Cov phau ntawv qub qub yog cuav! Pov thawj thiab kev ncaj ncees

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub peev xwm ntawm kev kawm txuj ci los npog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm tsuas yog amazing. Txawm koj khawb qhov twg kev dag nyob txhua qhov chaw … Tib yam tshwm sim nrog keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov phau ntawv.

Raws li lub official version, thaum xub thawj cov phau ntawv zoo li av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj. Tom qab ntawd cov ntawv papyrus tau siv. Txawm li cas los xij, papyrus tsis loj hlob nyob txhua qhov chaw, thiab maj mam papyrus scrolls tau hloov los ntawm parchment (zoo tawv).

Allegedly, daim ntawv niaj hnub ntawm phau ntawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient Rome - "Code" (los ntawm Latin txhais tau hais tias tsob ntoo pob tw, cav, thaiv). Nws tseem muaj nyob rau 1,5 txhiab xyoo, nrog rau cov ntawv teev lus. Tag nrho cov no tau sau los ntawm tes, ua ntej lub ntsej muag ntawm Gutenberg lub tshuab luam ntawv hauv xyoo pua 15th. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, daim ntawv tau dhau los ua ntau dua. Zoo, tom qab kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam luam ntawv, cov ntawv teev lus thaum kawg tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm yav dhau los, thiab cov phau ntawv tau txais daim ntawv paub.

Thiab dab tsi yog qhov ntes ntawm no?

Qhov ntes hauv ua tiav tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo … Tag nrho cov saum toj no tsis sib haum nrog lub neej tiag tiag, nrog tib neeg lub peev xwm thiab kev xav tau, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nrog kev siv tshuab. Thiab tam sim no peb yuav pom nws.

Qhov twg yog qhov yooj yim dua - scroll lossis phau ntawv?

Niaj hnub no, yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus ntseeg hais tias niaj hnub daim ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv yog yooj yim dua ib tug scroll. Thiab qhov no yog ib tug loj misconception. Peb tsuas yog siv rau qhov nws zoo nkaus li. Yog tias koj saib qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm, koj tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim tias cov ntawv yuav siv qhov chaw tsawg dua, tiv thaiv cov ntawv kom ntseeg tau ntau dua, thiab ntau pua lub sij hawm thev naus laus zis ntau dua li phau ntawv hais txog kev tsim cov hauv paus thiab sau cov ntawv sau. Txawm niaj hnub no, tiag tiag stitching thiab cropping ib phau ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev yog ib qho nyuaj.

Nws yooj yim dua nrog scrolls … Papyrus tau woven los ntawm strips ntawm reed fibers nrog ib tug ribbon ntawm txhua qhov ntev. Lub parchment, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tuaj yeem ntev heev, tab sis nws tau zoo sewn rau hauv cov ntawv. Peb cov "hlub" torus yog ib qho piv txwv zoo.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv mos mos ib txwm gravitate rau yob cia thiab tsheb thauj mus los.

Txawm hais tias koj noj cov parchment heev, ces nyob rau hauv lub xeev dawb nws kuj maj mam dov mus rau hauv ib tug scroll. Qhov no yog ntuj tsim rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, vim hais tias nws muaj cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg uas shrinks nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev nrog kev hloov nyob rau hauv av noo thiab kub. Tias yog vim li cas cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv qub parchment tau khi rau hauv ib qho ntoo loj heev (li no cov lus Latin txhais lus "Code" - ntoo). Yuav tsum tau fasteners ntawm lub thav duab, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho rau kev zoo nkauj, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xauv cov ntawv nyeem los ntawm uninitiated.

Tsuas yog, yog tias koj tsis kho cov nplooj ntawv parchment hauv lub xeev nias, lawv yuav pib curl. Ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv kev khi ntawm phau ntawv, lub parchment tsis raug tso cai coj nws daim ntawv ntuj (lawv tsis kam), uas ua rau cov tsub zuj zuj ntawm kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv cov khoom.

Qhov no tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas nws yuav tsum tau zam ua rau kev puas tsuaj sai sai.

Tab sis kev yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev khaws cia tsis yog qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa mus rau ib phau ntawv. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov ntawv scroll hauv cov kwj mus tas li. Phau ntawv muab nws rau hauv daim, splits rau hauv fragments sib npaug rau nplooj ntawv loj. Nrog txhua qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm ib nplooj ntawv mus rau lwm qhov, kev thauj khoom ntxiv ntawm lub sijhawm luv luv tshwm sim, nrog rau khaws cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no. Qhov no yog kev ntxhov siab.

Tom qab tag nrho, txij li thaum me nyuam yaus, peb yuav tsum tau ua nrog tsuas yog cov ntawv hauv phau ntawv, thiab peb tsis pom nws. Tab sis rov qab rau xyoo pua 18th, kev tawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov teeb meem loj rau cov neeg nyeem. Tom qab ntawd nws tau txiav txim siab luam lo lus kawg ntawm nplooj ntawv dhau los ntawm qhov pib ntawm qhov txuas ntxiv, los pab tus nyeem ntawv kom tsis txhob poob hauv kev xav.

