Leej twg tiag tiag yog tus tsim ntawm Kievan Rus tub huabtais Vladimir

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog leej twg tub huabtais Vladimir tau mus txij thaum ub. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm piav qhia txog nws txoj kev ua tiav yog qhov sib cais thiab feem ntau tsis sib haum xeeb.

Irina Karatsuba, Tus Neeg Sib Tw ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Dmitry Volodikhin, Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Tshawb Fawb, xibfwb ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv Keeb Kwm ntawm Moscow State University, tau sim muab cov duab tiav ntawm tus neeg no thaum lub sijhawm sib tham los ntawm Yegor Gaidar Foundation nrog rau Free Historical Society.

Keeb kwm ntawm myths xwb

Volodikhin:

Kuv saib ntawm txoj hmoo thiab kev koom tes ntawm Saint Vladimir rau Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yog hais tias ntawm ib tug ancientist historian. Kuv ntseeg tias thawj theem ntawm nws txoj haujlwm nws yog tus yeej yeej, ib tug txiv neej uas nyob hauv nws txoj haujlwm ua raws li kev coj ncaj ncees. Raws li qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua kev cai raus dej, nws yog ob qho tib si hauv kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua thiab coj lub teeb uas tom qab ua rau Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Nws yog ib txoj koob hmoov zoo heev.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab ua kev cai raus dej, Vladimir tus neeg dawb huv nws tus kheej tau los ua tus qauv tiag tiag ntawm tus thawj coj ntseeg, tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug txiv neej uas tau los ua thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Russia. Nws tsis ua dab tsi Rurik, los yog Oleg, los yog Igor, thiab Svyatoslav tsis ua: nws tsis ua ib tug Viking thiab pib tsim ib tug system ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub teb chaws los ntawm sab nraud hem, feem ntau los ntawm cov predatory steppe ntsiab. Cov tswv yim no tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej tom qab ntau pua xyoo. Saint Vladimir yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia.

Txhua yam lawv hais txog nws ib txhiab xyoo tom qab ntawd, tus huab tais tau ua qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog rau Russia. Txawm hais tias peb nco nws tam sim no, txawm tias peb tsis nco qab, peb smear nws nrog ib yam dab tsi dub lossis gilded - qhov no tsis tseem ceeb rau nws txoj hmoo. Nws twb tau los ua tus kav, ua kev cai raus dej, tus thawj coj.

Karatuba:

Txhua leej txhua tus tej zaum yuav nco qab txog qhov project "Lub npe ntawm Russia 2008". Tom qab ntawd tus tub huabtais Vladimir tseem tsis tau suav nrog 50 lub npe uas tseem ceeb rau cov neeg Lavxias, tsis zoo li, hais tias, nws tus tub Yaroslav the Wise, Dmitry Donskoy thiab Alexander Nevsky.

Dmitry ib zaug siv cov duab zoo heev: nws hais tias yav dhau los yuav tsum tau pom tias yog mosaic ntawm smalt. Piv txwv tias nws muaj ib puas daim, thiab peb tshem tawm 95. Peb muaj tsib daim tshuav, thiab los ntawm lawv peb tab tom sim kho cov mosaic.

Cov peev txheej ntawm peb qhov pov tseg, raws li qhov peb tuaj yeem tsim tsis yog dab neeg, tab sis ib yam dab tsi tiag tiag, yog qhov "Tale of Bygone Years", uas tau sau hauv Kiev thaum pib ntawm XII xyoo pua, thiab Prince Vladimir yog qhov kawg. thib peb ntawm X - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XI. Yog lawm, nws tau tso siab rau qee qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th uas tsis tau nqis los rau peb. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov lag luam nyob hauv cov peev txheej yog: lawv piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim 100-150 xyoo dhau los, thiab lawv ua nws yuav luag tsis sau. Yog lawm, muaj cov chaw sab hnub poob - Byzantine, Latin, Arab, Armenian, thiab lwm yam, uas sib cav sib ceg, tsaus nti, tsis tshua muaj thiab xav tau kev txhais lus.

Feem ntau, txhua yam tsis zoo nrog kev kawm ntawm cov peev txheej, yog li kev xav ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm, cov kws sau ntawv, tshaj tawm thiab lwm cov kws tshaj lij kev nom kev tswv tau mus ncig. Yog lawm, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab ntawm Vladimir nyob rau hauv kev cai raus dej ntawm Rus. Tab sis ntawm no peb ntsib ib qho teeb meem loj heev - qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txais yuav cov ntseeg Vajtswv los ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv nws cov Byzantine version. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuv tsis paub meej tias lo lus "xeev" tuaj yeem siv rau qhov tsim ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th - thaum ntxov 11th centuries. Yog li, hais txog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir, peb tab tom nkag mus rau thaj tsam ntawm keeb kwm ntawm myths xwb.

