Roman legionnaires tsis muaj Hollywood kov-up lossis li cas phau ntawv dag

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Roman legionary - dab tsi yog nws tiag tiag? Yog tias koj txaus siab rau cov lus nug thiab paub txog cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, nws yuav sai sai ua kom pom tseeb tias cov legionnaire tiag tiag txawv ntawm cov neeg feem coob tau siv los pom lawv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm pawg kab lis kev cai thiab tsev kawm ntawv keeb kwm cov phau ntawv.

1. Legionnaire li nws yog

Thaum cov lus "Roman legionnaire" tau hais, cov neeg feem coob muaj ua ntej lawv lub qhov muag ib tug tub rog qub txeeg qub tes nrog ib daim ntaub thaiv npog loj, chained hauv phaj armor nrog rab ntaj thiab dart. Thiab ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv cov khaub ncaws liab. Tab sis yog qhov no tiag tiag li tus tub rog Roman zoo li ntau pua xyoo ntawm ib lub tebchaws loj tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg keeb kwm? Qhov tseeb, Hollywood tau ua "kev koom tes" loj heev rau kev tsim cov duab ntawm cov tub rog Roman thaum peplum, ib hom kev ua yeeb yaj kiab keeb kwm txog keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab phau Vajlugkub, tau los ua neeg nyiam nyob rau xyoo pua 20th.

Txij thaum ntawd los, cov duab tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab tsis tau hloov pauv tiag tiag. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog heev ingrained nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov neeg, uas yog heev nyuaj rau tua nws. Qhov tseeb tiag, cov tub rog Loos tau txawv heev ntawm lub tswv yim niaj hnub no. Rome yog ib tug high-tech (los ntawm cov qauv ntawm antiquity) kev vam meej nrog ib tug siab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ntau lawm thiab kev ua hauj lwm, ib tug nruj lub koom haum thiab ib tug muaj zog kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Qhov no yog qhov ua rau thiab tib lub sijhawm yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tub rog muaj zog thiab niaj hnub no. Lo lus tseem ceeb yog "modern". Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub koom pheej, thiab tom qab ntawd lub teb chaws Ottoman, kev zam ntawm riam phom tsis nyob twj ywm, nws tau txhim kho tas li. Cov kev hloov me me hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm legionnaires tshwm sim (qhov nruab nrab) txhua 10-20 xyoo, kev hloov loj txhua txhua 100 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov keeb kwm, "cov hauv paus" ntawm cov cuab yeej tsis tau hloov pauv: daim ntaub thaiv, ntaj, luv hmuv-dart, lub cev armor, kaus mom hlau.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tias, txawm tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov legions, lawv lub koom haum thiab cov cuab yeej siv, qhov tseeb, cov legionaries tsis zoo ib yam hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub xeev. Tau kawg, lub hauv paus ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem zoo ib yam, tab sis tus kheej cov khoom thiab cov khoom hloov pauv nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov legions uas ua haujlwm hauv tshav ntuj Spain txawv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Hadrian's Wall. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov khaub ncaws hloov pauv, uas peb yuav tham txog tom qab.

Xav txog txhua yam uas tau hais los saum toj no thaum tham txog ib tug legionnaire, nws tsim nyog txiav txim siab tam sim ntawd rau lub sij hawm keeb kwm nyob rau hauv uas cov lus yuav tham. Thiab txij li thaum Rome tau pom los ntawm ntau tus neeg tias yog ib yam dab tsi "romantic", ces peb yuav tham txog cov legionnaires ntawm feem ntau "romantic" era - lub sij hawm ntawm Principate (27 BC - 284 AD): Gaius Julius tuag, kev tsov kev rog. dhau lawm, kev kav ntawm Emperor Octavian Augustus tau xaus, Rome tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab kev vam meej. Tshwj xeeb, peb yuav tsom mus rau 20-60 xyoo ntawm peb lub sijhawm.

Nco tseg: lo lus Principate los ntawm Latin principatus (los ntawm princeps) - thawj senator, senator, uas qhib lub rooj sib tham. Lub sij hawm no yog kev cai thiab yog siv los xaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv ntawm huab tais, uas combines monarchical thiab republican nta. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv Republican nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Senate, cov rooj sib tham nrov (comitia) thiab magistrates (tsis suav nrog censors) feem ntau tseem ceeb hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm.