Yog vim li cas scrolls poob tsis siv

Kuv xav tias nws yog qhov tseeb heev tias cov ntawv teev lus yog qhov zoo tshaj rau cov ntawv hauv txhua txoj kev. Yog li vim li cas tib neeg thiaj li tso siab rau cov ntawv yooj yim hauv kev pom zoo ntawm cov phau ntawv txawv txawv? Ib coherent official Tsis teb.

Tsuas yog falsifiers ntawm keeb kwm (tom qab no - neeg ntxeev siab) tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv lub siab thiab outlook. Keeb kwm tau sau dua tshiab thaum cov phau ntawv twb dhau los lawm, thiab qhov no kuj yog ib hom kev paub txog kev cuam tshuam. Zoo, lawv tsis xav tias thev naus laus zis ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm muaj nws cov kev txwv.

Yuav ua li cas nthuav Gutenberg nyob rau hauv nws xovxwm replicate scrolls? Xav txog koj tus kheej: Gutenberg lub tshuab luam ntawv yog lub xovxwm ntsia hlau.

Cov xovxwm muaj kev txwv ntawm lub zog ntawm lub siab thiab qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Koj tsis tuaj yeem tso cov ntawv yob rau hauv qhov ntawd thiab tau txais cov ntawv nyeem raws nws qhov ntev tag nrho hauv ib qho kev luam.

Lub tshuab luam ntawv tso cai rau koj los nruab ib lub cliche nrog cov ntawv nyeem thiab luam tawm ntau lub kaum ob zoo tib yam luam tawm hauv kab. Tom qab ntawd lub cliché hloov pauv thiab nplooj ntawv tom ntej tau luam tawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, parchment lossis ntawv yog muab tso rau ntawm tib qhov chaw txhua zaus. Nws yog raws li nruj me ntsis ntawm cov npoo, txwv tsis pub txhua yam yuav raug luam tawm crookedly. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum muaj cov nplooj ntawv sib xws, sib xws rau lub zog ntawm cov xovxwm. Ntxiv mus, tam sim ntawd tom qab luam ntawv, daim ntawv yuav tsum mus kom qhuav.

Yuav ua li cas nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, piv txwv li, tsib caug kaum-meter scrolls, uas txhua zaus yuav tsum raug thawb rau hauv cheeb tsam xovxwm thiab stacked nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, muaj kev tswj kom tsis txhob smudge yav dhau los fragments ntawm lub foob?

Nws yog qhov tseeb heev tias cov ntawv tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua ntawm Gutenberg cov cuab yeej luam ntawv. Lawv tsuas yog sau tes … Zoo, txij li thaum cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm tau pheej yig dua thiab siv tau ntau dua li cov ntawv sau, ces cov ntawv sau poob tawm ntawm kev siv. Yog lawm, cov ntawv sau ua ke yog nws zoo duatab sis cov ntawv luam tawm - pheej yig dua … Thiab tsis yog peb pom tib yam niaj hnub no, thaum pheej yig Suav cov khoom siv dej nyab lub khw …

Leej twg tsim phau ntawv thiab vim li cas?

Txhua yam zoo li yog qhov tseeb thiab muaj laj thawj. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov kev lom zem pib. Ib zaug phau ntawv tsis muaj qhov zoo ua ntej lub scroll, cov perverters yuav tsum tau tsim ib co laj thawj rau nws zoo li. Rau kev siv dav dav, cov qauv hauv qab no tau npaj tseg: Cov papyrus tau raug liam tias siv rau kev sau ntawv nkaus xwb ntawm ib sab, thiab cov nplooj ntawv ntawm parchment tau denser ntawm ob sab. Yog li ntawd, lub parchment pib muab tais nyob rau hauv ib nrab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib phau ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd nws loj hlob mus rau hauv ib tug tag nrho-fledged binding.

Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, dag … Tsis tau muaj ib qho laj thawj zoo li kev siv papyrus ib sab thiab nws tsis tsim nyog rau cov ntawv. Nov yog qhov lawv sau txog papyrus:.

Ntawd yog, lawv siv nws dawb hauv ntau qhov sib txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab, papyrus kuj tau ua tiav hauv kev lag luam phau ntawv:

Hauv kuv tus kheej kev nkag siab, ob qho tib si papyrus thiab parchment feem ntau yeej ib txwm muaj Tib lub sijhawm … Nws tsuas yog tias papyrus yog cov khoom pheej yig dua thiab tsis tshua muaj zog rau kev sau ntawv txhua hnub, thiab parchment tau siv rau kev ua haujlwm zoo dua. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis suav nrog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm papyrus, nrog rau cov phau ntawv parchment rau ib zaug sau ntawv.