Cov lus dab neeg hais txog kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev ntseeg los ntawm Vladimir, uas zaj dab neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo muab rau peb, yog ib tug zoo nkauj lus dab neeg, es muaj feem xyuam rau lub confessional ib puag ncig ntawm Russia, thiab tsis yog dab tsi tshwm sim. Los ntawm cov degree ntawm nws cov lag luam, tub rog, diplomatic nyob ze rau Byzantium, Ancient Russia tau predetermined los txais yuav cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv nws sab hnub tuaj version. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj tseeb rau peb sim sib txuas lus nrog Latin av thiab Olga, thiab Yaropolk. Tab sis, raws li Karamzin tau hais, "dab tsi tuaj yeem ua tau, tab sis ua tsis tau." Kuv xav tias tsis yog peb, lossis Ukraine yog cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Kievan Rus. Nws yog kev kawm txawv kiag li. Hais txog kab lis kev cai, tej zaum muaj. Qhov "teeb" uas Dmitry tau hais txog. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tias muaj qhov tsaus ntuj heev.

Volodikhin:

Yog hais tias peb tham txog seb lawv puas nco qab nws ua ntej los yog tsis, ces koj tuaj yeem tawm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau Kitay-Gorod, mus rau Starosadsky Lane, thiab nyob rau sab nraud ntawm Ioannovsky Monastery yuav yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Nws tau tsim tsis yog nyob rau hauv 2014, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, thiab nws canonization tshwm sim heev thaum ntxov - pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th. Nws nkag mus tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub annals, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm lwm yam monuments, thiab historians ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nco txog nws.

Tseeb, keeb kwm ntawm St. Vladimir tsis yog nyob rau hauv Russia, Ukraine los yog Belarus, nws belongs rau tag nrho peb East Slavic haiv neeg sib npaug, vim hais tias Ancient Russia thaum lub sij hawm tus tub huabtais Vladimir nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Russia, thiab nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. ntawm niaj hnub Belarus, thiab nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Ukraine. Tag nrho peb lub tebchaws tam sim no feem ntau yog Orthodox hauv lawv qhov kev lees txim.

Ob tug Vladimirs

Vladimir twb canonized tom qab, tsis nyob rau hauv nws lub neej. Rau ntau tus, cov kev hloov hauv nws tus cwj pwm zoo li puas siab puas ntsws tsis ntseeg. Tab sis yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau hauv lub chronology ntawm kev ua ntawm St. Vladimir, cov kev hloov no zoo li yuav tsum tau xav heev, xav tob heev. Nws xav txog yam kev ntseeg uas xav tau, yuav hloov siab li cas thiab txav deb ntawm kev ntseeg. Kuv nug cov neeg uas tau mus xyuas lwm lub tebchaws thiab tau paub txog lub ntsiab ntawm lwm txoj kev ntseeg. Kuj tseem muaj kev sib tham nrog Constantinople, zoo heev rau kev nom kev tswv.

Twb tau ua kev cai raus dej Vladimir tawm tsam Korsun, lub nroog Christian. Tom qab ntawd, nws txiav txim siab qhov teeb meem nyuaj heev ntawm kev sib cais nrog cov poj niam yav dhau los. Qhov no tsis tshwm sim hauv ib hnub, tsis nyob hauv ib lub lis piam, tsis nyob hauv ib hlis. Nws puas tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv rau lub hlis, ib xyoos? kuv xav tias yog.

Raws li cov laj thawj ntawm kev xaiv txoj kev taw qhia rau Constantinople Empire, muaj cov txiaj ntsig txaus. Tab sis cia peb nco ntsoov tias cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Russia muaj txawm ua ntej St. Nyob rau hauv Kiev, lub tsev teev ntuj Elias twb sawv lawm, tus huab tais tus pog tau ua kev cai raus dej, thiab nws yog tus tsa cov me nyuam. Muaj cov ntseeg txaus nyob hauv lub nroog. Cov neeg saib xyuas yog cov ntseeg, thiab cov ntseeg no yog cov Eastern precisely, vim hais tias thawj Me Me Kev Cai raus dej tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, tab sis ib puas xyoo dhau los. Ntawm chav kawm, nws yog organic, ntuj - ua li cas tag nrho cov keeb kwm (ob tsev neeg thiab lub xeev) tau npaj rau.

Karatuba:

Nws zoo nkaus li kuv hais dab neeg: nws tsis zoo li nws tau tsa los ntawm nws pog, vim hais tias cov tub ntawm cov tub huabtais Lavxias thaum ub, raws li txoj cai, tau tsa los ntawm cov txiv neej tshwj xeeb. Svyatoslav nrog nws retinue luag ntawm Olga cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Tej zaum qhov no yog li ntawd, lossis tej zaum tsis yog, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem tham txog nws nrog kev ntseeg siab, zoo li txhua yam yog li ntawd.

