Myths txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ice

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Rau ntau, kev sib ntaus sib tua, raws li keeb kwm uas tau tshwm sim rau lub Plaub Hlis 5, 1242, tsis txawv ntau ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj los ntawm Sergei Eisenstein zaj duab xis "Alexander Nevsky". Tab sis puas yog tiag tiag?

Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov tiag tiag tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, tsis yog nyob rau hauv "tsev", tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv Western chronicles.

Thiab thaum xub thawj siab ib muag nws zoo li hais tias peb muaj ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom meej kawm tag nrho cov "cov khoom" ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Tab sis raws li kev soj ntsuam ze dua, nws hloov tawm tias qhov nrov ntawm cov keeb kwm keeb kwm tsis tau lees paub nws txoj kev kawm.

Yog li, cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshaj plaws (thiab feem ntau hais txog) kev sib ntaus sib tua, sau tseg "kub ntawm txoj kev," muaj nyob rau hauv Novgorod First Chronicle ntawm cov ntawv qub. Thiab qhov kev piav qhia no tsuas yog ntau dua 100 lo lus ntev. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb dua.

Ntxiv mus, qee zaum lawv suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv sib koom ua ke. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau authoritative Western qhov chaw - Txwj Laug Livonian Rhymed Chronicle - tsis muaj ib lo lus hais txog qhov tseeb hais tias kev sib ntaus sib tua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub pas dej.

Lub neej ntawm Alexander Nevsky tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib hom "kev sib txuas" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los rau kev sib tsoo, tab sis, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, lawv yog cov ntawv sau thiab yog li siv tau los ua qhov tsuas yog "kev txwv loj."

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, nws ntseeg tau tias lawv tsis tau coj ib yam dab tsi tshiab rau kev kawm txog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv, feem ntau hais txog qhov uas twb tau teev tseg hauv annals.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev xav txog kev xav txog kev sib ntaus sib tua, thaum lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev yeej ntawm "German-knightly aggression" tau qhia. Raws li historian Igor Danilevsky, ua ntej kev tso tawm ntawm Sergei Eisenstein zaj duab xis "Alexander Nevsky", txoj kev kawm ntawm Tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub Ice twb tsis txawm muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov chav kawm.

Lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm United Russia

Nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm ntau tus, Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov yog ib tug yeej ntawm lub koom haum Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog hla lub rog ntawm lub German crusaders. Xws li ib tug "generalizing" lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua twb tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, thaum lub teb chaws Yelemees yog lub ntsiab rival ntawm lub USSR.

Txawm li cas los xij, 775 xyoo dhau los, Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv yog "hauv zos" es tsis yog kev sib cav hauv tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIII, Russia tau mus txog lub sij hawm ntawm feudal fragmentation thiab muaj li ntawm 20 tus thawj tswj hwm ywj pheej. Ntxiv mus, cov cai ntawm cov nroog uas raug cai koom nrog ib thaj chaw tuaj yeem sib txawv loj.

Yog li, de jure, Pskov thiab Novgorod tau nyob hauv thaj av Novgorod, yog ib thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm Russia thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Raws li qhov tseeb, txhua lub nroog no yog "autonomy", nrog rau nws tus kheej nyiam kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag. Qhov no kuj siv rau kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg nyob ze tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Baltic.

Ib tug ntawm cov neeg zej zog no yog Catholic Order of Swordsmen, tom qab raug yeej ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Saul (Siauliai) hauv 1236, tau koom nrog Teutonic Order ua Livonian Land Master. Lub tom kawg tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub npe hu ua Livonian Confederation, uas, ntxiv rau qhov Order, suav nrog tsib Baltic npis sov.