Lawv hais tias Tchaikovsky, thaum kev tshoov siab tuaj rau nws, sau suab paj nruag txawm nyob rau hauv lub rooj napkins. Tsuas yog pawg, tsom siv teeb meem, tab sis qhov ntawd tsuas yog hais txog nws. tsis muaj leej twg hais … Qhov muaj cov khoom siv rau thaj chaw sib txawv kuj cuam tshuam. Kev sib txuas ua lag luam tau ua kom muaj kev xa tawm ntawm papyrus mus rau Tebchaws Europe, tab sis kev tsis txaus ib ntus tuaj yeem tshwm sim.

Qhov ntawd yog lub laj thawj vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm phau ntawv hom - qhov muag plooj thiab tsis tuaj yeem siv tau.

Tom qab ntawd, leej twg thiab vim li cas, qhov tseeb, tuaj yeem tsim phau ntawv hauv nws daim ntawv niaj hnub? Tsis yog tus uas tsim cov tshuab luam ntawv nws tus kheej? Thiab yog hais tias lub yeeb koob ntawm lub invention ntawm lub printing xovxwm yog credit Gutenberg, ces qhov no yog tib tus neeg uas nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev hloov kho cov ntawv sau cov duab plaub rau ntau dua lossis tsawg dua yooj yim nyeem thiab khaws cov ntawv ntev. Nws tsuas yog tias nws lub tsheb tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev, txawm tias nws xav tau tiag tiag.

Txhawm rau muab nws cov khoom tsim nyog rau cov neeg siv khoom, Gutenberg tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev xaws cov ntawv rau hauv ib phau ntawv. Zoo, koj twb to taub yuav ua li cas lub hardcover tuaj txog.

Yog tias thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv tsis tuaj yeem tuaj nrog kev sib raug zoo, ces nws cov khoom tsuas yog nyob rau ib nplooj ntawv Papal indulgences, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, nws pib. Yog li nws hloov tawm tias Gutenberg thawj zaug tsim thev naus laus zis PRINTSthiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd kev sau ntawv (printing thiab khi).

Yog tias lwm tus tsis ntseeg qhov no, kuv yuav muab piv txwv niaj hnub no. Txhua leej txhua tus paub tias cov txiv neej siv chais plaub hau ncaj. Ib txhia txawm tam sim no xav tias nws yog ib qho tshwj xeeb chic. Tseeb, muaj ntau yam zoo rau qhov no. Yam tsawg kawg tias rab chais no nyob mus ib txhis, nws tsis tas yuav rov yuav dua txhua lub lim tiam.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug taw tes, thev naus laus zis tau tsim rau pheej yig huab hwm coj ntawm cov ntse ntse, nyias hlau daim hlau. Thiab lawv yuav tsis tau shaved nrog tej yam no yog hais tias ib tug yooj yim razor hniav tshuab tsis tau invented. Ntawd yog, cov saw hlau zoo li no: cov cuab yeej ntse tshiab - cov hniav pheej yig pov tseg - rab chais kev nyab xeeb. Technology dictates cov duab ntawm cov khoom, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv.

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi? Tej zaum cov kws ua haujlwm tawv tawv tau ntau pua xyoo dhau los, thaum lub caij ntuj no ntev, cov chais ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab cov txiv neej siab tawv thiab cov neeg mob tau sim shov txhua yam ntawm cov khoom ntse hauv qhov ntawd, qee qhov riam hauv chav ua noj, thiab qee qhov ntawm yawg tus checker, thiab khawb. lawv lub ntsej muag nrog lawv?

Thiab tag nrho cov no txuas ntxiv mus txog rau thaum tus thawj coj zoo tau tso txhua tus neeg los ntawm kev tsim txom los ntawm kev tsim ib daim ntawv pov tseg? Qhov no puas yog? Tsis zoo li.

Los yog lwm yam fantasy … Xav txog tias tus thawj coj Ryazan milkmaid Agafya thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th dheev, tsis muaj laj thawj, mam li nco dheev xav nchuav cov mis nyuj rau hauv cov thawv cais, raug muab tso rau hauv litres, nrog rau qhov muaj peev xwm khaws cia ntev.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau tsim nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim lub thawv rau nws cov khoom kom yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los, tsis txhob nchuav thiab haum kom nruj raws li qhov ua tau nyob rau hauv qhov ntim ntawm cov thawv square zoo tib yam, uas nws tau xeeb los muab tso rau hauv ib lub thawv. lub laub thaum thauj cov mis nyuj mus rau bazaar. Thawj thawj zaug, nws txiav txim siab muag mis nyuj nrog rau lub thawv, ua rau nws pov tseg. Cov av nplaum, tau kawg, tsis tau raws li cov kev xav tau siab.

