Scramjet thev naus laus zis - yuav ua li cas lub cav hypersonic tau tsim

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev sib ntaus sib tua missile "nto-rau-huab cua" zoo li txawv txawv - nws lub qhov ntswg tau ntev los ntawm lub khob hlau. Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 28, 1991, nws tau tawm ntawm qhov chaw sim ze ze ntawm Baikonur cosmodrome thiab nws tus kheej raug puas tsuaj siab saum av. Txawm hais tias lub foob pob hluav taws tsis tua ib qho khoom siv dav hlau, lub hom phiaj tua tau tiav. Thawj thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb, lub tshuab hluav taws xob hypersonic ramjet (scramjet cav) tau sim hauv davhlau.

Lub cav scramjet, los yog, raws li lawv hais, "hypersonic direct-flow" yuav tso cai rau ya los ntawm Moscow mus rau New York nyob rau hauv 2 - 3 teev, tawm lub tis tshuab los ntawm cov huab cua mus rau hauv qhov chaw. Lub dav hlau aerospace yuav tsis xav tau lub dav hlau txhawb nqa, xws li Zenger (saib TM, No. 1, 1991), lossis lub tsheb xa tawm, xws li shuttles thiab Buran (saib TM No. 4, 1989), - xa cov khoom thauj mus rau orbit. yuav raug nqi yuav luag kaum npaug pheej yig dua. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov kev sim no yuav tshwm sim tsis pub dhau peb xyoos …

Lub tshuab scramjet muaj peev xwm ua kom lub dav hlau nrawm mus rau 15 - 25M (M yog tus lej Mach, qhov no, qhov nrawm ntawm lub suab hauv huab cua), thaum lub tshuab muaj zog tshaj plaws turbojet, uas tau nruab nrog niaj hnub pej xeem thiab tub rog tis dav hlau., tsuas yog mus txog 3.5M. Nws tsis ua hauj lwm sai dua - huab cua kub, thaum lub ndlwg ntawm cov cua kom tsawg, nce ntau npaum li cas lub turbocompressor chav tsev tsis muaj peev xwm compress nws thiab muab nws mus rau lub combustion chamber (CC). Nws yog qhov ua tau, tau kawg, txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau cov cua txias thiab cov compressor, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv qhov ntev thiab qhov hnyav yuav nce ntau heev uas hypersonic speeds yuav tawm ntawm lo lus nug - kom tawm hauv av.

Lub cav ramjet ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj compressor - huab cua nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb compressor yog compressed vim nws lub siab ceev (Daim duab 1). Tus so, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, yog tib yam li rau ib tug turbojet - combustion khoom, khiav los ntawm lub nozzle, ceev lub apparatus.

Lub tswv yim ntawm lub cav ramjet, tom qab ntawd tseem tsis tau muaj suab nrov, tau muab tso rau hauv xyoo 1907 los ntawm Fabkis tus kws tshaj lij Rene Laurent. Tab sis lawv tau tsim ib qho "forward flow" ntau tom qab. Ntawm no cov kws tshaj lij Soviet tau ua tus thawj coj.

Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv 1929, ib tug ntawm N. E. Zhukovsky cov tub ntxhais kawm, B. S. Stechkin (tom qab ntawd yog ib tug kws qhia ntawv), tsim lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug huab cua-jet engine. Thiab tom qab ntawd, plaub xyoos tom qab, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus tsim qauv Yu. A. Pobedonostsev hauv GIRD (Pab pawg rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Dav Hlau Propulsion), tom qab kev sim ntawm qhov sawv ntsug, ramjet tau xub xa mus rau hauv davhlau.

Lub cav tau nyob rau hauv lub plhaub ntawm 76-mm cannon thiab raug rho tawm los ntawm lub thoob ntawm lub supersonic ceev ntawm 588 m / s. Cov kev xeem tau mus rau ob xyoos. Projectiles nrog lub cav ramjet tsim ntau dua 2M - tsis yog ib qho khoom siv hauv ntiaj teb no ya sai dua thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Girdovites tau thov, tsim thiab sim cov qauv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ramjet - nws cov cua nkag mus ib ntus qhib thiab kaw, vim tias qhov sib xyaw ua ke hauv combustion chamber pulsed. Cov tshuab zoo sib xws tau siv tom qab ntawd hauv Tebchaws Yelemees ntawm FAU-1 foob pob hluav taws.

Thawj lub cav loj ramjet tau tsim dua tshiab los ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv Soviet I. A. Merkulov hauv xyoo 1939 (subsonic ramjet cav) thiab M. M. Bondaryuk hauv xyoo 1944 (supersonic). Txij li thaum xyoo 40s, kev ua haujlwm ntawm "kev ncaj qha ntws" pib ntawm Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM).

