Nrov myths xwb hais txog cov yam ntxwv thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub Slavs

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov Slavs yog cov haiv neeg loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Europe, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom sib cav txog keeb kwm ntawm Slavs thiab lawv keeb kwm thaum ntxov. Peb yuav hais li cas txog tib neeg ntiaj teb xwb. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev tsis ncaj ncees txog cov Slavs tsis yog qhov txawv.

Qhov kaj siab tshaj plaws

Ib qho ntawm cov kev xav tsis zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov kev xav tias Slavs yog ib lub zej zog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm haiv neeg. Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau refute nws. Nws yog txaus los saib ntawm thaj tsam ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm Slavs. Cov Slavs yog cov haiv neeg haiv neeg loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Kev kov yeej ntawm thaj chaw hauv keeb kwm tsis tshua tau ua los ntawm kev thaj yeeb kev cai lij choj. Lawv yuav tsum tau tawm tsam rau thaj av tshiab, thiab cov Slavs thoob plaws hauv lawv cov keeb kwm tau pom muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 1st AD, cov Slavs yuav luag tag nrho cov qub European xeev ntawm Eastern Roman faj tim teb chaws thiab tsim lawv ywj siab xeev rau lawv. Ib txhia tseem muaj nyob niaj hnub no.

Qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Slavs yog qhov tseeb tias cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Ottoman Empire, Janissaries, tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov ntseeg uas nyob hauv tebchaws Greece, Albania thiab Hungary. Raws li txoj cai tshwj xeeb, Janissaries tseem tuaj yeem coj cov menyuam yaus los ntawm tsev neeg Muslim hauv Bosnia, tab sis, qhov tseem ceeb, tsuas yog Slavs xwb.

Tag nrho cov Slavs yog cov plaub hau ncaj thiab ncaj-tawv tawv

Nws kuj yog ib qho kev xav tias cov Slavs yog cov plaub hau ncaj ncees, xiav-eyed thiab ncaj-tawv tawv. Qhov kev xav no yog pom ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev purity ntawm Slavic ntshav.

Qhov tseeb, ntawm South Slavs, cov plaub hau tsaus nti thiab qhov muag xim, pigmentation ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog qhov tshwm sim thoob plaws.

Qee haiv neeg, xws li, piv txwv li, Pomaks, tsis zoo ib yam li hauv phau ntawv "Slavs", txawm hais tias lawv yog cov neeg Caucasians, thiab hais lus Slavic, uas khaws cia hauv phau ntawv txhais lus, suav nrog cov laus Slavonic lexemes.

Slavs thiab qhev yog cov lus cognate

Txog rau tam sim no, ntawm Western historians muaj kev xav tias lo lus "Slavs" thiab lo lus " qhev" (qhev) muaj lub hauv paus tib yam. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias qhov kev xav no tsis yog tshiab; nws tau nrov nyob rau sab hnub poob kom deb li deb rov qab mus rau 18th-19th centuries.

Qhov kev xav no yog los ntawm lub tswv yim tias Slavs, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg European coob tshaj plaws, feem ntau yog cov khoom lag luam qhev.

Niaj hnub no qhov kev xav no tau lees paub tias yog yuam kev, Lus Askiv " qhev", German "Sklave", Italian "schiavo" ntawm ib sab, thiab Lavxias teb sab "Slavs", Polish "słowianie", Croatian "slaveni", Kashubian "słowiónie" ntawm lwm yam tsis muaj kev sib txuas hauv txhua txoj kev.

Kev tshawb fawb lus qhia tau hais tias lo lus " qhev" hauv Middle Greek los ntawm cov lus Greek thaum ub σκυλεύειν (skyleuein) - lub ntsiab lus "kom tau txais kev ua tsov ua rog, mus plunder", 1 tus neeg zoo li σκυλεύω (hauv Latin txhais lus skyleúō), lwm variant σκυλάω (skyláō).