Txhawm rau kom paub nws lub tswv yim, cov neeg lag luam Agafya yuav nyias cov duab los qhia hauv lub nroog, txiav nws raws li cov qauv, welded rau muab tshuaj txhuam thiab muab cov thawv zoo sib xws. Tom qab ntawd nws rhaub cov quav ciab thiab npog lub thawv nrog nws los ntawm sab hauv, ua rau nws tsis muaj dej.

Nyob rau theem kawg, Agafya ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib tw qhov zoo ntawm nws qhov kev tsim los ntawm kev pleev xim rau txhua lub thawv hauv qab Khokhloma. Tom qab ib tug nruj me ntsis metered pouring mis nyuj, lub caj dab ntawm lub thawv yog folded thiab sov so nrog ib tug hlau tshuab los ntawm coals mus kaw qhov sib koom tes nrog wax.

Yog li ntawd, tus niam txiv Agafya tau tsim lub tetrapak thiab siv tau zoo, thawb nws cov neeg sib tw los ntawm ntau npaum li 2 lub txee. Tom qab ntawd qhov kev tsim kho tau nthuav dav, thiab thaum tsaus ntuj lub caij ntuj no, nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm lub teeb, cov mis nyuj tseem txiav, nplaum thiab pleev xim rau lub thawv. Lawv qhov kev tsim txom tau ntev mus txog xyoo 1946, thaum tus kws ua haujlwm Swedish (thawj tus neeg ua mis nyuj) Harry Erund tau tsim lub tshuab ntim khoom.

Qhov no yog, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj tseeb.… Nws yog tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuab ntim tshuab uas tsim cov duab ntawm lub thawv thiab cov duab los qhia tshwj xeeb.

Tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm ib phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv (hardcover nrog cov xauv, ib daim ntawv clipped ntawm cov nplooj ntawv, cov nplooj ntawv suav thiab cov ntsiab lus) tsis tsawg dua ntawm lub hub mis thiab tetrapak.

Txawm li cas los xij, peb nrog koj tawv ncauj peb ntseeg qhov tsis muaj tseeb, uas peb tau hais txog cov phau ntawv sau ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej xovxwm! txaj muag rau peb, peb thiaj li dag tau yooj yim. Cov neeg hais tias - lwm yam simplicity yog phem tshaj tub sab. Cia wb mus saib ntxiv.

Yuav ua li cas txog cov qauv ntawm cov phau ntawv sau ntawv thaum ub?

Tab sis ua li cas txog cov kws sau ntawv hnyav uas sau ib phau ntawv rau ntau xyoo? Nws yog ib phau ntawv, tsis yog ib tug scroll. Yog li Vasnetsov pleev xim rau nws daim duab "Nestor the Chronicler" - tus kws sau ntawv sawv, muaj ib phau ntawv qhib nrog cov nplooj ntawv dawb paug nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws, cov nplooj ntawv no yog bristling, thiab nws, koj paub, sau rau ntawd.

Tab sis li cas txog Roman "Codices", xws li cov phau ntawv me me thaum ub ob txhiab xyoo dhau los? Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, yog dab tsi txog cov phau ntawv "tso ntseeg siab tshaj plaws" uas tau rov qab mus rau 9th … 12th caug xyoo, uas cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm yog cobbled ua ke?

Tab sis nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev - nws tsis tsim nyog … Lub ntsiab lus tshwm thaum koj muab txhua yam hauv nws qhov chaw.

Tau kawg, yuav muaj lub sijhawm zoo li no thaum cov ntawv luam tawm twb tau pib hloov pauv, bookbinding tau nthuav dav, tab sis kev luam ntawv tseem tsis tau txaus siab rau txhua yam kev xav tau. Tom qab ntawd qee cov ntawv sau ntawv tuaj yeem sau tau siv cov ntawv teev lus lossis txawm tias khi "blanks". Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog feem ntau, tab sis raws li kev zam.

Los yog lawv yog tus kheej sau ntawv, zoo li peb ua tam sim no hauv peb phau ntawv sau, phau ntawv sau thiab phau ntawv teev npe. Cov phau ntawv no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws yog ib tug by-product ntawm lub sij hawm hloov.

Roman codes, oddly txaus, yog qhov yooj yim tshaj los piav. Txhua yam yuav paub meej yog tias cov neeg nyiam phau ntawv Roman twb nyob lawm tom qab xyoo pua 15th thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm. Muaj ntau qhov pov thawj ntawm qhov no txawm tias tsis muaj peb lub laj thawj. Niaj hnub no qhov no tsis paub tsuas yog rau cov tub nkeeg. Yog li, tsuas yog lwm lub hoop hlau rau rivet ntawm lub ntees tuag lawj nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm Rome thaum ub.

Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj los cuam tshuam nrog lub thaj neeb ntawm Muslims - ib phau ntawv loj ntawm Kaulees. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, nws tsim nyog ib tug cais kev txiav txim, txij li thaum tag nrho cov sau ntawv Arabic hloov mus ua Lavxias teb sab, yog hais tias koj coj nws thawj version thiab nyeem nws kom raug - los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Arabs nyeem ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug N-A-R-O-K, thiab qhov no narc, yeej ua rau kev nkag siab ntawm qee yam kev qhia.