Tseeb tiag, Novgorod thiab Pskov yog thaj av ywj pheej, uas, ntxiv rau, muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog ib leeg: Pskov txhua lub sijhawm sim tshem tawm ntawm Novgorod. Tsis muaj peev xwm tham txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thaj av Russia nyob rau xyoo pua 13th

- Igor Danilevsky, tus kws tshaj lij hauv keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Rus

Raws li sau tseg los ntawm cov keeb kwm keeb kwm Igor Danilevsky, qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau thaj chaw tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Novgorod thiab Kev Txiav Txim yog thaj av ntawm Estonians uas nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Lake Peipsi (cov neeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm niaj hnub Estonia, feem ntau ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. chronicles xam raws li lub npe "Chud"). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov phiaj xwm tsim los ntawm Novgorodians xyaum tsis cuam tshuam rau kev txaus siab ntawm lwm thaj av hauv txhua txoj kev. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog "ciam teb" Pskov, uas tau lossi raug kev ua pauj los ntawm Livonians.

Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm Aleksey Valerov, nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov yuav tsum tau ua ib ntus tawm tsam ob lub zog ntawm Kev Txiav Txim thiab kev sim ua ntu zus ntawm Novgorod txhawm rau txhawm rau kev ywj pheej ntawm lub nroog uas tuaj yeem yuam Pskov hauv 1240 kom "qhib rooj vag" rau Livonians.. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub nroog tau poob qis heev tom qab kev swb ntawm Izborsk thiab, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj peev xwm tiv taus lub sijhawm ntev rau cov neeg tawg rog.

Tau lees paub lub zog ntawm Germans, Pskov vam tias yuav tiv thaiv cov neeg thov ntawm Novgorod. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov yuam kev ntawm Pskov yog dhau qhov tsis ntseeg.

- Alexey Valerov, keeb kwm

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, nyob rau hauv 1242 tsis muaj ib tug tag nrho-fledged "German tub rog" nyob rau hauv lub nroog, tab sis tsuas yog ob tug Vogt knights (txawm tias nrog me me detachments), uas, raws li Valerov, ua kev txiav txim. ua haujlwm ntawm cov av tswj thiab ua raws li cov haujlwm ntawm "kev tswj hwm hauv Pskov".

Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li peb paub los ntawm cov keeb kwm, Novgorod tub huabtais Alexander Yaroslavich, ua ke nrog nws tus kwv yau Andrei Yaroslavich (xa los ntawm lawv txiv, Vladimir Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich) "ntev" cov Germans los ntawm Pskov, tom qab uas lawv txuas ntxiv lawv kev sib tw, mus " mus rau chud" (piv txwv li hauv thaj av ntawm Livonian Landmaster).

Qhov twg lawv tau ntsib los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj thiab tus npis sov Dorpat.

Lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm cov nplai ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua

Ua tsaug rau Novgorod Chronicle, peb paub tias lub Plaub Hlis 5, 1242 yog hnub Saturday. Tag nrho lwm yam tsis yog li yooj yim.

Kev nyuaj pib twb pib thaum sim tsim kom muaj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg koom hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Tsuas yog cov duab ntawm peb qhov pov tseg qhia peb txog kev poob hauv qib ntawm cov neeg German. Yog li, Novgorod thawj zaug tshaj tawm txog 400 tus neeg raug tua thiab 50 tus neeg raug kaw, Livonian rhymed chronicle - tias "nees nkaum cov kwv tij tseem raug tua thiab rau raug kaw."

Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov ntaub ntawv no tsis muaj teeb meem raws li lawv zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag.

Peb ntseeg hais tias thaum ntsuas tus naj npawb ntawm cov knights tua thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ice, qhia nyob rau hauv lub Rhymed Chronicle, nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias tus chronicler tsis hais txog kev poob ntawm cov tub rog crusader feem ntau, tab sis tsuas yog hais txog cov tus naj npawb ntawm tua "knights kwv tij", piv txwv li hais txog knights - tag nrho cov tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim

- los ntawm phau ntawv "Sau qhov chaw hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm dej khov" (Runners Yu. K., Kleinenberg I. E., Shaskolsky I. P.)