2. Cov legionnaires hnav dab tsi

Cov thom khwm yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ib tus neeg cov khaub ncaws. Puas tau sim hnav khau tsis muaj thom khwm? Tom qab taug kev zoo, qhov kev xav hauv koj ob txhais ceg yuav tsis zoo siab tshaj plaws (zoo tshaj). Taw yuav yooj yim tshem tawm. Tam sim no xav txog tias koj yuav tsum taug kev hauv lub tsho hlau wicker, uas tseem muaj txoj siv tawv hnyav nrog riam phom, lub kaus mom hlau dangles ntawm koj lub taub hau, thiab ib lub hnab nrog txhua yam ntawm koj lub xub pwg nyom. Kom paub meej, cov cuab yeej no yuav tsoo thiab rub lub cev liab qab. Tau kawg, yog tias nws tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ib yam dab tsi. Thiab cov no yog cov khaub ncaws zoo tib yam (ntawm chav kawm, tsis zoo tib yam hauv kev muaj tiag). Thiab nws yog nrog cov khaub ncaws uas tsis yog tsuas yog Roman legionary pib, tab sis kuj muaj lwm tus tub rog uas hnav ris tsho hauv keeb kwm.

Thawj thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntawm legionnaire yog tunic. Ib qho yooj yim thiab ingenious invention. Tub rog lub tunic tsis txawv ntawm ib qho kev tshav ntuj. Qhov tseeb, nws tsuas yog ib qho loj thiab ntom square daim ntaub nrog slits. Archaeological pom thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm reenactors qhia tias cov khoom siv feem ntau rau tunics hauv Roman legions tsis yog linen (thaum lub sij hawm cov khoom no kim heev), tab sis ntaub plaub.

Yuav ua li cas yog li ntawd, feem ntau cov neeg yuav npau taws, xav txog ntawm lo lus "wool" ib tug pog nyiam lub sweater. Yuav ua li cas cov haiv neeg ntawm sultry Ltalis hnav tej yam zoo li ntawd? Lawv tuaj yeem ua tau zoo, vim peb tab tom tham txog cov ntaub plaub zoo. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tunic ua los ntawm ntaub plaub, nws tsis kub, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, nws muaj zoo heev thermoregulatory zog. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim, uas txhais tau hais tias nws yog pheej yig. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov ntaub plaub tunic tuab ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus li cov khaub ncaws hauv pawg ntseeg, tiv thaiv kev raug mob los ntawm rub lub cev nrog cov khoom siv. Nws yog pom tseeb tias txhua tus legionnaire tuaj yeem muaj ntau lub tunics. Feem ntau, muaj ob ntawm lawv: txhua hnub thiab hnub so. Ib tug tau hnav ntawm kev sib tw, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab thaum ua haujlwm lwm yam haujlwm. Qhov thib ob tuaj yeem hnav hauv lub yeej.

Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb yam khoom nyob rau hauv lub legionnaire lub wardrobe yog ib txoj phuam qhwv caj dab. Tau kawg, tsis yog ib txoj phuam sov sov uas leej niam khi rau cov menyuam thaum lub caij ntuj no kom lawv tsis txhob mob khaub thuas. Cov phuam qhwv caj dab yog ib qho loj loj ntawm tib lub ntaub plaub. Qhov tseeb, nws yog "ko taw rau lub caj dab." Nws tau siv los tiv thaiv lub xub pwg nyom thiab caj dab kom zoo dua los ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog cov saw xa ntawv (tom qab tag nrho, nws yog cov khoom ntawm lub cev uas muaj lub ntsiab load). Pom tseeb, cov legionnaires muaj cov phuam qhwv caj dab (xws li tunics) rau kev siv txhua hnub thiab hnub so. Qee tus tau siv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, lwm tus tau hnav thaum lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Cov kws tshawb fawb ua qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo li no los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov duab ntawm cov kab uas tseem tshuav ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

Qhov thib peb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ib legionnaire lub wardrobe yog kaligi. Raws li koj paub, ib tug tub rog tsis muaj peev xwm khau tsis yog tub rog. Roman fighters thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm tau hnav caligi (los ntawm Latin călĭgae, uas txhais tau tias khau boots). Nkawm khau muaj cov khau tawv tawv thiab khau khiab nrog cov hlua. Lub xub ntiag yog tuab heev thiab npog nrog spikes. Rau cov legionnaires zoo tib yam, caligi yog qhov yooj yim li sai tau, thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm hais kom them taus cov khau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov nyiaj thiab kub.