Tab sis tam sim no peb tsuas yog txaus siab rau daim ntawv ntawm daim ntawv no. Nws yog ib phau ntawv sau ntawv loj uas muaj ntau tshaj 300 nplooj ntawv. Nws ntseeg hais tias nws tau sau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus yaj saub Muhammad (Magician-o-honey; magician healer).

Thiab tam sim no yog tias peb piv cov lus tseeb txog Khetos-Radomir ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th thiab, raws li, tom qab lub ntsej muag ntawm Islam (raws li ib ceg ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv), nrog rau lub sij hawm ntawm cov tsos ntawm phau ntawv luam tawm, ces daim ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav logic.. Peb tau qhia li cas thawj cov ntawv luam ntawm lub xyoo pua 7th Quran tau ua tsis ua ntej xyoo 15th … Thiab qhov no tau ua tiav tiag tiag, qee lub sijhawm tom qab tus yaj saub tuag.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, kom deb li deb txhua yam mus zoo.

Nws "voninka" zoo li raspberry

Nws yog qhov nthuav tshwj xeeb los xav txog peb cov ntawv sau ntawv Lavxias. Ntawm lawv, lub npe hu ua Ostromir Txoj Moo Zoo sawv tawm:

(Ntawm no yog ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm nws).

Nws yog hu ua ib tug masterpiece ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv kos duab. Txoj Moo Zoo muaj 294 nplooj ntawv parchment.

Thaum kawg ntawm phau ntawv, ib tug kws sau ntawv Gregory qhia: (Kev txhais lus los ntawm N. N. Rozov).

Raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, "Scribe Gregory" hauv nws daim ntawv sau tes dag peb zaugtias nws yog tus uas sau txoj moo zoo no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb paleographers tau tsim lwm yam:

(S. M. Ermolenko; journal "Historical studies at school", 2007, No. 2 (5); quotation - Lyovochkin I. V. "Fundamentals of Russian paleography" - M.: Krug, 2003. S. 121).

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, tau kawg, kev tsis ntseeg raug cai tshwm sim txog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov no thiab lwm cov ntawv sau los ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej xovxwm. Nws yog tsim nyog ua tib zoo saib seb dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas lawv thiaj li tau sau tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, peb tig mus rau cov kws tshaj lij hauv cov ntawv sau ntawv qub.

Muaj ib phau ntawv zoo heev "hais lus"; phau ntawv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm kev luam ntawv thiab kos duab universities, sau N. N. Taranov; Lvov, publishing tsev "Vysshaya Shkola" 1986 (tom qab no excerpts los ntawm qhov chaw).

Nws muab cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav ntawm 18 lub ntsiab fonts sau, los ntawm Roman, European thiab xaus nrog Slavic. Cov cwj mem uas tag nrho cov no tau sau tau piav qhia, rau txhua tus font, cov yam ntxwv sau ntawv, lub kaum sab xis ntawm tus cwj mem tau muab.

Thiab qhov tsis yog tag nrho - nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tiag tiag uas tau sau rau hauv daim ntawv no tau qhia, qhov kev ntxhib los mos loj tau muab, qhov twg tag nrho cov ntawv nrog peculiarities tau ua tib zoo kos, thiab cev, i.e. txoj kev sau ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas cov kab ke thiab kev taw qhia ntawm kev sau cov kab hauv txhua tsab ntawv raug kos.

Tom qab nyeem phau ntawv no, kuv pom tau hais tias tsim cov ntawv sau tes yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, tab sis cov txheej txheem tsim tau zoo, uas tau tsim los ntawm qhov laj thawj. Thiab nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee yam kev xav tau. Cov ntawv sau ua ntej yuav tsum yog nyeem tau … Yog li ntawd, cov paib yuav tsum tau paub zoo, nyob rau hauv qhov sib npaug thiab nrog cov kauj ruam zoo li ua tau, thiaj li tsis cuam tshuam qhov ceev ntawm kev xaav ntawm cov ntawv nyeem.

Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob rov tsim lub log txhua lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm sib txawv tau tsim fonts, tsim txoj kev sau ntawv. Cov font kuj muaj nws tus kheej xav tau. Yog hais tias nws yog xuas tes ua, ces nws yuav tsum tau ua nrog tsawg kawg yog kev rau siab rau ib feem ntawm tus sau ntawv, coj mus rau hauv tus account lub peev xwm ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntawm chav kawm, nws yuav tsum saib zoo nkauj thiab nyeem tau yooj yim.

Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas ib tug Rustic (Roman) xuas tes sau font qhia.

Tus qauv font tiag tiag,

duct font thiab

nws kev ntxhib los mos.