Qee hom dav hlau, suav nrog cov foob pob hluav taws, tau nruab nrog lub tshuab supersonic ramjet. Txawm li cas los xij, rov qab rau hauv 50s nws tau pom tseeb tias nrog M tus lej tshaj 6 - 7, ramjet tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Ib zaug ntxiv, zoo li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub cav turbojet, huab cua uas tau nres nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub compressor chaw nres tsheb tau mus rau hauv nws kub heev. Nws tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig los them rau qhov no los ntawm kev nce qhov loj thiab qhov ntev ntawm lub cav ramjet. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, molecules ntawm combustion khoom pib dissociate, absorbing zog npaj los tsim thrust.

Nws yog thaum xyoo 1957 uas ES Shchetinkov, tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo, tus neeg koom nrog hauv thawj qhov kev sim davhlau ntawm lub cav ramjet, tau tsim lub cav hypersonic. Ib xyoos tom qab, cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev txhim kho zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub poob. Lub scramjet combustion chamber pib yuav luag tam sim ntawd tom qab cua nkag, ces nws smoothly hla mus rau hauv ib tug expanding nozzle (Fig. 2). Txawm hais tias huab cua qeeb qeeb ntawm qhov nkag mus rau nws, tsis zoo li lub cav dhau los, nws txav mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb compressor, lossis theej, rushes ntawm supersonic ceev. Yog li ntawd, nws lub siab ntawm lub chamber phab ntsa thiab qhov kub thiab txias yog qis dua nyob rau hauv lub cav ramjet.

Ib me ntsis tom qab, ib tug scramjet cav nrog rau sab nraud combustion (Daim duab 3) nyob rau hauv ib tug aircraft nrog xws li ib tug engine, cov roj yuav hlawv ncaj qha rau hauv lub fuselage, uas yuav ua hauj lwm raws li ib feem ntawm lub qhib compressor chaw nres tsheb. Lawm, lub siab nyob rau hauv combustion cheeb tsam yuav tsawg dua nyob rau hauv ib tug pa combustion chamber - lub cav thrust yuav txo me ntsis. Tab sis qhov nce hauv qhov hnyav yuav tig tawm - lub cav yuav tshem tawm ntawm cov phab ntsa loj ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb compressor thiab ib feem ntawm cov cua txias. Muaj tseeb, kev ntseeg tau "qhib ncaj qha ntws" tseem tsis tau tsim - nws lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws yuav tuaj nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XXI.

Cia peb rov qab los, txawm li cas los xij, rau lub cav scramjet, uas tau sim ua ntej lub caij ntuj no dhau los. Nws tau roj los ntawm cov kua hydrogen khaws cia hauv lub tank ntawm qhov kub ntawm li 20 K (- 253 ° C). Supersonic combustion yog kab tias qhov teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws. Puas yuav hydrogen muab sib npaug ntawm cov seem ntawm lub chamber? Nws puas yuav muaj sijhawm los hlawv tag nrho? Yuav ua li cas npaj cov kev tswj tsis siv neeg combustion? - koj tsis tuaj yeem nruab sensors hauv chamber, lawv yuav yaj.

Tsis yog kev ua lej ua qauv ntawm cov khoos phis tawj uas muaj zog heev, lossis kev xeem lub rooj zaum tau muab cov lus teb rau ntau cov lus nug. Los ntawm txoj kev, kom simulate ib qho huab cua ntws, piv txwv li, ntawm 8M, qhov sawv ntsug yuav tsum muaj lub siab ntawm pua pua ntawm cov cua thiab qhov kub ntawm txog 2500 K - cov kua hlau nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub qhib qhov cub kub yog ntau "txias". Txawm tias muaj kev nrawm dua, lub cav thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub dav hlau tsuas tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas hauv kev ya davhlau.

Nws tau xav tau ntev los ntawm peb lub teb chaws thiab txawv teb chaws. Rov qab rau xyoo 60s, Tebchaws Meskas tau npaj cov kev sim ntawm lub tshuab scramjet ntawm lub dav hlau X-15 lub foob pob hluav taws kub ceev, txawm li cas los xij, pom tau tias lawv yeej tsis tau tshwm sim.

Kev sim hauv tsev scramjet lub cav tau ua dual-hom - ntawm lub davhlau nrawm tshaj 3M, nws ua haujlwm zoo li "dhau ncaj qha", thiab tom qab 5 - 6M - raws li lub suab nrov. Rau qhov no, qhov chaw ntawm cov roj muab rau lub chaw nres tsheb compressor tau hloov. Lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv dav hlau, uas tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev pabcuam, tau dhau los ua lub cav accelerator thiab cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam ya hypersonic (HLL). Lub GLL, uas suav nrog cov kev tswj hwm, kev ntsuas thiab kev sib txuas lus nrog hauv av, lub tank hydrogen thiab roj, tau nkag mus rau qhov chaw ntawm theem ob, qhov twg, tom qab tshem tawm ntawm lub taub hau, lub cav loj (LRE) nrog nws cov roj. lub tank tseem nyob. Thawj theem - hmoov boosters, - muaj dispersed lub foob pob ua ntxaij los ntawm qhov pib, sib cais tom qab ob peb feeb.

