Soviet myths xwb hais txog cov tsis paub lus Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txhua leej txhua tus uas kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet yog "paub" tias Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog ib lub teb chaws uas cov pej xeem yuav luag universally tsis paub ntawv. Raws li cov phau ntawv Soviet hais, lub kiv puag ncig nws tus kheej tau ua kom paub txog "hnub nyoog kev ntshaw" ntawm cov neeg rau kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev uas yog "rectionary tsarism".

Tau ntau xyoo, cov cwj pwm kev tshaj tawm no tau hammered rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov thawj coj ntawm cov menyuam yaus Lavxias. Thiab nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag lawv tau tig tawm los ua qhov tsis tseeb kev tawm tsam imperial myths xwb.

Puas yog Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog lub teb chaws ntawm cov neeg tsis paub ntawv?

Kev kawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws muaj ntau haiv neeg. Thiab tshwj xeeb heev. Lub Ministry of Education tsis yog ib tug monopoly nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv. Ntau lub tuam tsev muaj lawv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd, thaum lawv tham txog kev kawm thiab qhia tsuas yog cov nuj nqis rau Ministry of Public Education, koj raug dag. Imperial kev kawm yog ib tug complex xeev-social mechanism uas tsis npau suav ntawm lub bureaucratic republican tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub tom ntej no puas xyoo.

Feem ntau, muaj plaub theem ntawm kev kawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman: cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib (los ntawm 2 mus rau 5 xyoo ntawm kev kawm); Kev kawm dav dav lossis cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib (lub sijhawm kawm ua ke nrog cov tsev kawm theem pib yog los ntawm 6 txog 8 xyoo); gymnasiums (classical, tiag, seminaries, cadet corps) - cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, qhov twg lawv kawm 7-8 xyoo; thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab (universities, academies, institutes, specialized schools, etc.).

Cov nuj nqis rau Ministry of Public Education xyoo 1914 yog 161 lab rubles. Tab sis qhov no yog ib feem me me ntawm dab tsi tau siv rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Tag nrho cov kev siv nyiaj ntawm txhua lub tuam tsev ntawm kev kawm ntawv muaj txog 300 lab (Saib: D. L. Saprykin Educational peev xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. M., 2009).

Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho. Lub teb chaws Ottoman tsis yog lub xeev kev ywj pheej, tab sis qhov no tsis muaj txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv kev koom tes loj hauv kev tsim zemstvo thiab tsoomfwv hauv nroog. Lawv cov peev nyiaj tau ntau dua - txog 360 lab. Yog li tag nrho cov peev nyiaj imperial mus txog 660 lab kub rubles. Qhov no yog kwv yees li 15-17% ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws Ottoman cov nuj nqis (ntawm 8-9% ntawm lub xeev pob nyiaj siv). Tsis tau muaj ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev siv nyiaj rau kev kawm, tsis yog nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, los yog nyob rau hauv post-Soviet lub sij hawm.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov peev nyiaj ntawm Ministry of Public Education tau nce ntxiv txawm tias thaum tsov rog. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1916 nws yog 196 lab. Feem ntau, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Emperor Nicholas II, cov nyiaj txiag ntawm lub Ministry ntawm no nce ntau tshaj 6 lub sij hawm. Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov peev nyiaj ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tau nce los ntawm 1 billion 496 lab (1895) mus rau 3 billion 302 lab (1913). Cov peev nyiaj kawm ntawv tau loj hlob sai dua li kev siv nyiaj txiag dav dav rau lwm txoj haujlwm tseemfwv.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm qib gymnasium ntawm txhua hom thiab txhua lub tuam tsev hauv tebchaws Lavxias yog kwv yees li 800,000 tus neeg. Thiab kwv yees li 1 lab tus tub ntxhais kawm tau nyob hauv txhua yam ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. …

Thiab qhov no txawm tias qhov tseeb tias, raws li kev suav ntawm tus naas ej British economist Agnus Maddison (1926-2010), GDP ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws (tsis suav Poland thiab Finland) yog 8,6% ntawm lub ntiaj teb GDP, thiab cov pejxeem - 8,7% ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ntiaj teb. (Saib: Agnus Maddison, Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm rau Kev Lag Luam Hauv Ntiaj Teb).

Kev paub ntawm pej xeem

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws los ntawm 1916 muaj txog 140 txhiab lub tsev kawm ntawv sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv uas muaj txog 11 lab tus tub ntxhais kawm.

Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj txog tib lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia hnub no.

Rov qab rau xyoo 1907, ib txoj cai lij choj "Ntawm kev qhia txog kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb hauv tebchaws Lavxias" tau qhia rau Lub Xeev Duma. Tab sis Duma daim kab xev liab tas li ncua kev txiav txim siab ntawm txoj cai no.

Txawm hais tias qhov kev tawm tsam no los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "neeg", lub xeev thiab zemstvo, zoo li tsis muaj txoj cai lij choj, tau qhia txog kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb, kev yuam cai thiab kev kawm dawb.

Lub hwj chim, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 89th tsab xov xwm ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hla dhau cov neeg sawv cev tsis txaus ntseeg, tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Tsib Hlis 3, 1908, qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws tau txiav txim kom faib nyiaj ntxiv hauv lub xeev rau kev txhim kho kev kawm dawb. Tshwj xeeb, ib qho kev pab cuam kom muaj ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab lawv cov kev nkag tau yooj yim (tsis pub ntau tshaj 3 versts nyob rau hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm ib leeg) tau pib siv.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntsuas, los ntawm 1915 hauv Moscow xeev, 95% ntawm cov tub hluas ntawm 12-15 xyoo thiab 75% ntawm cov ntxhais tau nyeem ntawv (New Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus thiab Efron, 1916). Hauv lwm 7 lub xeev, 71-80% tau nyeem ntawv, hauv 20 lub xeev - 61-70%.