Cov Slavs tsis muaj lus sau ua ntej Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic

Lub tswv yim hais tias cov Slavs tsis muaj lus sau ua ntej lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau sib cav txog niaj hnub no. Keeb kwm Lev Prozorov hais txog ib feem ntawm kev pom zoo nrog Byzantium tus Yaj Saub Oleg ua pov thawj ntawm lub neej ntawm kev sau ntawv. Nws cuam tshuam txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tuag ntawm tus tub lag luam Lavxias hauv Constantinople: yog tias tus tub lag luam tuag, tus neeg yuav tsum "koom nrog nws cov cuab yeej raws li nws tau sau hauv nws lub siab nyiam."

Lub xub ntiag ntawm kev sau ntawv yog qhia ncaj qha los ntawm archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Muaj cov ntawv sau-rods, uas cov ntawv sau tau siv rau av nplaum, plaster lossis ntoo.

Cov cuab yeej sau ntawv no muaj nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th. Tib qhov kev pom tau pom hauv Smolensk, Genzdovo thiab lwm qhov chaw.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais kom paub tseeb tias hom ntawv no yog dab tsi. Qee cov kws sau keeb kwm sau txog kev sau cov lus, hais txog kev sau ntawv nrog "cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom siv", kuj tseem muaj cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Slavic runic sau. Tus kws sau keeb kwm German Konrad Schurzfleisch, hauv nws cov lus tshaj tawm hauv xyoo 1670, tau sau txog cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Germanic Slavs, qhov chaw uas cov menyuam tau qhia runes. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, nws hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic runic, zoo ib yam li Danish runes ntawm 13th-16th centuries.

Slavs - cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Scythians

Alexander Blok sau tias: "Yog lawm, peb yog Scythians!" Txog rau tam sim no, ib tus tuaj yeem pom qhov kev xav tias Scythians yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Slavs, txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau qhov tsis meej pem hauv keeb kwm nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm Scythians. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm Byzantine, cov Slavs, Alans, Khazars, thiab Pechenegs tuaj yeem raug hu ua Scythians.

Nyob rau hauv lub "Tale ntawm Bygone Xyoo" muaj cov lus hais txog qhov tseeb tias Greeks hu ua cov neeg ntawm Russia "Scythia": "Oleg mus rau Greeks, tawm hauv Igor hauv Kiev; Nws coj Varangians, thiab Slavs, thiab Chudi, thiab Krivichi, thiab Meru, thiab Drevlyans, thiab Radimichs, thiab Polyans, thiab Northerners, thiab Vyatichi, thiab Croats, thiab Dulebs, thiab Tivertsy, hu ua Tolmachi - tag nrho cov. ntawm lawv tau hu ua Greeks "Great Scythia".

Tab sis hais tias me me. Muaj ntau ntau "ifs" nyob rau hauv lub hypothesis ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov Slavs los ntawm cov Scythians.

Txog rau tam sim no, Vistula-Dnieper kev xav txog cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Slavs tau lees paub tias yog qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Nws tau lees paub los ntawm ob qho tib si lexical parallels thiab archaeological excavations.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv lexical, nws tau tsim los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Slavs nyob deb ntawm lub hiav txwv, nyob rau hauv ib tug hav zoov tiaj tiaj cheeb tsam nrog swamps thiab pas dej, nyob rau hauv cov dej ntws mus rau hauv lub Baltic Hiav txwv.

Archaeology kuj txhawb qhov kev xav no. Qhov txuas qis dua hauv cov saw hlau qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Slavs tau suav tias yog qhov hu ua "kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov nees faus neeg," uas tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm kev cai ntawm kev npog qhov seem nrog lub nkoj loj. Hauv Polish "flare" txhais tau tias "upside down". Nws rov qab mus rau 5th-2nd centuries BC.

Cov Scythians twb muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm no thiab tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem keeb kwm. Tom qab qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Goths nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 3rd, lawv feem ntau yuav mus rau thaj tsam roob ntawm Caucasus. Ntawm cov lus niaj hnub no, cov lus Ossetian yog qhov ze tshaj plaws rau Scythian.