Paintings, sculptures, phau ntawv: trophies tau txais los ntawm USSR tom qab tsov rog

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov tub rog Soviet hauv xyoo 1945 coj cov khoom plig txawv txawv rau lawv lub tebchaws. Cov duab kos duab, duab puab, phau ntawv, kub yog lub ntiaj teb cov cuab yeej cuab tam kev cai uas tau dim ntawm cov nplaim taws ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog.

1. Sau ntawm Dresden Gallery

Thaum Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1945, Cov tub rog Allied - Great Britain thiab Tebchaws Meskas - tau ua ib lub foob pob loj heev rau ntawm ib lub nroog zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv German, Dresden.

Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm cov duab kos duab nto moo tuaj yeem raug tua nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub txaus ntshai - kev sau ntawm Saxon Cov Neeg Xaiv Tsa suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Pieter Brueghel tus Txwj Laug, Giorgione thiab Vermeer, Botticelli thiab Cranach, Rubens thiab Holbein, Titian thiab Van Dyck. Los ntawm cov vaults, tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab tau tsiv mus rau quarries thiab adits. Nyob ntawd lawv tau pom los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1945.

Ib yam dab tsi nteg li ntawd, thiab lub hlaws ntawm cov khoom sau - "Sistine Madonna" los ntawm Raphael - tau muab zais rau hauv lub thawv plywood nrog padlocks. Cov masterpieces tau tsiv mus rau Moscow, mus rau Pushkin State Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts, qhov chaw lawv tau rov qab los, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1955 lawv tau nthuav tawm rau cov neeg tuaj saib hauv 14 chav. Rau plaub lub hlis, ntau tshaj 1.2 lab tus tib neeg tau pom qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov duab cawm siav. Rau cov neeg pom lawv, lub tsev khaws puav pheej ua haujlwm txhua hnub: nws qhib nws lub qhov rooj thaum 7:30 thiab tau txais cov neeg tuaj xyuas txog 23:00.

Tom qab ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv rov qab mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees: "Tau kawg, txhua tus neeg tau npau taws," Irina Antonova, tus thawj coj ntawm Pushkinsky, hais txog. - Tab sis, tom qab pom kuv tus kheej hauv Dresden ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, kuv tuaj yeem saib qhov xwm txheej no ntawm lwm txoj kev. Kuv paub tias Dresden Gallery yog Dresden."

2. Pergamon thaj chaw

Ntawm cov khoom plig hauv tsev khaws puav pheej yog lub thaj loj ntawm Zeus los ntawm lub nroog Pergamum, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub frieze loj uas piav txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov vajtswv thiab cov neeg loj heev. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias Yauhas tus Theologian hais nws nyob rau hauv Tshwm Sim, hu lub thaj "lub zwm txwv ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog." Lub thaj tau pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th los ntawm German archaeologist Karl Human thiab thauj mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab nyob rau hauv 1920 ib tug tshwj xeeb tsev cia puav pheej tau tsim rau lub antique relic nyob rau hauv Berlin.

Tom qab ua tsov ua rog, lub Pergamon Altar raug coj mus rau St. Petersburg - rau 13 xyoo nws yog nyob rau hauv lub cia ntawm lub Hermitage, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1954 cov neeg tuaj saib pom nws. Plaub xyoos tom qab ntawd, lub thaj tau xa rov qab mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees - rau hnub no, lub thaj yog nyob rau hauv Berlin Pergamon Tsev khaws puav pheej, thiab ib tug plaster daim ntawv ntawm relic yog tsim rau lub USSR. Txij li thaum xyoo 2002, nws tau raug nthuav tawm ntawm Stieglitz Academy of Arts hauv St.