Qhov tseeb tiag: feem ntau yuav kaligi tsuas yog siv tau rau hauv lub legion, txij li qhov kev paub ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab qhia tias cov khau Roman hnav sai sai thaum taug kev hauv av.

Kaligi tau hnav ob txhais taw liab qab thiab nrog thom khwm. Yog lawm, cov neeg Loos paub tias cov thom khwm yog dab tsi thiab siv lawv (nws muaj peev xwm hais tias lawv kuj ntsib teeb meem ntawm cov thom khwm sab xis thiab sab laug). Archaeologists tau pom cov tub rog cov thom khwm ntau dua ib zaug. Lawv yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub plaub, uas tau lees tias txoj kev xav tias tag nrho cov legionnaires 'cov khaub ncaws yog woolen. Cov thom khwm tau tsim (kev txiav txim los ntawm kev tshawb pom archaeological) siv ntau txoj hauv kev, los ntawm kev xaws nrog rab koob kom yooj yim stitching ntawm daim ntaub.

Qhov thib plaub wardrobe khoom yog ib tug penula. Penula yog tus tub rog tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws, lub tsho loj nrog lub voj voog thiab lub hood uas tau hnav thiab hnav tshaj txhua yam khoom siv. Qhov tseeb, Penula yog ib qho zoo tib yam tus tswv yug yaj lub tsho, uas cov neeg nyob hauv Mediterranean tau paub zoo txij li Hnub Nyoog Bronze. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug cloak nws muaj peev xwm mus nkaum los ntawm txias thiab los nag, nyob rau hauv nws muaj peev xwm mus nqa tawm kev pab cuam, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, pw tsaug zog. Lub cloak tau ploughed nyob rau hauv nruab nrab nrog kev pab los ntawm cov nyees khawm ntawm pegs (archaeologists pom ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm lawv).

Qhov tseeb tiag: Txawm hais tias muaj qee theem ntawm kev sib sau ua ke hauv cov tub rog Roman, tsis muaj kev cai nruj rau lub pob kawg hauv cov khaub ncaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke hauv cov duab ntawm legionnaire los ntawm Hollywood txhua. Archaeologists pom ob qho tib si ntoo thiab tooj liab nyees khawm rau cannulas. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov tub rog, nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm xws li trifles, hnav khaub ncaws raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "leej twg yog zoo rau dab tsi" thiab yog hais tias muaj nyiaj, ces lawv sim hnav "richer". Cov tub rog stylistic zoo sib xws, tab sis ntawm kev soj ntsuam ze dua lawv txawv.

Qhov thib tsib yam tseem ceeb yog qhov hu ua "fascia ventralis". Txhais ua hom lus niaj hnub no, nws yog ib lub sash, ib txoj siv uas tau hnav nyob rau hauv armor ntawm lub tunic. Txoj siv tawv muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - ua tsaug rau kev tsim cov nyhuv corset, nws pab txo qis qee qhov ntawm lub nraub qaum thiab lub xub pwg nyom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum taug kev.

Thaum kawg, nws tsim nyog hais tias cov neeg Roman legionaries paub zoo kawg nkaus tias lub ris yog dab tsi. Tau kawg, cov khaub ncaws no hauv Rome (raws li nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws) tau suav hais tias yog ib qho kev xav tsis zoo. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov neeg Loos tau kawm txog lub ris los ntawm cov "barbarians". Txawm tias lub tsho ntev tunic hnav los ntawm cov tub rog yog daim ntawv phem nyob rau hauv "fashion voj voog" ntawm lub peev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov pom tseeb heev tias rau cov txiv neej uas tau ua haujlwm nyob rau qhov chaw ntawm British Isle lossis hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes, qhov chaw barbarians tas li khiav tawm ntawm hav zoov, thiab huab cua zoo li ntawd nws tuaj yeem khov ib yam dab tsi rau koj tus kheej, qhov kawg uas txhawj xeeb. yog lub peev zam …