Kev sim lub rooj zaum thiab kev npaj rau lub davhlau tau ua tiav ntawm PI Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors, ua ke nrog Air Force, Fakel tsim lub chaw tsim khoom, uas hloov nws lub foob pob hluav taws mus rau hauv chav kuaj ya, Soyuz tsim chaw ua haujlwm hauv Tuyev thiab Temp tsim chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Moscow, uas manufactured lub engine. thiab cov roj regulator, thiab lwm yam koom haum. Cov kws tshaj lij aviation paub zoo R. I. Kurziner, D. A. Ogorodnikov thiab V. A. Sosunov tau saib xyuas qhov haujlwm.

Txhawm rau txhawb nqa lub davhlau, CIAM tau tsim ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes ua kua hydrogen refueling complex thiab onboard kua hydrogen muab system. Tam sim no, thaum cov kua hydrogen suav hais tias yog ib qho kev cog lus zoo tshaj plaws, cov kev paub ntawm kev tuav nws, khaws cia ntawm CIAM, tuaj yeem pab tau rau ntau tus.

… Lub foob pob hluav taws pib thaum yav tsaus ntuj, nws twb yuav luag tsaus. Ob peb lub sijhawm tom qab ntawd, tus neeg nqa khoom "cone" ploj mus rau hauv huab qis. Muaj ib qho kev ntsiag to uas tsis tau xav txog piv rau qhov pib rumble. Cov neeg sim uas tau saib qhov pib txawm xav tias: puas yog txhua yam ua yuam kev? Tsis yog, lub cuab yeej txuas ntxiv mus rau nws txoj kev npaj. Thaum 38th thib ob, thaum qhov ceev mus txog 3.5M, lub cav pib, hydrogen pib ntws mus rau hauv CC.

Tab sis nyob rau 62nd, qhov kev npaj txhij txog tshwm sim tiag tiag: qhov tsis siv neeg kaw ntawm cov khoom siv roj tau tshwm sim - lub tshuab scramjet kaw. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm txog 195 thib ob, nws cia li pib dua thiab ua haujlwm kom txog rau thaum 200th … Nws tau txiav txim siab dhau los ua qhov thib ob kawg ntawm lub davhlau. Lub sijhawm no, lub foob pob hluav taws, thaum tseem hla thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw sim, nws tus kheej puas tsuaj.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws ceev yog 6200 km / h (me ntsis ntau dua 5.2M). Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cav thiab nws cov tshuab tau saib xyuas los ntawm 250 on-board sensors. Kev ntsuas tau xa los ntawm xov tooj cua telemetry mus rau hauv av.

Tsis yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav, thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxiv txog lub davhlau yog ntxov ntxov. Tab sis tam sim no nws twb paub meej tias nyob rau hauv ob peb lub xyoo caum cov pilots thiab cosmonauts yuav caij "hypersonic forward flow".

Los ntawm tus editor. Kev sim davhlau ntawm scramjet xyaw ntawm X-30 lub dav hlau hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab ntawm Hytex hauv Tebchaws Yelemees tau npaj rau xyoo 1995 lossis ob peb xyoos tom ntej. Peb cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem, nyob rau yav tom ntej, sim "dhau ncaj qha" ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm ntau dua 10M ntawm cov cuaj luaj muaj zog, uas tam sim no raug tshem tawm ntawm kev pabcuam. Muaj tseeb tiag, lawv yog tus tswj hwm los ntawm qhov teeb meem tsis daws teeb meem. Tsis yog scientific lossis technical. CIAM tsis muaj nyiaj. Lawv tseem tsis tau muaj rau cov nyiaj hli ib nrab ntawm cov neeg thov khawv.

Tom ntej no yog dab tsi? Tam sim no tsuas muaj plaub lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb uas muaj lub voj voog tag nrho ntawm lub dav hlau cav lub tsev - los ntawm kev tshawb fawb yooj yim mus rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam. Cov no yog Asmeskas, Askiv, Fabkis thiab, rau tam sim no, Russia. Yog li ntawd yuav tsis muaj ntxiv lawm yav tom ntej - peb.

Cov neeg Asmeskas tam sim no tau nqis peev ntau pua lab nyiaj hauv qhov kev pab cuam scramjet …