3. Otto Krebs collection

Ntawm cov khoom plig kos duab yog cov haujlwm ntawm Impressionists. Hauv nws lub tsev nyob ze Weimar, tus ua lag luam Otto Krebs tau sib sau ua ke tshwj xeeb ntawm Van Gogh, Cézanne, Gauguin, Pissarro, Monet thiab lwm tus kws ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1945, Soviet tub rog tswj hwm hauv tebchaws Yelemes tau nyob hauv nws lub tsev loj. Nws yog thaum ntawd peb cov tub rog nrhiav tau ib qho chaw cia khoom tshwj xeeb hauv qab daus. Ib tug surprise tos lawv nyob rau hauv: ib tug ua tiav cov lus nug ntawm cov sau thiab cov masterpieces lawv tus kheej, nyob rau hauv tag nrho raws li cov npe. 102 paintings thiab 13 drawings, yim sculptures, ib lub kaum os cov khoom plooj (porcelain).

Cov neeg ua haujlwm Hermitage, uas tau txais Krebs sau, tam sim ntawd nkag siab tias lawv tab tom saib tsis yog ib qho khoom sau xwb, tab sis lub tsev khaws puav pheej mini tiag tiag, yog li ua haujlwm zoo heev. Los ntawm 1949 txog 1996 cov khoom khaws cia hauv Hermitage storerooms, ces nws tau nthuav tawm ntawm no ua ib feem ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej sau.

4. Phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau

Lub nroog me me ntawm Gotha hauv Thuringia tau suav tias yog cov khoom muaj nqis tiag tiag ua ntej tsov rog. Lub tsev qiv ntawv qub tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Yelemees tau nyob ntawm no. Lub Dukes ntawm Saxe-Gotha mob siab rau ntxiv nws: phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum ntawm Otto Heinrich, Great Mainz Bible, cov phau ntawv nrog cov ntawv sau ntawm Martin Luther, Calvin cov ntawv sau thiab txawm tias Lavxias "Ntiaj Teb" los ntawm Ivan Fedorov, luam tawm hauv Ostrog. Tom qab tsov rog, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv raug thauj mus rau lub USSR. Tau kaum xyoo, cov ntawv tshwj xeeb tau nyob hauv tib lub thawv uas lawv tuaj txog. Nyob rau hauv 1956, feem ntau ntawm cov phau ntawv rov qab mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Ob phau Vajlugkub uas luam tawm los ntawm Johann Gutenberg kuj tau mus rau Moscow los ntawm Leipzig German Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Phau Ntawv thiab Hom. Tawm ntawm 180 daim ntawv luam, tsuas yog 47 tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, yog li ib tus tuaj yeem xav txog tias cov ntawv no tsawg npaum li cas. Ib tug ntawm cov phau Vajlugkub yog nyob rau hauv lub Lomonosov Moscow State University, thiab lub thib ob, raws li nws muab tawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub 1990s, nyob rau hauv "Leninka" nyob rau hauv Moscow.

5. Sau ntawm Bremen Kunsthalle

Dürer, Rembrandt, Van Gogh - ntau tshaj 1,700 tej hauj lwm ntawm cov masters zoo los ntawm kev sau ntawm Bremen Kunsthalle tau muab zais thaum ua tsov rog hauv qab daus ntawm Karntzov tsev fuabtais. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1945, cov tub rog Soviet tau nkag mus rau cov suav ntawm Königsmark, lawv pom cov folders nrog cov duab thiab cov thawv nrog cov duab.

Tus tauj ncov loj Viktor Baldin tau tswj kom txuag tau ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm looting thiab thauj mus rau Moscow. Nyob rau hauv 1947, lub sau nyob rau hauv lub Moscow Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Architecture, thiab txij li thaum 1991 - nyob rau hauv lub Hermitage. Tom qab ntawd lub ntiaj teb tau kawm tias Bremen sau khaws cia hauv Russia. Tam sim no nws dais lub npe ntawm tus neeg uas cawm nws ntawm kev puas tsuaj - Viktor Baldin.