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias cov neeg Loos zoo kawg nkaus hloov lawv cov legions mus rau cov xwm txheej tshiab, txawm hais tias cov qauv dav dav thiab lub hauv paus tseem tsis hloov pauv. Lawv txaus siab txais yuav txhua qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm cov neeg kov yeej, uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua pov thawj los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm riam phom. Yog cov neeg Loos tuaj yeem txeeb tau rab ntaj ntawm cov neeg lim hiam, ua cas lawv thiaj txeeb tsis tau lub ris?

3. Hlau zais

Cov saw hlau yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws invention ntawm cov txiv neej armored. Hom armor uas yeej nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thoob plaws hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov tub rog keeb kwm, txoj cai mus txog qhov tshwm sim thiab nthuav dav ntawm cov phom. Chain mail yog qhov yooj yim heev rau kev tsim khoom (nws yuav tsis zoo li rau ib tug txiv neej, ntawm chav kawm) nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lwm yam armor. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws muab kev tiv thaiv zoo. Nws kuj tseem nthuav tias thoob plaws hauv nws keeb kwm nws tsis tau hloov pauv tiag tiag (tshwj tsis yog tias nws ntev).

Nyob rau hauv Rome, saw mail tau paub zoo txij li lub sij hawm ntawm lub koom pheej thiab hu ua "lorica hamata" (los ntawm Latin "lorica hamata", qhov twg "hamata" yog ib tug nuv). Los ntawm txoj kev, cov tsim ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman loj tshaj plaws tau txais cov saw hlau xa los ntawm tib neeg barbarians los ntawm sab qaum teb, uas tsis tu ncua " tuaj xyuas" lawv cov neeg nyob ze yav qab teb.

Contrary to popular kev ntseeg, segmental armor ua los ntawm hlau daim hlau, hu ua "lorica segmental" (uas yog depicted nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua daim duab ntawm ib tug legionnaire), tsuas yog siv rau 1.5 centuries los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub 1st mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 2nd. AD thiab tsis tau siv dav. Pom tseeb vim qhov tseeb tias nws yog qhov nyuaj dua los tsim nws, thiab qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv tsis loj hlob ntau dhau.

Tsis tas li ntawd, mail armor muaj lwm yam zoo dua li phaj armor. Piv txwv li, chain mail yog ntau ntau yam. Nws tuaj yeem hnav rau ntau tus neeg thiab yuav tsis tas yuav tsum tau kho kom haum. Chain mail yog ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab hlau. Feem ntau, cov tshuab tsim khoom yog thawj coj los ntawm pawg Celtic.

Qhov tseeb tiag: Roman saw mail tau tsim raws li cov txheej txheem classical - ib lub nplhaib, woven rau hauv plaub, thiab tau riveted-txiav (ib kab ntawm lub nplhaib yog braided, thaum lwm tus yog carved los ntawm cov khoom siv). Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov no ua rau nws ua tau los xyuas kom meej lub siab tshaj plaws durability ntawm armor, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, nws simplified nws ntau lawm.

Cov tib lub xub pwg pads. pinterest.ru

Nws txawv ntawm lwm cov saw xa ntawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lorika hamata los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm pauldrons nrog clasps, uas yog obviously ib tug tribute rau Hellenistic tub rog zam. Tsis tas li ntawd, chain mail spaulders muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo. Lawv nce qhov nruj ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw txaus ntshai tshaj plaws, muab kev tiv thaiv zoo dua. Raws nraim tib yam, nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm cov xa ntawv xa ntawv, muaj ib lub voj voos xaim ntawm lub caj dab, uas yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm prickly blows los ntawm saum toj no (los ntawm kab). Los ntawm txoj kev, lub xub pwg straps "loj" los ntawm no heev dorsal ntxig.

Patch rov qab. m.prom.inforico.com.ua.

