lawv qhia txog ib tug khan uas muaj pob ntseg loj, uas nws tau txais lub npe Elchigen-kulak-khan - Donkey pob ntseg. Tus Khan tau zais nws lub pob ntseg ntawm lwm tus thiab tua ib tus neeg uas pom lawv. Tsuas yog ib tus kws txiav plaub hau tau pom lawv thiab qhia txhua tus neeg txog nws. Raws li lwm cov lus dab neeg, lub fortress tau tsim los ntawm ib tug khan nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm Yenisei, qhov twg tseem tsis muaj pas dej. Lub pas dej tau tsim los ntawm cov dej ntws los ntawm lub qhov dej ua hauv lub fortress. Tus Khan, khiav tawm ntawm cov dej uas dej nyab ib puag ncig ntawm lub fortress, saib ntawm lub hav, exclaimed nyob rau hauv surprise nyob rau hauv Mongolian: "Teri-nur bolchi!" (Nws dhau los ua pas dej!)

Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyiam los ntawm cov lus dab neeg hais tias Por-Bazhyn yog lub palace ua los ntawm Uyghur kagan rau Suav ntxhais huab tais. Uyghur Eletmish Bilge Kagan tau sib yuav Suav ntxhais huab tais Ningo ua tsaug rau kev pab tub rog muab rau lawv los ntawm Tang dynasty hauv kev tawm tsam An Lushan uprising (755-762). Nws paub los ntawm qhov chaw uas Ntxhais fuabtais Ningo tau mus rau Uyghur lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm hauv lub Cuaj Hli 758, tab sis rau lub hlis tom qab Uyghur kagan tuag. Cov ntawv keeb kwm Tang qhia li cas cov Uighurs xav faus tus ntxhais huabtais nrog lawv tus txiv tuag, tab sis, ntsib kev tsis txaus siab, lawv tau tso nws tseg. Ob peb hlis tom qab tus kagan tuag, tus ntxhais huabtais rov qab mus rau Tuam Tshoj.

Tus ntxhais huabtais Tang tau nrog rau Uyghur lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm los ntawm lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev huab tais - Xiao Ningguo (Younger Ningguo), tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug ntawm Suav princes. Xiao Ningguo tseem nrog cov Uighurs thiab tau ua tiav tus poj niam ntawm Bayanchor thiab nws tus tub Begyu Kagan (759-779). Thaum lub sij hawm lub palace coup nyob rau hauv 779, nws ob tug tub, yug los ntawm lub Begyu Kagan, raug tua, thiab Xiao Ningguo nws tus kheej tso tseg thiab nyob sab nraum (lub peev). Yog hais tias qhov kev xav yog qhov tseeb tias lub palace ntawm Por-Bazhyn tau tsim nyob rau hauv 750-751, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim rau Suav ntxhais huabtais, uas tuaj txog ntawm Uyghur lub tsev hauv paus ntau xyoo tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm Por-Bazhyn - nyob rau hauv 758 thiab nyob nrog. cov Uyghurs tsuas muaj ib xyoos xwb.

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Tau kawg, palaces thiab nroog rau cov ntxhais huabtais tau tsim los ntawm Uyghurs. Ntawm cov nroog Uyghur hauv Suav qhov chaw, piv txwv li, "lub nroog ntawm tus ntxhais huab tais" hu ua "Gongzhu cheng". Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau nyob ntau rau sab qab teb ntawm Kagan lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm. Yog li, cov lus dab neeg hais tias Uyghur palace ntawm Por-Bazhyn tau tsim rau Suav ntxhais huabtais tsis muaj lub hauv paus. Qhov kawg, txawm li cas los xij, tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm uas cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv Suav tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev tsim kho.