6. Gothic sau

Hauv lub tsev friedenstein hauv Gotha, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Lukas Cranach Sr. tau ua tus kws kos duab hauv tsev hais plaub rau Elector Frederick III the Wise. Ntawm no, ib qho ntawm thawj lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nrog cov khoom lag luam nplua nuj tau tshwm sim - Jan Lievens, Frans Hals, Jan Brueghel tus txwj laus thiab, tau kawg, Cranach.

Tom qab tsov rog, lub rooj sib tham tsiv mus rau lub Soviet Union: ib co rov qab mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau hauv 1950s. Txog nees nkaum canvases los ntawm Cranach, suav nrog "Mister Burgomaster", "Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav", "Adoration of the Magi" thiab lwm tus, tau nyob hauv cov nyiaj ntawm Pushkin State Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts rau ntau tshaj 70 xyoo.

7. Cov khoom muaj nqis

Ib qho ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej Berlin yog cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Troy, pom los ntawm Heinrich Schliemann. Qhov muaj txiaj ntsig nrhiav, uas muaj cov nyiaj kub kub, nyiaj thiab kub cov khoom siv, axes thiab daggers, tau hu ua Treasure of Priam. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws tau xaus rau hauv Berlin Collection of Antiquities, tab sis nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb tau muab zais rau hauv lub vaj tsiaj.

Tom qab kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, lub tsev khaws puav pheej collections raug xa mus rau cov tub rog Soviet. Qhov no yog li cas cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Troy tau xaus rau hauv Soviet Union, tab sis ob peb tus neeg paub txog nws - nws tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1990s uas daim ntawv lo zais tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom plig. Nws yog txhua yam xav tsis thoob uas pom lawv nrog kuv tus kheej ob lub qhov muag ntawm kev nthuav qhia hauv lub nroog Pushkin xyoo 1996. Schliemann qhov tshwj xeeb pom yog nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej niaj hnub no.

Ntawm cov khoom plig yog lwm yam khoom muaj nqis, suav nrog Bronze Age jewels los ntawm Eberswald Treasure, thiab kub los ntawm Frankish Merovingians, kuj nyob rau hauv Berlin Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Ancient thiab Early History.

8. Film Fund ntawm Reichsfilmarchive

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1940s thiab thaum ntxov 1950s, cov yeeb yaj duab txawv teb chaws tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntxaij vab tshaus ntawm Soviet xinesmas - qhov uas nws kim heev sau ntawm lub Reichsfilmarchive yog ib tug ntawm cov spoils ntawm tsov rog. Los ntawm 1945, muaj ntau tshaj li 17 txhiab paintings nyob rau hauv nws cov nyiaj, thiab tsis tsuas yog ntawm German ntau lawm, luam los ntawm cov zaj duab xis archives ntawm Fabkis, Norway, Yugoslavia, Poland thiab txawm lub teb chaws USA tau khaws cia rau ntawd.

Yog li ntawd, ntau tshaj li rau txhiab zaj yeeb yaj kiab tau raug xa mus rau Soviet State Film Fund, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd ntau tsiv mus rau cov yeeb yaj kiab. Piv txwv li, "The Big Waltz", "Serenade of the Sun Valley", "Ib Pua Txiv Neej thiab Ib Tug Hluas", cov yeeb yaj kiab suab paj nruag nrog Caruso, cov yeeb yaj kiab taug txuj kev nyuaj nrog Eric Stroheim.

Ntau tus ua ntej qhov yeeb yam tau saib los ntawm Joseph Stalin nws tus kheej. Ib txhia ntawm cov paintings tau remounted, hloov qhov xaus los yog tshem tawm txhua yam "teeb meem" rau ib tug Soviet neeg, txawm lub npe. Kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua ntej los ntawm cov npe tshwj xeeb: "tau txais txiaj ntsig tom qab kev swb ntawm Nazi cov tub rog los ntawm Soviet Army nyob ze Berlin xyoo 1945".