Qhov tseeb tiag: Roman saw xa ntawv muaj lub nplhaib me me dua li pom hauv Germanic thiab Celtic xa ntawv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub hamata lorica yog, ntawm qhov tod tes, txhim khu kev qha ntau dua li cov saw xa ntawv ntawm lwm haiv neeg, thiab tseem qhia txog cov kab lis kev cai siab ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv Rome. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nplhaib me me ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tho, uas cov saw hlau ib txwm muaj qhov tsis zoo.

4. Saib xyuas koj lub taub hau

Muaj ntau ntau yam stereotypes txog Roman kaus mom hlau. Contrary to the most popular of these, feem ntau cov kaus mom hlau yog ua los ntawm tooj dag. Qhov no yog eloquently paub tseeb los ntawm ntau archaeological pom. Qhov tseeb yog tias feem ntau ntawm txhua tus kws tshawb fawb pom cov kaus mom hlau tiag tiag. Lub legionnaire lub kaus mom hlau yog kab tias feem ntau ntsib archaeological artifact ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev tsim cov kaus mom hlau nyob hauv lub tebchaws yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov kwj deg. Kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis ntawm cov kaus mom hlau Roman hnub rov qab mus rau Hnub Nyoog Bronze.

Roman kaus mom hlau ntawm hom Montefortino tau siv los ntawm lub xyoo pua 3 BC mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 1 AD. Tau 400 xyoo, lub kaus mom hlau no tau ua tub rog tus phooj ywg zoo tshaj plaws.

Nco tseg: Cov neeg Loos tsis tau hu lub kaus mom hlau nrog lo lus Montefortino. Lub npe tau muab los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no hauv kev hwm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav archaeological ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Celtic faus "Montofortino" nyob rau sab qaum teb Ltalis.

Thiab ib zaug ntxiv - Cov neeg Loos tau qiv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kaus mom hlau los ntawm Gauls.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub kaus mom hlau Roman yog qhov muaj lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, uas pom tseeb tiv thaiv lub caj dab los ntawm kev stabbing los ntawm saum toj no. Feem ntau yuav, cov tsos ntawm cov phaj no kuj tau hais los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev tsim infantry. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb yog lub visor me me, uas ua haujlwm siv tau. Ua ntej, nws ua raws li lub hauv paus ntawm rigidity, muab kev tiv thaiv zoo dua los ntawm chopping tshuab ntawm lub kaus mom hlau. Qhov thib ob, lub visor tiv thaiv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev sib tsoo los ntawm kev sib tsoo.

Lub puab tsaig ntawm lub puab tsaig yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaus mom hlau tsim. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau lawv cov duab, namely, muaj ob cutouts. Lawv tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau lub qhov ncauj thiab qhov muag. Yog tias tsis muaj kev txiav tawm, nws yuav tsis yooj yim heev rau cov tub rog los tuav kev sib ntaus sib tua, nrog rau ntsuas qhov xwm txheej tam sim no. Qhov thib ob, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau cov ceg ntoo hauv qab ntawm lub puab tsaig, uas muab kev tiv thaiv ntxiv rau lub caj dab, uas yog lub ncauj tsev menyuam cov hlab ntsha. Ib qho piv txwv zoo heev ntawm qhov yooj yim heev, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tseem ceeb heev.

Sab saum toj ntawm cov kaus mom hlau muaj ib lub bronze bushing, uas yog ib qho khoom siv zoo nkauj. Ib plume tau muab tso rau hauv nws, uas yog tsim los ntawm plaub los yog nees plaub hau. Nws tau ua haujlwm los qhia txog qib ntawm tus neeg tua rog, thiab kuj tau siv los ua ib qho kev ua yeeb yam.

Qhov tseeb tiag: Roman legionnaires tsis hnav lub kaus mom hlau ntawm lawv lub taub hau liab qab. Ua ntej, lub kaus mom me me woolen tau hnav, uas kuj tau ua haujlwm rau kev poob siab thaum muaj kev poob siab.

Yav tom ntej, peb yuav txuas ntxiv peb zaj dab neeg txog cov cuab yeej ntawm Roman legionnaires. Xws li, peb yuav qhia koj txog lawv cov riam phom thiab lub neej.