Thiab ntawm no yog excerpts los ntawm nws cov lus piav qhia:

Txhua yam yog logic thiab tsim nyog. Thiab yog li nrog tag nrho cov fonts, tsuas yog rau Slavic. Yuav ua li cas lawv supposedly sau nyob rau hauv Russia? Hauv peb qhov xwm txheej, Ostromir Txoj Moo Zoo tau sau rau hauv font hu ua " kev cai lij choj". Phau ntawv qhia nws qhov kev ntxhib los mos

thiab ua piv txwv keeb kwm.

Tab sis ducta ua (txoj kev sau ntawv) tsis muaj kiag li. Yog vim li cas, nws dhau los ua tseeb los ntawm cov lus piav qhia:

(piv txwv li, los ntawm kev txawj kos duab xim ntawm txhua tsab ntawv).

(Nws yog qhov nthuav tias peb tsis pom ib qho arc nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab kev ntxhib los mos ntawm charter, txhua qhov chaw muaj daim duab peb sab nrog ncaj sab).

Zoo, hom duct yuav muaj li cas? Cov neeg sau phau ntawv tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem ua duab qhia nrog cov xub qhia seb txhua tsab ntawv tau sau tshwj xeeb li cas, vim hais tias tib lub sijhawm txhais tes tsis muaj qaij tas li, tab sis ua rau txoj kev tig thiab qaij, nrog lub sijhawm. ua tiav.

Nov yog qee yam kev xav. Vim li cas, dua, peb tsis zoo li neeg? Txhua tus muaj cov fonts uas sau ntawv tau tsim los rau kev sau ntawv, thiab tsuas yog ntawm no rau kev kos duab. Ib zaug ntxiv, lawv xav piav txog peb cov poj koob yawm txwv li subhumans thiab masochists. Tab sis cia peb xaus, tej zaum qhov teeb meem tsis nyob hauv peb txhua?

Yog li, phau ntawv sau ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej hauv tebchaws Russia tau sau los ntawm charter (tom qab los ntawm ib nrab-charter, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, nws yog ib tug complex thiab hnyav typeface, uas yog:

· Cov ntawv tsis tau sau, tab sis kos;

· Serifs thiab triangular endings tau ua los ntawm kev kos duab;

· Tsab ntawv M yog qhov nyuaj hauv cov qauv;

· Cov ntawv sau los ntawm charter yog nyuaj nyeem;

· Kev kos duab ntawm cov ntawv H thiab kuv yog qhov txawv tsis zoo.

Xaus: lub charter, tsis zoo li tag nrho lwm yam (tsis yog-Slavic) fonts, tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov raws li qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev sau ntawv fonts, vim nws nyuaj sau thiab nyob qhov twg nyuaj nyeem … Nrog xws shortcomings, nws yog kiag li indifferent npaum li cas majestic nws tag nrho cov zoo li. Nws siv tsis tau rau kev sau ntawv technology.

Puas yog nws tsis nkag siab qhov txawv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev txawj kos duab? Yog hais tias kev sau ntawv ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo nyob rau hauv Gothic tsab ntawv yuav siv sij hawm 1-1.5 lub hlis, ces kos duab nyob rau hauv charter yog 10-12 lub hlis. Xws li tus font tuaj yeem siv los zom ntau phau ntawv, tab sis hauv koj lub siab zoo koj siv tsis tau rau ntau pua xyoo.

Font kev cai lij choj - Qhov no tsis yog ib tug majestic masterpiece, tab sis yooj yim mediocre antique fake … Puas yog cuav thiab txhua phau ntawvsau los ntawm nws.

Qhov xav tau thiab txoj hauv kev los ua cov ntawv sau ntawv cuav

Tsuas yog ob peb xyoos dhau los, State Duma tus thawj tswj hwm los ntawm Pawg Neeg Communist ntawm Lavxias Federation Viktor Ilyukhin (nws lub cim xeeb tau txais koob hmoov) rub tawm rau hauv lub teeb ntawm hnub ib zaj dab neeg qias neeg txog kev ua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Tshwj xeeb, lawv tau tham txog Katyn thiab cov tub ceev xwm tua neeg Polish, tab sis feem ntau, txog tag nrho cov chav kuaj, uas ua haujlwm rau ua ib zaj dab neeg cuav USSR nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv, xaj, xaj, thiab lwm yam.

Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub xeev teev tau ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev muab cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, thiab tam sim no, feem ntau yuav, lawv ua haujlwm. Thaj, peb muaj lub tswv yim tsis zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov kev ua ub no ntawm chav kuaj, txij li ob peb lub hlis tom qab lub hint ntawm nws raug, Viktor Ivanovich Ilyukhin tuag tam sim ntawd.