Keeb kwm Igor Danilevsky thiab Klim Zhukov pom zoo tias ob peb puas tus neeg koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Yog li, ntawm ib feem ntawm cov neeg German, cov no yog 35-40 knight cov kwv tij, kwv yees li 160 bnechtes (qhov nruab nrab, plaub tus tub qhe ntawm ib tus tub rog) thiab Estonian mercenaries ("chud tsis muaj tus lej"), uas tuaj yeem "nthuav" lub detachment los ntawm lwm tus. 100-200 tub rog… Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, los ntawm cov qauv ntawm XIII xyoo pua, xws li ib pab tub rog raug suav hais tias yog lub zog loj heev (xav tias, thaum lub caij ntuj sov, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov qub Order of the Sword Bearers, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsis pub tshaj 100-120. cov knights). Tus sau ntawm Livonian Rhymed Chronicle kuj tau yws tias muaj yuav luag 60 lub sij hawm ntau Russians, uas, raws li Danilevsky, txawm hais tias ib tug exaggeration, tseem qhia tau hais tias Alexander cov tub rog ho ntau tshaj cov tub rog ntawm crusaders.

Yog li, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm Novgorod lub nroog cov tub ceev xwm, tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm ntawm Alexander, Suzdal detachment ntawm nws tus tij laug Andrei thiab Pskovites uas koom nrog kev sib tw tsis tshua muaj tshaj 800 tus neeg.

Peb kuj paub los ntawm cov keeb kwm hais tias lub German detachment tau tsim los ntawm ib tug "pw".

Raws li Klim Zhukov, qhov no feem ntau yuav tsis yog "trapezoidal" npua, uas peb tau siv los pom ntawm daim duab qhia hauv phau ntawv, tab sis "xov xwm" ib qho (txij li thawj qhov kev piav qhia ntawm "trapezoid" hauv cov ntawv sau tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv sau. 15 xyoo pua). Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm, qhov kwv yees qhov loj ntawm Livonian pab tub rog muab cov hauv paus los tham txog kev tsim kho ntawm "gonfalon hound": 35 knights, tsim "gonfalon wedge", ntxiv rau lawv cov chav (txog li 400 tus neeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho)..

Raws li rau cov tactics ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog, lub Rhymed Chronicle tsuas yog hais tias "cov Russians muaj ntau riflemen" (leej twg, thaj, tsim thawj zaug), thiab hais tias "cov tub rog ntawm cov kwv tij nyob ib puag ncig."

Peb tsis paub dab tsi ntxiv txog qhov no.

Txhua qhov kev xav txog yuav ua li cas Alexander thiab Andrei ua lawv pab pawg yog kev xav thiab cov ntawv tseeb los ntawm "kev nkag siab zoo" ntawm cov neeg sau.

- Igor Danilevsky, tus kws tshaj lij hauv keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Rus

Cov lus dab neeg hais tias tus tub rog Livonian hnyav dua li Novgorod

Kuj tseem muaj qhov kev xav tsis zoo raws li cov tub rog hnav ris tsho ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias ntau zaus sib dua li Livonian ib.

Raws li historians, yog tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav, nws yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb.

Tseeb tiag, ntawm ob sab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tub rog hnyav hnyav tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua (nws ntseeg tau tias txhua qhov kev xav txog cov tub rog tub rog yog kev hloov ntawm cov tub rog qhov tseeb ntawm ntau pua xyoo mus rau qhov tseeb ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th).

Raws li txoj cai, txawm tias qhov hnyav ntawm tus nees tsov rog, tsis suav nrog tus neeg caij tsheb, yuav tau txaus los rhuav tshem lub Plaub Hlis dej khov.

Yog li, nws puas ua rau muaj kev txiav txim siab zoo li no kom thim cov tub rog mus rau nws?

Cov dab neeg hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov thiab cov knights poob dej

Cia peb poob siab tam sim ntawd: tsis muaj kev piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas cov German knights poob los ntawm cov dej khov hauv ib qho ntawm cov keeb kwm thaum ntxov.

