Cov neeg tshwj xeeb ntawm Mongolia - Khotons

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ntawm cov neeg ntawm haiv neeg Mongolian muaj ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg txawv ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Cov no yog khotons. Los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm khotons lawv tus kheej thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm khotons muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv.

Khoton Mongols yog ib haiv neeg me me. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Tarilan somon ntawm Uvs aimag sab qab teb ntawm Lake Uvs-Nur. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho kev ceeb toom ntawm khotons nyob hauv somons nyob ib sab ntawm Tarialan-Naranbulag somon (Naran-Bulak ntawm Soviet topographic maps) thiab nyob rau hauv lub chaw tswj hwm ntawm Uvs aimag hauv nroog Ulangom.

Tab sis feem ntau txhim khu kev qha, raws li lub qhov ncauj kab lis kev cai ntawm khotons lawv tus kheej thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, yog hais tias thaum lub sij hawm lub reign. Galdan Boshogt Khan: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?lawv tau los ua neeg Dzungar xeev … Nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, Galdan boshogt tau kov yeej lub nroog ntawm Turkestan sab hnub tuaj thiab Uyguria thiab hloov chaw cov neeg koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb rau ntau qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov xwm txheej no, muaj lus dab neeg hais tias nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub tam sim no Uvs aimag los ntawm Ulaang nws tau tsa ib pab pawg neeg ntawm khotons mus cog rau hauv av.

Raws li cov pej xeem suav pej xeem ntawm 1928 thiab 1930, ntau ntau khotons tau sau npe ua ntej. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm cov thawj coj faib, Altan teelin somonrau qhov chaw nyob ntawm khotons. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1933 lub somon no tau renamed rau hauv somon Tarilan.

Nws ntseeg tias Dzungarian Khan Galdan-Boshogtu tau nyob hauv cov chaw no ntau tshaj peb caug xyoo dhau los. Raws li lwm version, khotons yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg Turkic sib xyaw ntawm Xinjiang, raug ntes los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Qing dynasty nyob rau xyoo 17th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Academician B. Ya. Vladimirtsov, cov neeg taug kev thiab cov kws tshawb fawb PK Kozlov thiab BB Baradiin, tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm GN Potanin nyiam Kara-Kyrgyz keeb hauv cov lus nug ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Khotons thiab sau tseg lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Kyrgyz hauv ethnogenesis ntawm Khotons..

Ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab Turkologists ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Academician AN Samoilovich, uas ua kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub Khoton pab pawg neeg, kuj muaj ib tug zoo xws li cov kev xav thiab sau txog qhov no: "… txiav txim tsuas yog los ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm lub Khotons, Nws tso cai tias lawv suav nrog Kara-Kyrgyz, East Turkestan Sarts, thiab, tej zaum, Cossack-Kirghiz."

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li kev txheeb xyuas kev hais lus, tus kws tshawb fawb muab kev nyiam rau Kara-Kyrgyz lub ntsiab lus hauv cov lus nug ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Khotons, xa mus rau cov pov thawj kuj rau Khoton lus dab neeg, hais los ntawm GN Potanin, txog keeb kwm ntawm. xeem Sarybash (piv nrog Kyrgyz xeem Sarybagysh) los ntawm plaub caug ntxhais. Cov lus dab neeg no, raws li A. N. Samoilovich, yog undoubtedly ntawm Kara-Kyrgyz keeb kwm. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub ua raws li txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws. Niaj hnub no cov Mongolian khotons tau sib sau ua ke rau Mongols, thiab lawv cov lus thiab kev coj ua tau dhau los ua Mongolian.