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Tau ntev, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem nkag siab tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tsim kom muaj cov qauv loj heev hauv thaj chaw uas yuav luag muaj suab puam thiab los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub fortress tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej nyob ntawd. Cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim no tsis ntseeg txog cov qauv uas lub fortress siv los ua tus saib xyuas ntawm Txoj Kev Silk Txoj Kev Loj Loj los ntawm Tuam Tshoj mus rau Tebchaws Europe, txij li cov ceg ntoo qaum teb ntawm Txoj Kev Silk Road hla txog ib txhiab kilometers sab qab teb ntawm qhov chaw uas lub fortress sawv. Tsis tas li ntawd tsis muaj cov tub rog hauv paus, cov nyiaj tso nyiaj kub lossis cov khoom noj khoom haus nyob ze ntawm lub fortress.

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Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab ntev npaum li cas cov neeg tsim vaj tsev qub tau tswj hwm los tsim ib lub fortress ntawm ib kob nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub pas dej. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau muab xa mus li cas, qhov chaw ua haujlwm cib nyob qhov twg, pua pua tus neeg tsim khoom tuaj yeem haum rau hauv ib daim av me? Lub 1957-1963 ntoj ke mus kawm kuj tsis tuaj yeem tsim qhov laj thawj vim li cas tib neeg thiaj li tawm ntawm Por-Bazhyn.

Thiab tsuas yog cov kev tshawb fawb dav dav ntawm 2007-2008, ua raws li kev txhawb nqa ntawm Lavxias Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kub Ntxhov, tuaj yeem nthuav tawm me ntsis zais cia ntawm qhov chaw no. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov tsos ntawm lub nroog qub tau rov qab ua tiav, ntau yam khoom tau pom pom tias "Uyghur kab", thiab nws tau pom tias yog vim li cas Por-Bazhyn raug rhuav tshem.

Yog li, Por-Bazhyn yog dab tsi? Lub ruins ntawm lub fortress nyob yuav luag tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov kob thiab sawv cev rau ib tug tsis tu ncua duab plaub, taw qhia rau cov ntsiab lus cardinal, ntsuas 211 los ntawm 158 meters. Qhov siab ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa, txawm nyob rau hauv ib tug dilapidated lub xeev, mus txog 10 meters. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, ib lub rooj vag uas muaj cov pej thuam perverse tau khaws cia; cov seem ntawm qhov chaw nkag mus ua rau cov yees.

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Nyob rau hauv lub fortress phab ntsa muaj tag nrho labyrinth ntawm cov tsev thiab cov qauv. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb phab ntsa muaj 26 qhov chaw, sib cais los ntawm adobe phab ntsa txog li ib thiab ib nrab meters siab. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv, ib chav ntsuas 7 x 8 meters tau tsim los ntawm cov cib nyoos - pom tau hais tias, cov tub qhe ntawm lub palace, cov kws txawj thiab cov neeg saib xyuas ntawm lub fortress nyob hauv lawv. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, ob lub palace tau pom, tej zaum ib tug ntawm lawv yog lub tuam tsev.

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Ob lub "palaces" tau nyob rau ntawm ib lub toj uas ua los ntawm rammed lub ntiaj teb thiab av nplaum. Thaj, lawv tau txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm txoj kev taug kev 6-meter. Thawj lub tsev ntsuas 23 txog 23 meters, thiab qhov thib ob 15 los ntawm 15. Lawv lub ru tsev tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kab ntoo. Nws ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub chav loj muaj 36 ntawm lawv, thiab nyob rau hauv lub me me - tsuas yog 8. Lub ru tsev tau them nrog cylindrical vuas. Lub thickness ntawm cov phab ntsa nyob rau hauv lub palaces, thaj, yog ntau tshaj li ib 'meter', uas yog tsis xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias lub caij ntuj no nyob rau hauv Kungurtug yog heev hnyav, thiab qhov kub ntawm -45 ° C yog cov qauv ntawm no. Qhov tuab ntawm av nplaum thiab cib no tau them nrog ornamental frescoes hauv cov xim txiv kab ntxwv thiab xim liab.