Tsis tas li ntawd, Livonian Chronicle muaj cov kab lus txawv txawv: "Nyob rau ob sab, cov neeg tuag poob rau ntawm cov nyom." Qee cov neeg tawm tswv yim ntseeg hais tias qhov no yog ib lo lus uas lub ntsiab lus "mus poob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua" (version of medieval historian Igor Kleinenberg), lwm tus - hais tias peb tab tom tham txog thickets ntawm reeds uas ua rau lawv txoj kev los ntawm hauv qab dej khov hauv dej ntiav, qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua. coj qhov chaw (version ntawm Soviet tub rog keeb kwm Georgy Karaev, tso tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia).

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais tias cov Germans tau tsav "ntawm dej khov", cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub pom zoo tias Kev Sib Tw ntawm Cov Dej khov tuaj yeem "qiv" cov ntsiab lus no los ntawm cov lus piav qhia tom qab Tsov Rog ntawm Rakovorskoy (1268). Raws li Igor Danilevsky, cov lus ceeb toom tias cov tub rog Lavxias tau tsav cov yeeb ncuab xya mais ("mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv Subolichi") yog qhov ncaj ncees rau qhov ntsuas ntawm Rakhor sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis lawv saib txawv txawv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lake Peipsi, qhov twg Qhov deb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis ntau tshaj 2 km.

Hais txog "Crow Stone" (ib thaj chaw thaj chaw uas tau hais hauv qee lub sijhawm), cov kws sau keeb kwm hais tias txhua daim ntawv qhia qhia txog qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ib qho version. Qhov twg raws nraim qhov kev tua neeg tua neeg tshwm sim, tsis muaj leej twg paub: cov peev txheej muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsawg dhau los kos cov lus xaus.

Hauv particular, Klim Zhukov yog raws li qhov tseeb hais tias thaum lub sij hawm archaeological expeditions nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Lake Peipsi, tsis pom ib tug "paub tseeb" faus. Tus kws tshawb fawb koom nrog qhov tsis muaj pov thawj tsis yog nrog cov dab neeg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis nrog kev nyiag khoom: nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, hlau muaj nuj nqis heev, thiab nws tsis zoo li cov riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov tub rog tuag tuaj yeem nyob nyab xeeb rau niaj hnub no.

Lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm geopolitical qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav ntawm ntau, Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej khov "sawv ib leeg" thiab yuav luag tsuas yog "kev nqis tes ua" kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Thiab nws yeej tau dhau los ua ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, uas "tshem tawm" kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Russia thiab Livonian Order rau yuav luag 10 xyoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, XIII caug xyoo yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam xwm txheej.

Los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cav nrog cov crusaders, lawv suav nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Swedes ntawm Neva xyoo 1240, thiab twb tau hais txog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Rakovor, thaum lub sijhawm cov tub rog sib koom ua ke ntawm xya North Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm tau tawm tsam Livonian Av Mastership thiab Danish. Estland.

Novgorod chronicler tsis exaggerate thaum piav txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Rakovorsk nyob rau hauv 1268, nyob rau hauv uas lub sib koom ua ke ntawm ob peb lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab, lawv tus kheej raug kev txom nyem hnyav, ua rau ib tug crushing yeej ntawm cov Germans thiab Danes: "kev sib ntaus sib tua yog txaus ntshai, zoo li yog tsis muaj txiv. tsis yog yawm txiv tsis tau pom"

- Igor Danilevsky, "Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov: Hloov cov duab"

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub xyoo pua XIII yog lub sijhawm ntawm Horde ntxeem tau.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm no (Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kalka thiab kev ntes ntawm Ryazan) tsis ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau North-West, lawv cuam tshuam rau cov qauv kev nom kev tswv ntxiv ntawm medieval Russia thiab tag nrho nws cov khoom.

Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias peb piv qhov ntsuas ntawm Teutonic thiab Horde kev hem thawj, ces qhov sib txawv yog xam nyob rau hauv kaum tawm txhiab tus tub rog. Yog li, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg phem uas tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Russia tsis tshua muaj tshaj 1000 tus neeg, thaum kwv yees ntau tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib tw Lavxias los ntawm Horde yog txog 40 txhiab (version ntawm keeb kwm Klim Zhukov).