Sai li cov tub ceev xwm txoj haujlwm pib rov kho keeb kwm rau lawv tus kheej, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw kuaj mob no yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb. Tom qab tag nrho, tib neeg tsuas yog tsis ntseeg nws, lawv xav tau pov thawj. Thiab qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig pov thawj ntawm cov xwm txheej tsis muaj nyob yog forged ntaub ntawv.

Nws zoo ib yam nrog peb cov ntawv sau. Muaj ib lub hwj chim ua hauj lwm raws li Petus 1. Muaj kev txiav txim kom rov sau keeb kwm. Muaj cov kws tshaj lij caw Bayer, Schlözer, Mayer. Lub sij hawm no (18th caug xyoo), nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev thiab intricate txoj kev, ntau supposedly ancient sau ntawv tau muab pov rau pej xeem, uas muaj ib tug fake keeb kwm. Ostrom Ntiaj Teb Txoj Moo Zoo tsuas yog ib qho ntawm lawv. Yuav ua li cas ib tug tsis ntseeg lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug kuaj rau forging keeb kwm ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ces Academy ntawm Sciences?

Cov lus nug tshwm sim: yog vim li cas thiaj li tsim ib lub font uas tsis muaj nyob? Puas yog nws tsis txaus los cuam tshuam lossis dag cov ntaub ntawv qub uas twb muaj lawm? Tab sis txhua yam yog rational heev ntawm no.

Qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov kev dag ntxias yog nruj me ntsis raws li qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm keeb kwm, thiab peb tseem tsis tau paub meej txog nws. Tej zaum, txhua yam tau hloov pauv radicallytias cov ntaub ntawv qub qub tau yooj yim dua los rhuav tshem tag nrho dua li hloov. Qhov no tshwm sim tiag tiag (kev qaug dab peg thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Peter 1).

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los zais qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai tsis ntev los no (hais lus, sau ntawv), thiab qhov tseeb tias nws yog Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai uas nteg nws lub hauv paus. Cov ntawv qub qub, ntau dua zoo sib xws yuav nrhiav tau los ntawm ib tug inquisitive researcher. Yog li ntawd, fonts tiag tiag tsis haum rau kev cuav. Nco ntsoov pes tsawg zaus cov Suav tau hloov lawv cov hieroglyphs kom txog thaum lawv tsis zoo li peb cov runes lawm.

Yuav ua li cas los tsim ib tug fake handwritten font? fonts txawv li cas?

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination ntawm tus cwj mem, uas muab cov kab sib txawv thicknesses, thiab cov duab ntawm cov serifs. Hauv daim duab, koj tuaj yeem pom 30 ntau hom serifs.

Qhov no yog kev kho kom zoo nkauj font. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau txais nrog luv luv, unambiguous txav ntawm ib tug dav-nib cwj mem. Interestingly, ntawm lawv koj yuav tsis pom daim duab peb sab "charter" serifs.

Tom qab tag nrho, raws li peb twb to taub lawm, xws li serifs tsis tuaj yeem tau nrog ib qho yooj yim txav ntawm tus cwj mem. Vim li cas cov neeg dag siv li no xwb?

Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv peb haiv neeg ornamental kos duab (piv txwv li, pob zeb carving), sau ntawv tau siv.

complex, graceful, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, zoo li niaj hnub puzzles, nws tsuas yog delights.

Cov serifs daim duab peb sab no raug coj los ntawm qhov ntawd, kom peb cov poj koob yawm txwv nco teb tsawg kawg yog me ntsis thaum nyeem cov ntawv cuav. Tab sis tag nrho cov phau ntawv tsis tau sau nyob rau hauv ligature, yog li xws li ib lub ntsiab yog heev txais tau muaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawv tsis zoo.

Tsis tas li ntawd, ligature yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov tuab ntawm cov kab, vim qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev los sau cov qauv. Thiab ua raws li qhov no, "charter" tau qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab tuab ntawm cov ntawv, uas tsis yooj yim heev rau kev sau ntawv font. Feem ntau, lawv tsis thab ntev, lawv tsuas yog rhais tawm qee yam ntawm peb cov ornaments thiab hu ua "charter". Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau kos ntau phau ntawv "thaum ub" raws li lawv ua tau. Pom tau tias, twb tau kos duab forgeries nrog lawv daim ntawv pov thawj, cov forgers pom tau tias qhov tsis yooj yim uas lawv tau tsim. Thiab maj mam lawv hloov mus rau yooj yim semi-charter.