Volodikhin:

Koj ntseeg hais tias Svyatoslav luag ntawm txoj kev ntseeg no. Cia peb saib seb koj txoj kev ntseeg siab thiab kuv txoj kev ntseeg los ntawm qhov twg. Peb thov rau tib ntu - 962, lub siege ntawm Kiev los ntawm Pechenegs. Svyatoslav tsis nyob rau hauv Kiev, thiab ntev. Hloov chaw ntawm nws, Olga txoj cai, vim hais tias cov keeb kwm hu nws ua tus kav, hloov Svyatoslav. Nrog nws cov xeeb ntxwv. Nws yeej qhia txog kev ntxeem tau ntawm Pechenegs ua ke nrog cov thawj coj ntawm tus tub uas tawm mus tawm tsam. Tom qab qhov ntu no, thaum Svyatoslav tseem rov qab los, Olga hais kom nws ua kev cai raus dej, nws luag thiab tsis kam, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws lub neej tseem nyob rau ib qho nyiaj zoo nkauj, thiab lub neej no yuav ploj mus yam tsis tau rov qab mus rau thaj av deb. Thiab Olga tseem nyob hauv Kiev, thiab nws cov xeeb ntxwv. Yog li ntawd, lawv cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas dhau los nrog nws, thiab tsis nrog Svyatoslav.

Semi-legendary tub huabtais

Karatuba:

Tub huabtais Vladimir yog ib tug keeb kwm daim duab. Tau kawg, muaj cov duab zoo nkauj heev, xws li Rurik. Peb tseem paub ntau ntxiv txog Vladimir. Tab sis txhua yam uas peb hais txog nws yuav tsum tau nrog los ntawm tus lej uas tsis xav txog. Peb tsis paub hnub thiab qhov chaw nws yug. Peb tsis paub qhov twg los yog thaum twg nws ua kev cai raus dej. Yog, feem ntau yuav, tiag tiag nyob ze Kiev, tab sis leej twg paub? Peb tuaj yeem kwv yees txog qhov kev xav ntawm nws txoj kev txais yuav cov ntseeg Vajtswv, txog qib kev paub, txog seb nws tau tshwm sim los ntawm sab ntsuj plig vim li cas lossis qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev nom kev tswv, thaum lub koom haum xoob ntawm Slavic, Finno-Ugric thiab lwm pawg neeg nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Kiev. tsuas yog poob sib nrug, thiab xav tau txoj siv zog dua li lub pantheon ntawm rau lossis xya tus vajtswv uas tsis ntseeg Vajtswv uas Vladimir tsa thaum thawj kev hloov kho kev ntseeg.

Thiab yog vim li cas, yog hais tias nws yog xws li ib tug devout ntseeg, tus huab tais tseem nyob rau hauv keeb kwm thiab tau canonized nrog ib tug pagan lub npe, thiab tsis nrog cov ntseeg lub npe Vasily? Yog lawm, nws tig tawm tib yam nrog nws pog, nws yog Elena tom qab kev cai raus dej, thiab qhov no kuj yog qee qhov coj txawv txawv. Thaum nws yog canonized, peb kuj tsis paub. Yog, tej zaum thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, los yog tej zaum tom qab. Yog lawm, nws tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv kev ntseeg, ua kev cai raus dej tsawg ntawm Kievites, thiab tom qab ntawd Dobrynya ua kev cai raus dej rau cov Novgorodians nrog qee yam tshwm sim. Qhov kev ntseeg no tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm sab ntsuj plig lub neej ntawm Rus tsuas yog los ntawm XIV xyoo pua.

Ntawm no peb tau tham txog lub teeb - yog lawm, muaj lub teeb, tab sis muaj ntau yam ntxiv. Muaj tej lus xws li "Leej twg kawm Latin, nws deviated rau heresy", "Tsis txhob nyeem ntau phau ntawv, tab sis tsis txhob poob rau hauv heresy." Peb hlub thiab hwm Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg Cyril thiab Methodius, tab sis vim yog qhov kev txhais ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo thiab kev pabcuam ua lus Slavic, peb tau fenced tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab hnub poob. Xya Ecumenical Councils yog qhov zoo, tab sis tsis muaj scholasticism nrog kev ntseeg, tsis muaj kev sib cav sib ceg, tsis muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav txog kev ntseeg mus txog rau xyoo 19th. Muaj ntau yam tsis ua haujlwm. Thiab ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm tag nrho cov no yog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir. Tab sis, ib txwm, nws yog, thiab yuav nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm.

Ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb

Kuv tsis koom nrog tag nrho peb cov keeb kwm ntxiv nrog Prince Vladimir. Kuv tsuas yog xav tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg no, uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws tus kheej, yog exaggerated heev. Lub xeev plunged rau hauv abyss ntawm ib tug tsiaj qus tua neeg tua neeg tom qab nws tuag, thiab nws yeej npaj qhov no nrog nws tus kheej ob txhais tes. Christianity, saws nyob rau hauv nws, tsis zoo li tam sim no. Tab sis qhov chaw nyob deb, nyob rau hauv mythological tsaus ntuj, nws sawv ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub xeev.

Volodikhin:

Kuv ntseeg hais tias Vladimir sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev vam meej, thiab ntawm no kuv yuav tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm lub zoo-paub keeb kwm, sau phau ntawv "Vladimir Saint", kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm Sciences Sergei Alekseev. Lub npe ntawm tus tub huabtais nrov nrov tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua tom ntej. Kuv xav kom koj nco ntsoov tias thaum Phau Ntawv Teev Ntuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv Metropolitans Macarius thiab Athanasius, St. Vladimir coj qhov chaw nruab nrab hauv nws - qhov pib ntawm txhua yam uas tshwm sim tom ntej.