Raws li kev suav pej xeem ib nrab ntawm lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1915, nyob rau hauv central Great Lavxias teb sab thiab feem ntau ntawm cov me me Lavxias teb sab xeev, zoo ua tiav kev kawm rau cov tub hluas. Daim duab tau "spoiled" los ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas tsis yog-European ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman.

Zemstvos tau koom tes nrog kev hloov pauv mus rau kev kawm thawj zaug thoob ntiaj teb. Ntawm 441 koog tsev kawm ntawv zemstvos, 15 zemstvos twb tau tag nrho hloov mus rau nws los ntawm 1914, 31 twb nyob ze rau nws cov kev siv, 62% ntawm zemstvos xav tau txawm tsawg tshaj li 5 xyoo, thiab 30% ntawm 5 mus rau 10 xyoo los siv qhov kev pab cuam (Primary Public Education, Pg., 1916. T. 28).

Nws yog nthuav hais tias lub penultimate Minister of Education ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws (1915-1916), suav P. N. Ignatiev, twb nyob rau hauv exile, hais txog ib daim duab ntawm 56% ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman nyob rau hauv 1916.

Kev nyeem ntawv tag nrho ntawm txhua tus menyuam yaus hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm tus nqi no yuav ua tiav los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 1919 thiab 1924. Tag nrho cov me nyuam ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman yuav tau txais kev kawm theem pib hauv 4- lossis 5-xyoo cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib thiab, yog tias lawv xav tau thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig, lawv tuaj yeem kawm txuas ntxiv hauv gymnasiums lossis cov tsev kawm theem pib siab dua.

Cov nuj nqis no tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Ministry of War. Nyob rau hauv 1913, 10,251 recruits tau sau rau hauv Imperial Lavxias teb sab Navy, ntawm uas tsuas yog 1676 tsis txawj nyeem ntawv thiab tsuas yog 1647 tsis txawj nyeem ntawv (Saib: Tub rog Statistical Yearbook rau 1912 (St. Petersburg, 1914, pp. 372-375.). txhiab tus neeg, tsuas muaj 302 txhiab tus neeg tsis nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv qeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tub rog, thaum cov neeg tsis paub ntawv tsis yog txhua.

Tab sis lub kiv puag ncig, embodied nyob rau hauv Russia, muab ib tug bold ntoo khaub lig rau lub pre-revolutionary tsev kawm ntawv (los yog es, ib tug bold liab hnub qub) thiab pov tseg qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov lus nug ntawm universal kev kawm ntawv yuav luag kaum xyoo. Tsuas yog los ntawm Txoj Cai ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj thiab Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm USSR "Ntawm universal compulsory thawj kev kawm" ntawm lub yim hli ntuj 14, 1930, cov communist muaj peev xwm qhia universal compulsory (plaub-xyoo) kev kawm.

Pre-revolutionary qhia corps

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, nyob rau hauv 1914, muaj 53 cov xib fwb 'institutes, 208 xib fwb' seminaries, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau tshaj li 14,000 tus xib fwb yav tom ntej kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tshaj 15,000 tus kws qhia ntawv kawm tiav los ntawm cov chav kawm pedagogical ntawm poj niam gymnasiums hauv 1913. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj 280,000 tus kws qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman.

Los ntawm txoj kev, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob confuse lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib thiab parish tsev kawm ntawv. Cov no yog cov tsev kawm sib txawv. Tab sis ob qho tib si nyob ntawd thiab muaj cov kws qhia ua haujlwm uas tau txais kev cob qhia kev cob qhia. Hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv pawg ntseeg, cov pov thawj qhia tsuas yog Txoj Cai Lij Choj xwb, cov ntsiab lus ntxiv tau qhia los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.

Cov nyiaj hli ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab (ib yam dab tsi zoo li lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet xya xyoo) yog 960 kub rubles ib xyoo, uas yog ntau tshaj ib lab rau peb cov nyiaj. Thiab ib tug xibfwb, piv txwv li, ntawm Tomsk Technological Institute, tau txais 2,400 cov nyiaj hli ntxiv rau 1,050 rubles rau cov tsev noj mov thiab 1,050 rubles rau cov tsev. Qhov ntawd yog, ntau tshaj 5 lab rau peb cov nyiaj.

Nqaij ces raug nqi ntawm 15 mus rau 60 kopecks, qos yaj ywm 1-2 kopecks ib kilogram. Thiab tsim ib lub tsev cib nrog thaj tsam ntawm 150 sq. m. nqi 3-4 txhiab rubles.

Hauv qhov xaus, kuv yuav tsum hais ob peb lo lus hais txog cov tub ntxhais kawm. Muaj 141.5 txhiab ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog. Ob zaug ntau npaum li nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Thiab yog tias koj suav cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm 10 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv, Russia tau ntes nrog Great Britain.

Qhov kev loj hlob tau pom tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm txuj ci. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Emperor Nicholas II, lawv cov naj npawb tau nce los ntawm rau txhiab mus rau ntau tshaj 23 300. deb ua ntej ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Yog li ntawd, qhov zoo tshaj plaws liberal-Soviet dab neeg hais txog lub teb chaws Ottoman uas tsis muaj kev kawm hauv Lavxias tuaj yeem raug pov rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tsis muaj tseeb.