Phau ntawv txhais tes yog sau rau nplooj ntawv kawg

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev dag ntxias tsis tau hloov pauv hauv ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Raws li thaum ntawd, thiab tam sim no, magicians thiab fraudsters ua hauj lwm rau tib lub ntsiab cai - distraction. Yog li nws nyob ntawm no. Ib phau ntawv tau sau tag nrho. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog qhov txaus nyiam, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, nws tsuas yog muaj xim zoo nkauj tsim los ntawm txoj moo zoo. A qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog sau nyob rau hauv ib qho me me tab sis cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm nplooj ntawv kawg ntawm phau ntawv:

(Lus txhais los ntawm N. N. Rozov)

Qhov no yog hu ua keeb kwm luv luv nrog kev sib tham ntawm cov xwm txheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim ntawv pov thawj no tau muab tsis yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, sawv cev ntawm cov neeg ua pov thawj rau cov xwm txheej no, tab sis yav dhau los, uas yog, yuav ua li cas. keeb kwm siv (peb suav nrog qhov txaus ntawm N. N. Rozov cov lus txhais). Thiab qhov no tsis yog txhua qhov kev sib cais ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv:

(Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Philology, Xib Fwb ntawm Novosibirsk State University, xib fwb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Orthodox Gymnasium nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm St. Sergius ntawm Radonezh L. G. Panin; phau ntawv journal "Historical Studies in School", 2007, No. 2 (5)).

Zoo li no. Kev lig kev cai, nws yuav tsum tau qhuas tus neeg siv khoom ntawm phau ntawv, uas yog, ua kom nws nco qab (tsis muaj dab tsi nws them nyiaj), thiab thov zam txim rau qhov tsis raug. Thiab yog tag nrho. Tab sis "peb cov kws sau ntawv" muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab sib txawv ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Tsis tsuas yog lawv nyiam kos cov ntawv es tsis txhob sau cov ntawv ib txwm muaj rau ntau xyoo, lawv tseem tawg nrog "lub koom haum keeb kwm ntawm kev xav" thiab "lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb."

Yog lawm, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab tsis tuaj yeem coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo. Txwv tsis pub, peb lub xeev yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntiaj teb tau ntev. Obviously, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm no, uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv nyeem ntawm phau ntawv, qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev dag ntxiastsim los ntawm chav kuaj forging cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Petrovsk Academy ntawm Sciences.

Xaus

Cia peb sau tseg. Tag nrho cov tib neeg tau ib zaug ntxiv dag zog los ntawm kev hais txog kev nthuav dav ntawm kev rov sau cov phau ntawv los ntawm tes rau ib txhiab xyoo ua ntej kev tsim cov tshuab luam ntawv. Qhov tseeb, daim ntawv ntawm phau ntawv nws tus kheej tsis tau tsim kom txog thaum tom qab kev tsim cov tshuab luam ntawv.

Cov neeg hais dab neeg raug yuam kom qhia cov dab neeg zoo li no, vim qee qhov ntawm peb lub neej yav dhau los raug ntaus nqi los ntawm lawv yuav luag ib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, lees paub cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov xwm txheej no yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv, xws li Kaulees.

Peb, cov Russians, tau dag tshwj xeeb tshaj yog insolently, yuav luag tag nrho cov kev txhim kho kev sau ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm ua ntej xovxwm, uas muaj cov cim ntawm txawv lub hom phiaj thiab kev sau ntawv, thiab, ntxiv mus, fonts. Yog li, lawv tau zais qhov tseeb tias peb cov runes tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Egyptian thiab Suav sau.

Piv txwv li, Suav Phau Ntawv Hloov Pauv yog sau rau hauv cov hexagrams tsis meej, uas qhov tseeb tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov tshwj xeeb sau ntawv. nta thiab txiav, uas muaj nyob rau hauv Russia. Thiab peb tau hais tias cov yam ntxwv thiab kev txiav yog thaum tsis muaj hmoo Slav khawb phab ntsa nrog tus ntsia hlau. Hloov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj no, lawv tuaj nrog cov ntawv sau tsis raug cai "charter", uas tau siv los kos peb "thaum ub qub" ntawm ob peb phau ntawv.

Qhov kev txaj muag no tshwm sim tsis ua ntej xyoo 18ththaum kev hloov pauv ntawm peb yav dhau los nrog kev siv cov ntawv cuav tau muab tso rau hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab teeb tsa ntawm lub xeev. Parasites ua raws li lawv li niaj zaus.

Peb tau ntsib tib txoj hauv kev loj rau kev hloov pauv ntawm peb lub neej yav dhau los ob peb xyoos dhau los, thaum muaj cov ntaub ntawv xau ntawm chav kuaj tshwj xeeb, koom nrog kev dag ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Xeev Duma Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Viktor Ivanovich Ilyukhin ces them nrog nws lub neej rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv no rau pej xeem.

Lub scandal tau kaw lawmthiab dab tsi tshwm sim muaj hnub no, peb tsis paub. Yog li ntawd, nws tseem ntxov dhau rau peb so. Tej zaum nws yuav zoo heev yog tias tsis ntev peb yuav pom cov ntaub ntawv tshiab "qhov tseeb" hais txog lub sijhawm ntawm perestroika thiab txawm tias xyoo 2000s, raws li qhov uas peb rov ua txhaum thiab tshuav ib tug neeg mus ib txhis.

Alexey Artemiev, Izhevsk, 2013-20-02