Khotons muaj feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1a1 - 83%, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov noob drift tau piav qhia los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub raj mis uas cov pej xeem mus dhau, nqis los ntawm cov neeg tsim tsa tsawg tsawg uas tau tsiv mus rau thaj tsam. ntawm Northwestern Mongolia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th; Qhov feem ntau yuav, "lub caj dab" tau dhau los ntawm cov pej xeem no ntau zaus. DNA kev tshawb fawb ntawm Mongolian cov kws tshawb fawb Ts. Tserendash thiab J. Batsuur tau lees paub tias 45-50% ntawm Khoton gene pas dej yog los ntawm Kyrgyz, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tom ntej yog koom nrog. cov Uighurs thiab Uzbeks, thiab tsis yog txhua qhov tseem ceeb - rau Kazakhs. Tseeb tiag, ntawm cov neeg Turkic niaj hnub no, Kyrgyz yog cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm cov feem ntau ntawm haplogroup R1a1 - 63%.

Tam sim no nyob hauv Mongolia ntau tshaj 10 txhiab khotonsLawv nyob hauv Tarilan Somon, Uvs aimag, nyob rau sab hnub poob Mongolia sab qab teb ntawm Uvs Nuur Lake. Thiab lo lus "tarialan" hauv kev txhais lus txhais tau hais tias thaj av arable.

Nyob rau hauv cov chaw ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus kiv cua ntawm Kharkhira River, irrigation systems tau tsim 300 xyoo dhau los, uas txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nomadic tsiaj nyeg. Cov kev sib txawv no txuas ntxiv mus rau niaj hnub no, nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas thaj chaw nyob ntawm Khotons tau muab lub npe zoo li no. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau tus naj npawb ntawm khotons nyob hauv thaj tsam Tarilan somon zoo Naranbulag.

Thawj cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau saib xyuas khotons yog cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias Potanin thiab Vladimirtsov, uas tau mus xyuas cov chaw no hauv xyoo 1910. Tus kws tshawb fawb Potanin tau mus rau qhov chaw nyob ntawm Khotons, tau paub txog lawv txoj kev ua neej thiab lus. Thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Vladimirtsov tau kawm tob txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus Khoton. Nws kuj tau sau lawv cov lus dab neeg thiab epics los ntawm cov lus ntawm khotons lawv tus kheej. Los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm Vladimrtsov, nws tau pom tseeb tias hotons muaj Turkic keeb kwm. Nws lees paub ntau dua 100 lo lus los ntawm cov lus Turkic hauv lawv cov lus. Thiab lawv tus kheej tau hais tias lawv muaj keeb kwm txawv ntawm Derbets.

Vladimirtsov kuj tau tsim los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm anthropology, lawv zoo ib yam li cov neeg ntawm sab hnub tuaj Turkestan, txawm tias lawv txoj kev ua liaj ua teb khaws cov yam ntxwv ntawm sab hnub tuaj Turkestan.

Khotons txawv ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig hauv zos (thiab los ntawm tag nrho cov Mongols) hauv hom anthropological, txij li txawm tias kev coj ua sib xyaw ua ke, lawv tseem muaj. nta ntawm Pamir hom lub ntsej muag.

Yav tas los, cov Khotons siv lawv cov lus ntawm pawg Turkic - cov lus Khoton. Tam sim no, cov Khotons tau hloov pauv mus rau hom lus ntawm Kalmyk (Oirat), yam ntxwv ntawm Derbets, pawg neeg tseem ceeb uas nyob hauv Ubsunur aimag. Qee qhov chaw sau tseg tias cov lus hais ntawm Khotons khaws cia ntau dua ntawm Oirat thawj cov yam ntxwv dua li cov lus ntawm Derbets thiab Bayats kom raug, uas tau ntsib qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Khalkha.

Keeb kwm, tag nrho cov khotons yog Muslims, txawm li cas los xij, ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev nyob hauv thaj chaw uas cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig lees paub Kev ntseegUa ke nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm shamanism, khotons poob feem ntau ntawm Islamic rituals; cov pej xeem hauv zos tau txais kev lis kev cai uas tsis sib haum nrog cov lus qhuab qhia Islamic. Txawm li cas los xij, pawg neeg no khaws cia lub cim xeeb ntawm ob qho tib si Turkic thiab Muslim keeb kwm. Hauv kev coj ua ritual, cov seem ntawm cov lus thov Islamic txuas ntxiv siv (tsuas yog hauv cov lus Khoton).