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Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, archaeologists tau xav tsis thoob los ntawm cov txheej txheem nyias nyias ntawm kev sib hais haum. Hauv qee qhov chaw, cov pob txha ntawm cov rams tau pom (qhov no tsis lees paub cov qauv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos tias Por-Bazhyn yog ib lub tsev teev ntuj, txij li cov hauj sam tsis noj nqaij), ntau tus poj niam cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov kws ntaus hlau - yog txhua yam uas cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog no poob. nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos ntawm lub neej ntawm lub fortress. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsuas yog ib qho kev faus neeg pom nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Por-Bazhyn, thiab tsis muaj leej twg nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub fortress.

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Tag nrho cov no qhia tias Por-Bazhyn, feem ntau yuav, yog lub caij ntuj sov chaw nyob ntawm Uighur kagans los yog loj dignitaries. Thaj, tsis muaj leej twg nyob mus tas li nyob rau hauv lub fortress no, tib neeg tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub caij sov xwb. Thiab nws zoo siab heev rau Uighur aristocrats tau so ntawm Kungurtug - huab cua huv roob, muaj tsiaj qus ntau nyob ib puag ncig, muaj ntses ntau hauv lub pas dej, thiab kho hydrogen sulfide springs nyob rau tsib feeb tsav los ntawm lub fortress. Puas yog tsis yog lawv lub xub ntiag uas ua rau Kagan txiav txim siab los tsim "sanatorium" hauv qhov chaw no?

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Peb tswj xyuas seb vim li cas lub fortress mam li nco dheev tshwm sim ntawm cov kob. Ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib pab pawg ntawm geomorphologists thiab cov kws tshawb fawb hauv av los ntawm Moscow State University. Lomonosov thiab lub koom haum ntawm Geography ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences tau tswj kom tsim tau hais tias thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm hav zoov, Lake Tere-Khol ploj yuav luag tag nrho ob peb zaug. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias av qeeg, uas yav dhau los feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, los ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau lub sij hawm mus rau lub disappearance ntawm underground springs pub lub reservoir. Thaj, nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawm "kua dej" ntawm Tere-Khol, lub fortress tau tsim.

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Qhov no kuj yog pov thawj los ntawm cov kab ntawm txoj kev nrhiav pom los ntawm geologists, nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub reservoir. Tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tsim txoj kev hauv qab dej, uas txhais tau hais tias thaum nws tau pw tsis muaj pas dej. Tom qab ntawd, thaum av qeeg tom ntej, cov dej ntws tau "qhib" dua thiab lub pas dej Tere-Khol tau ntim nrog dej.

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Av qeeg nws thiaj li rhuav tshem lub fortress nws tus kheej. Cov kws tshawb fawb av ntawm cov kob tau pom cov cim ntawm cov yam ntxwv hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov av txheej, uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev vibrations ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom. Raws li cov hnub, cov kev hloov pauv no ua ke nrog lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov cim ntawm lub fortress hluav taws pom ua ntej los ntawm archaeologists. Tab sis qhov seem ntawm cov neeg tuag los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim no tsis pom. Qhov no tsis lees paub qhov ua ntej ntawm kev tuag ntawm lub fortress raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog lossis thaum muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos.

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Qhov tseeb tiag, feem ntau yuav muaj av qeeg rhuav tshem lub fortress thaum lub caij ntuj no lossis caij nplooj zeeg, thaum tsis muaj leej twg nyob hauv nws. Thaj, tau tuaj txog ntawm lub "sanatorium" tom ntej no lub caij ntuj sov thiab pom ib pawg ntawm ruins nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw, lub kagan tsis xav kom restore lub tsev, vim nws xav tias qhov chaw no txaus ntshai rau so.

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Txawm hais tias, raws li cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos, cov kagan thiab nws cov tub rog tseem qee zaum rov qab mus rau qhov chaw no. Raws li lawv, nyob rau hmo tsaus ntuj ntawm cov kob, ntawm cov ruins, koj tuaj yeem pom ghosts ntawm horseback, nrog riam phom thiab khaub ncaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th. Nws yog qhov ua tau heev uas cov so hauv Por-Bazhyn yog li nrov nrog Uyghur nobility uas ntau tus neeg sawv cev, txawm tias tom qab tuag, txuas ntxiv mus xyuas no zoo kawg nkaus "so tsev".

Pom zoo: