Mayan codices, muaj koob muaj npe monuments thiab Mayan daim ntawv qhia hnub

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Maya yog ib tsev neeg hais lus ywj pheej uas tam sim no muaj txog 30 yam lus, muab faib ua plaub ceg. Cov ceg ntoo no tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov lus Protomaya, uas tsim nyob rau hauv Guatemalan Highlands nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st BC. Tam sim no keeb kwm ntawm tsev neeg lus Mayan muaj txog 4 txhiab xyoo.

Thawj pom thiab de Landa cov tsiaj ntawv

Kev sau ntawv Mayan nkag mus rau kev tshawb fawb nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum cov duab ntawm cov monuments nrog cov ntawv hieroglyphic tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm rau lub monuments ntawm pre-Columbian America. Xyoo 1810, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt tau luam tawm nplooj ntawv ntawm Dresden Codex, cov ntawv sau pom hauv Royal Library hauv Dresden uas muaj cov cim tsis meej thiab hieroglyphs. Thaum xub thawj, cov cim no tau raug ntaus nqi rau ib hom kev sau ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov neeg Mev thaum ub yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txog thaj chaw. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm enthusiasts rushed mus rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm Central America nrhiav Mayan monuments. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, sketches ntawm monuments thiab inscriptions ntawm lawv tau luam tawm. Lawv tau muab piv nrog Dresden Code thiab pom tias tag nrho cov cim no yog ib feem ntawm kev sau ntawv hieroglyphic ntawm Maya thaum ub.

Ib theem tshiab hauv kev kawm txog kev sau ntawv Maya yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Diego de Landa cov ntawv sau "Tshaj tawm ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv Yucatan." Xyoo 1862, Fab Kis Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Charles-Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, tus kws sau keeb kwm kev ua si, tau pom ib daim qauv ntawm phau ntawv no, ua rau xyoo 1661, hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Royal Historical Academy hauv Madrid. Tus thawj yog sau los ntawm Diego de Landa nyob rau hauv 1566. Fray Diego de Landa yog tus npis sov thib ob ntawm Yucatan kom raug txim ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm chaw ua haujlwm thiab raug hu mus rau Spain los ua tim khawv. Thiab ua lub hauv paus rau nws txoj kev ncaj ncees, nws tau sau ib txoj hauj lwm uas muaj cov lus piav qhia txog lub neej ntawm Maya Khab uas nyob rau sab qaum teb Yucatan. Tab sis, ntxiv rau kev piav qhia txog lub neej ntawm cov neeg Khab, cov ntawv sau no suav nrog lwm qhov tseem ceeb - cov ntawv hu ua Landa.

Qhov "niam ntawv" no yog cov ntaub ntawv hu ua ob hom lus - cov ntawv sib txuas ua ob hom lus. Nrog rau cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lus Mev, Mayan hieroglyphs tau sau. Qhov teeb meem yog los txiav txim seb qhov twg yog sau nyob rau hauv hieroglyphs: tus kheej phonetic ntsiab lus, tag nrho cov lus, ib co abstract tswvyim los yog lwm yam. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tsam cov lus nug no rau ntau xyoo lawm: ib tus neeg xav tias nws yog Diego de Landa qhov kev dag ntxias, ib tus neeg xav tias kev hloov ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin rau kev sau ntawv Mayan hieroglyphic. Thiab qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias cov hieroglyphs muaj cov ntawv nyeem, uas nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no lawv tau sim siv cov ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Spanish.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, ib lub sij hawm ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm lub corpus ntawm Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions pib, thiab photography pib siv los kho monuments. Los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib tug series ntawm luam tawm nrog cov duab thiab sketches ntawm monuments pib tshwm. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas lub cev ntawm Mayan hieroglyphic inscriptions tau tsim, raws li qhov kev sau ntawv hieroglyphic tau kawm tom qab. Ntxiv rau lawv, ob lub cim hieroglyphic ntxiv tau pom - Paris thiab Madrid, muaj npe tom qab qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov kev tshawb pom. Cov lej yog ib hom ntawv sau los ntawm Maya cov ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntev strips ntawm daim ntawv, uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntawv hieroglyphic, iconographic dluab thiab daim ntawv qhia hnub suav. Cov strips ntawm daim ntawv tau muab tais zoo li lub accordion, thiab cov ntawv sau tau ua rau ntawm ob sab ntawm cov txiaj ntsig code.

Decoding kev sau ntawv

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 30s - 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub British ethnographer, linguist thiab archaeologist Eric Thomson yeej nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntiaj teb no, uas xav tias Maya sau ntawv muaj ib tug pictorial cim, thiab ib tug neeg cim ntawm tsab ntawv yuav tsum tau. to taub nyob ntawm seb lawv yog dab tsi. depict, tsis departing los ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Ntawd yog, tag nrho cov duab Maya yuav tsum tau txhais raws li peb txoj kev paub txog kab lis kev cai no. Nyob rau hauv teb rau lub point ntawm view ntawm Eric Thomson, ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm lub Soviet tshwj xeeb Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Soviet Ethnography" nyob rau hauv 1952. Cov tub ntxhais hluas kws tshawb fawb, ces tseem yog ib tug kawm tiav tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Leningrad ceg ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Ethnography ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences, muab nws tus kheej saib ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm deciphering lub Maya sau ntawv. Knorozov yog tus kws tshaj lij dav dav, txawm tias ua ntej tsov rog, kawm hauv keeb kwm kws qhia ntawv ntawm Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov, nws xav paub txog keeb kwm ntawm Egypt. Tom qab ua tsov ua rog, nws txiav txim siab los ua tshwj xeeb hauv ethnography ntawm cov neeg ntawm Central Asia. Thiab thaum nws kawm, nws tsim ib lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm Ntiaj Teb Ancient. Yog li ntawd, thaum kawm Maya hieroglyphic cov ntawv, nws tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov ntawv sau Egyptian thiab lwm yam kev coj noj coj ua.

Nyob rau hauv nws 1952 tsab xov xwm, nws tau npaj ib txoj kev deciphering, lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog los txiav txim qhov kev nyeem ntawv ntawm ib tug neeg Mayan hieroglyphic cov cim, uas, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, muaj ib tug meej phonetic lub ntsiab lus. Ntawd yog, nws xav tias "Landa's alphabet" muaj lub suab nrov ntawm cov cim hieroglyphic, uas yog sau siv cov ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Spanish. Knorozov txiav txim siab tias kev sau ntawv Mayan yog cov lus thiab cov lus: qee cov cim qhia yog cov lus qhia, uas yog, cov lus cais, thiab lwm tus yog cov cim cim (syllabograms) - cov ntsiab lus paub daws teeb. Nws yog cov cim suab uas tau sau nyob rau hauv "Landa's alphabet", uas yog, cov cim qhia uas qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm tus lej thiab tus lej. Nyob rau hauv lem, kev sib txuas ntawm cov cim cim tau muab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus xav tau los ntawm cov lus Mayan.

Knorozov txoj kev, uas nws tau siv los txiav txim siab kev nyeem ntawv ntawm hieroglyphs, yog hu ua txoj kev nyeem ntawv hla: yog tias peb xav tias qee qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov cim (hieroglyphic block) tau nyeem nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, ces lwm qhov sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj cov cim uas twb tau nyeem lawm. ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab nyeem ntawv ntawm lub cim tshiab, thiab ntxiv mus. Yog li ntawd, Knorozov tuaj nrog ib hom kev xav uas thaum kawg tau lees paub qhov kev xav txog kev nyeem thawj qhov kev sib txuas. Yog li tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais ib txheej ntawm ob peb lub kaum os cov cim hieroglyphic, txhua qhov sib raug rau qee lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab.

Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab achievements ntawm Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov yog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm txoj kev nyeem cov Maya hieroglyphic cim, xaiv cov piv txwv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm uas nws hais txog cov qauv no, tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus qauv ntawm Mayan hieroglyphic sau ntawv nyob rau hauv relation mus lus. Nws kuj tau ua ib qho me me, sib sau ua ke ntawm cov cim uas nws tau txheeb xyuas hauv Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions. Muaj ib tug misconception hais tias, tau deciphered lub Maya sau ntawv, Knorozov yog li nyeem tag nrho cov ntawv nyob rau hauv dav dav. Nws tsuas yog lub cev ua tsis tau. Piv txwv li, nws tau them nyiaj tsawg heev rau cov ntawv nyeem. Hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, nws feem ntau tsom mus rau cov ntawv sau hieroglyphic, tus lej tsawg. Tab sis, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws tau hais qhia qhov tseeb ntawm kev nyeem cov ntawv hieroglyphic.

Tau kawg, Eric Thomson tsis txaus siab rau qhov tseeb tias qee qhov upstart ntawm Soviet Russia muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab sau ntawv hieroglyphic. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov lus hais txog kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim nrog qhov pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Txias, uas yog, lub sijhawm uas ob lub tswv yim sib ntaus sib tua - cov neeg tawg rog thiab cov peev txheej. Raws li, Knorozov sawv cev Marxist historiography hauv Thomson lub qhov muag. Thiab los ntawm qhov pom ntawm Thomson, siv txoj hauv kev ntawm Marxism, tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem ua tiav, thiab txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej nws tsis ntseeg tias muaj peev xwm deciphering hieroglyphic sau ntawv los ntawm txoj kev tau thov los ntawm Knorozov.

Thaum kawg ntawm 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, feem ntau Western kws txawj pom zoo nrog Knorozov txoj kev, thiab ntxiv kev kawm ntawm Maya sau ua raws li txoj kev ntawm kev kawm nws phonetic tivthaiv. Lub sijhawm no, cov lus tau tsim - ib lub rooj ntawm cov lus qhia, thiab cov ntawv teev npe ntawm cov cim kos npe tau maj mam ntxiv - cov no yog cov cim qhia uas qhia txog tus kheej cov lus. Xyaum mus txog rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog tsis yog hauv kev nyeem ntawv thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv, tab sis kuj txiav txim siab nyeem cov cim tshiab uas tsis tuaj yeem nyeem los ntawm Knorozov.

Kev sau ntawv

Kev sau ntawv Maya belongs rau hom lus-syllabic sau tshuab, lawv kuj hu ua logosyllabic. Qee cov cim qhia txog tus kheej cov lus lossis lo lus stems - logograms. Lwm qhov ntawm cov paib yog cov lus piav qhia, uas tau siv los sau ua ke ntawm cov suab lus thiab cov suab, uas yog, cov suab. Muaj txog li ib puas syllabic cim nyob rau hauv Maya sau, tam sim no txog 85% ntawm lawv tau nyeem. Nrog rau cov cim logographic nws nyuaj dua, ntau tshaj li ib txhiab ntawm lawv paub, thiab kev nyeem ntawv ntawm cov logograms feem ntau tau txiav txim siab, tab sis muaj ntau cov cim qhia, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab uas tsis paub, txij li tsis muaj kev lees paub los ntawm cov cim cim tseem tsis tau muaj. nrhiav tau rau lawv.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov classical lub sij hawm (III-VI centuries), cov ntawv muaj ntau logographic cim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub lig classics, los ntawm lub VIII caug xyoo, lub ntim ntawm cov ntawv nce, thiab ntau syllabic cim yog siv. Ntawd yog, kev sau ntawv tau mus raws txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txhim kho los ntawm logographic mus rau syllabic, los ntawm txoj hauv kev mus rau qhov yooj yim, vim nws yooj yim dua los siv cov lus sau ua lus sau ntau dua li cov lus thiab cov lus. Txij li thaum ntau tshaj li ib txhiab tus cim logographic paub, tag nrho cov ntim ntawm Maya hieroglyphic sau cov cim yog kwv yees qhov chaw hauv cheeb tsam ntawm 1100-1200 cov cim. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tau siv ib txhij, tab sis nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv thiab ntau qhov chaw. Yog li, kwv yees li 800 cim tuaj yeem siv ib txhij hauv kev sau ntawv. Qhov no yog ib qho kev qhia ib txwm muaj rau kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Maya sau

Maya sau ntawv tau qiv, tsis tsuas yog Mayan txoj kev loj hlob. Kev sau ntawv hauv Mesoamerica tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st BC. Nws tshwm sim feem ntau hauv Oaxaca, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Zapotec kab lis kev cai. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 500 BC, Zapotecs tsim thawj lub xeev hauv Mesoamerica, nyob hauv Monte Alban. Nws yog thawj lub nroog hauv Mesoamerica los ua lub peev ntawm lub xeev loj uas nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Oaxaca. Thiab ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev coj noj coj ua yog qhov pom ntawm kev sau ntawv, thiab tsis yog tsuas yog cov tsos ntawm kev sau ntawv, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev txhim kho ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub, vim tias ib qho ntawm thawj cov cim uas tau sau tseg hauv Zapotec cov ntawv yog kos npe rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub xwm.

Thawj cov ntawv uas tau kos rau ntawm pob zeb monuments feem ntau muaj cov npe, cov npe thiab, tej zaum, qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg raug txhom uas raug ntes los ntawm cov thawj coj hauv zos, uas yog ib txwm muaj kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv lub xeev thaum ntxov. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib-paus xyoo dhau los ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st BC, ib qho kev tsim kev sau ntawv zoo dua tshwm sim hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm lub npe hu ua epiolmecs. Cov Epiolmecs yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg Mihe-Soke lus, uas nyob hauv Tehuantepec Isthmus, qhov chaw nqaim tshaj plaws ntawm Gulf of Mexico thiab Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific, thiab ntxiv mus rau sab qab teb ntawm thaj chaw roob ntawm Chiapas thiab yav qab teb Guatemala. Lub Epiolmecs tsim ib qho kev sau ntawv uas paub los ntawm ob peb lub monuments los ntawm lub xyoo pua 1 BC mus rau 2nd xyoo pua AD. Nws yog nyob ntawd uas cov vajntxwv xub pib txhim tsa monuments nrog cov ntawv ntev. Piv txwv li, xws li ib tug monument li Stela 1 los ntawm La Mojarra yog paub - qhov no yog ib tug kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Gulf of Mexico, nyob rau hauv uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua II AD ib tug monument tau tsim muaj lub thiaj li hu ua ntev suav - ib tug tshwj xeeb hom. ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev hnub thiab cov ntawv nyeem uas suav nrog ntau dua 500 tus cim hieroglyphic. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov kev sau no tseem tsis tau raug txiav txim siab, tab sis ntau cov cim qhia zoo ib yam li cov uas siv los ntawm Maya hauv kev sau ntawv hieroglyphic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ntxov.

Paub tias Maya muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov neeg nyob ze, peb xav tias qhov chaw ntawm lub sijhawm tig, cov ntawv Epiolmec tau qiv los ntawm lawv los ntawm thaj av ntawm roob Guatemala, uas yog, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Maya thaj chaw.. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua AD, thawj cov ntawv sau tau tshwm sim nyob rau ntawd, uas twb tau ua nyob rau hauv Mayan hieroglyphs, txawm hais tias lawv zoo ib yam li cov cim hieroglyphic ntawm Epiolmec sau. Nyob rau hauv Mayan inscriptions, thawj hnub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev suav, uas kuj ua tim khawv rau lub qiv ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub system. Tom qab ntawd, sau ntawv los ntawm sab qab teb nkag mus rau sab qaum teb, mus rau hauv cov lowlands. Nyob ntawd, kev sau ntawv Mayan tshwm nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv uas twb tau tsim txaus lawm, nrog rau cov cim tsim. Nws ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev hais lus-syllabic sau system, kev sau ntawv yuav tsum ntau logographic, hais lus nyob rau hauv cov xwm, uas yog, inscription yuav tsum muaj lawv cov logograms. Tab sis twb yog thawj monuments ntawm Maya sau ntawv, yos rov qab mus rau 1st caug xyoo AD, ua kom pom lub xub ntiag ntawm syllabic cim. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias Maya sau, pom meej, tau tsim tam sim raws li tsab ntawv Epiolmec.

Yog li, Maya, tau qiv cov ntawv sau los ntawm Mihe-soke - thiab qhov no yog tsev neeg hom lus sib txawv kiag li uas tau hais ib hom lus sib txawv kiag li - tau txais yuav, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, daim ntawv cim thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv, tab sis hloov kho cov ntawv sau. kom haum lawv cov lus hais. Muaj kev xav tias cov lus ntawm Maya inscriptions, lub npe hu ua hieroglyphic Maya, yog ib hom lus uas tsis zoo ib yam li kev hais lus ntawm qhov ncauj, tab sis tsuas yog siv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau cov ntaub ntawv - piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm vajntxwv, daim ntawv qhia hnub suav, kev ntseeg thiab mythological sawv cev, uas yog, rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb Mayan. Yog li ntawd, cov ntawv hieroglyphic, raws li txoj cai, tau tsim raws li qee yam canon, deb ntawm qhov ncauj hais lus hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv. Txawm hais tias tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv, piv txwv li, ntawm cov hlab ntsha ceramic, uas muaj cov ntawv sib txawv hauv canon los ntawm cov vaj ntxwv huab tais, qhia txog kev hloov ntawm cov lus lossis kab lus uas tsuas yog muaj nyob hauv qhov ncauj.

Thawj monuments thiab hom ntawv

Thawj sau ntawv monuments ntawm lub ancient Maya hnub rov qab mus rau lub 1st - 2nd centuries AD, qhov kawg ntawm lub pre-classical lub sij hawm - lub ntxov tshaj plaws theem ntawm kev tsim lub xeev. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov monuments tsis tuaj yeem sau hnub tim, vim lawv tsis muaj hnub, tsuas yog tus tswv cov ntawv sau. Thawj hnub monuments tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm classical thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 3 AD. Cov ntawv classical hieroglyphic tau muab faib ua ob hom: monumental monuments nrog cov ntawv sau muaj koob muaj npe thiab cov khoom me me nrog cov ntawv sau ua tswv. Thawj cov sau keeb kwm ntawm cov vajntxwv, thiab cov ntawv thib ob qhia txog yam khoom uas tau sau tseg, thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom no rau ib tug neeg - ib tug huab tais lossis ib tug neeg muaj koob muaj npe.

Lub corpus ntawm Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions tam sim no muaj txog 15 txhiab phau ntawv, thiab ntawm lawv monumental monuments yeej. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov monuments ntawm ntau hom: steles, phab ntsa panels, lintels, round pob zeb altars uas tau ntsia nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub steles, qhov chaw ntawm décor ntawm lub tsev - reliefs ua rau plaster, los yog polychrome phab ntsa paintings. Thiab cov khoom ntawm cov yas me me suav nrog cov hlab ntsha ceramic siv rau haus ntau yam dej qab zib, xws li cocoa, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khoom lag luam uas tau koom nrog qee tus neeg. Ntawm cov khoom zoo li no, muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg tias, piv txwv li, ib lub nkoj rau haus cocoa yog tus huab tais ntawm lub nceeg vaj.

Yeej tsis muaj lwm hom ntawv hauv cov ntawv hieroglyphic. Tab sis muaj koob muaj npe monuments feem ntau muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev cai dab qhuas thiab dab neeg, vim hais tias cov vajntxwv tsis tsuas yog ua keeb kwm kev nom kev tswv, sib ntaus sib tua, nkag mus rau hauv kev ua txij ua nkawm, tab sis lawv lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua rituals. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov monuments tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub voj voog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nees nkaum xyoo, uas, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub tswv yim mythological ntawm Maya thaum ub, tau suav tias yog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb. Feem ntau cov ntawv muaj kev xa mus rau cov vajtswv, lawv lub luag haujlwm, rituals uas raug xa mus rau kev hwm ntawm cov vajtswv no, kev piav qhia ntawm daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tab sis peb xyaum tsis muaj cov ntawv tshwj xeeb mythological.

Qhov tshwj xeeb yog, dua, cov ntawv sau rau ntawm cov hlab ntsha ceramic, qhov twg peb tsis tsuas yog tus tswv cov ntawv sau. Feem ntau, lub ntsiab ntawm lub nkoj tau pleev xim nrog cov duab ntawm qee yam kev kawm - piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog palace scenes, scenes ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib lossis nqa se. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub mural tau muab tso rau ib phau ntawv uas piav los yog piav qhia lub scene. Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm cov hlab ntsha tau piav qhia qhov xwm txheej ntawm mythological xwm txheej, qee qhov kev piav qhia los ntawm dab neeg, uas tsim nyog, tab sis piav qhia luv luv. Nws yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no uas peb tuaj yeem tsim lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim mythology txaus ntawm cov Maya thaum ub, txij li cov txheej txheem mythological no yog ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem mythological heev.

Daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm Maya thaum ub tau kawm ntxov dua li lwm tus. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub tau txiav txim siab thiab ib txoj kev sib raug zoo ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub niaj hnub thiab daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm Mayans thaum ub. Thaum lub sij hawm 1st ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov kev sib raug zoo coefficient tau ua kom zoo dua ob peb zaug, vim li ntawd, tam sim no peb tuaj yeem suav cov hnub ntawm Mayan daim ntawv qhia hnub, sau rau hauv cov ntawv hieroglyphic, txheeb ze rau niaj hnub daim ntawv qhia hnub. Txhua daim ntawv sau muaj koob muaj npe muaj, raws li txoj cai, hnub uas qhia txog thaum twg qhov no lossis qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim. Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib lub sijhawm ntawm cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim hauv lub neej ntawm cov vajntxwv Mayan sib txawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv lub classical lub sij hawm, los ntawm lub 3rd mus rau lub 9th centuries, peb paub txog keeb kwm ntawm lub reign ntawm ob peb lub teb chaws dynasties uas kav nyob rau hauv ntau Mayan kingdoms, tab sis ua tsaug rau cov tsim daim ntawv qhia hnub system thiab kev lig kev cai ntawm kev yos hav zoov. cov xwm txheej, peb tuaj yeem tsim lawv qhov tseeb chronology mus txog hnub.

Mayan codices

Hmoov tsis zoo, kev lig kev cai ntawm kev siv hnub nyob rau hauv cov ntawv hieroglyphic thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm monuments nws tus kheej xaus rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th. Tom qab lub xyoo pua 10th, nyob rau hauv lub postclassical lub sij hawm, lub Mayan vaj nyob rau hauv Northern Yucatan, qhov twg lub sij hawm ntawd lub chaw ntawm kev nom kev tswv kev hloov los ntawm cov lowlands, tsis tau tsa ntau monuments. Tag nrho cov keeb kwm raug kaw hauv cov ntawv cim. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Maya sau qhia tias, pom meej, nws yog thawj zaug tsim los sau rau hauv ntawv. Mesoamerican ntawv, ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb uas tau tsim los ntawm bast ntawm ficus, yog tej zaum tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub lem ntawm lub thib ob-1 xyoo txhiab BC nyob rau hauv Mesoamerica thiab ces, tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub era, nkag mus rau hauv lub Maya cheeb tsam.

Peb paub txog plaub tus lej: Dresden, Madrid, Paris thiab Grolier. Tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub post-classical los yog thaum ntxov colonial lub sij hawm, uas yog, lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub 11th thiab 16th centuries. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Dresden thiab Madrid yog cov phau ntawv ntawm kev cai dab qhuas, qhov chaw piav qhia txog qee yam xwm txheej ntawm mythological xwm txheej tau muab, hais txog deities, rituals uas yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau qee hnub, nrog rau kev suav ntawm ritual calendar thiab chronology ntawm astronomical phenomena. Hmoov tsis zoo, txawm tias tam sim no peb tseem muaj kev nkag siab tsis zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lej no, txawm hais tias nws pom tseeb tias ntau npaum li cas los ntawm kev suav lej ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab cov xwm txheej astronomical. Txoj cai thib peb, Parisian, tsis yog qhov nthuav dav hauv cov ntsiab lus raws li thawj ob, tab sis cov ntawv nkag hauv nws feem ntau yuav muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm keeb kwm xwm txheej, thiab tsis yog kev cai dab qhuas thiab mythological. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev ncaj ncees ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm cov cai tsis tso cai rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov tob. Pom tau tias, cov ntawv zoo li no tau sau tseg txhua qhov chaw hauv lub sijhawm classical, thiab hauv cov nroog ntawm Maya lub xeev muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb uas cov lej khaws cia. Tej zaum muaj qee qhov kev sau ntawv, piv txwv li, ntawm mythological xwm, tab sis, hmoov tsis, tsis muaj qhov no tau muaj sia nyob.

Qhov kawg codex, kuj me me nyob rau hauv ntim, lub npe hu ua Grolier phau ntawv sau, tau ntev tau suav hais tias yog ib qho kev dag niaj hnub no, vim nws tsis muaj cov ntawv hieroglyphic, tab sis muaj cov duab iconographic thiab kev sib txuas ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshuaj xyuas tsis ntev los no tau pom tias lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv ntawv, cov qauv iconographic, thiab cov paleography ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub qhia txog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Grolier Codex. Qhov no tej zaum yog qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm plaub qhov tseem muaj sia nyob; lub sijhawm ntawm nws qhov kev tsim yuav rov qab mus rau 10th - 11th centuries.

Kev tshawb fawb tam sim no

Kev sau ntawv Maya tseem tab tom kawm, ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb ntawm ntau kaum tus neeg los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb txog cov ntawv hieroglyphic. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm cov kab lus, nyeem cov cim qhia ntawm tus kheej, cov kev cai grammatical ntawm cov lus ntawm cov ntawv hieroglyphic hloov pauv tas li, thiab qhov no piav qhia qhov tseeb tias tseem tsis tau luam tawm cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv hieroglyphic Maya - tsuas yog vim lub sijhawm. ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov qauv sau ntawv nws yuav dhau los ua … Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj ib tus kws tshaj lij tseem ceeb tseem tsis kam sau ib phau ntawv qhia tag nrho ntawm Maya hieroglyphic, los sis sau ua tiav phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Mayan hieroglyphic lus. Tau kawg, muaj cov phau ntawv txhais lus ua haujlwm sib cais uas tau xaiv cov lus txhais tau zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis nws tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm sau phau ntawv txhais lus tag nrho ntawm lub hieroglyphic Maya thiab luam tawm nws.

Txhua xyoo archaeological excavations coj tshiab monuments uas yuav tsum tau kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no lub sijhawm tau los txog thaum nws yuav tsum tau hloov kho cov ntawv luam tawm hauv thawj ib nrab thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Piv txwv li, "Corpus of Mayan Hieroglyphic Inscriptions", uas ua haujlwm raws li Peabody Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Harvard University, tau maj mam luam tawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm ntau qhov chaw Mayan txij li xyoo 1970s. Cov ntawv xov xwm Corpus suav nrog cov duab thiab cov duab kos duab ntawm cov monuments, thiab ntau ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no tau ua raws li cov duab kos thiab cov duab zoo sib xws hauv lwm cov haujlwm. Tab sis tam sim no theem ntawm peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv sau hieroglyphic tag nrho thiab hauv paleography ntawm tus kheej cov cim yog qhov tob dua li 30-40 xyoo dhau los, thaum cov duab kos tau tsim. Yog li ntawd, nws tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov ntawv sau uas twb muaj lawm, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, kev tsim lwm hom duab, duab tshiab siv cov txheej txheem digital niaj hnub lossis kev siv peb-dimensional scanning, thaum lub virtual 3D qauv ntawm lub monument. yog tsim los siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, uas, piv txwv li, tuaj yeem luam tawm ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D., yog li tau txais ib daim qauv zoo meej ntawm lub monument. Ntawd yog, cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev kho cov monuments raug qhia thiab siv zog. Raws li kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm kev sau ntawv hieroglyphic, cov duab kos tshiab ntawm cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem ua kom raug ntau dua thiab nkag siab rau kev tshuaj xyuas tom ntej.

Piv txwv li, tam sim no kuv tab tom kawm Washaktun Inscription Corpus - ib qho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws archaeological chaw nyob rau sab qaum teb Guatemala - raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug archaeological project ntawm Slovak lub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm thiab Archaeology. Qhov chaw no tau pom nyob rau hauv 1916 los ntawm American archaeologist Silvanus Morley, uas yog thawj zaug luam tawm monuments los ntawm qhov chaw no, thiab ib tug tag nrho-fledged archaeological kev tshawb fawb ntawm Mayan cheeb tsam pib nrog lub excavations ntawm Vasactuna nyob rau hauv 1920s. Lub corpus ntawm Washaktun inscriptions suav nrog 35 monuments uas tsis tau khaws cia zoo heev, thiab cov duab kos uas muaj nyob rau tam sim no nyob deb ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho. Thaum, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no, koj pib kawm cov ntawv sau - los ntawm kev paub cov monuments lawv tus kheej los tshuaj xyuas cov duab digital tshiab, cov duab sib txawv kiag li tshwm sim. Thiab raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, keeb kwm dynastic hauv Vashaktuna tau rov tsim kho dua tshiab, thiab tsis yog tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv uas twb paub lawm tau qhia meej, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tshwm sim, piv txwv li, cov npe thiab hnub tim ntawm kev kav vaj ntxwv tsis paub. Kuv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kom rov ua tiav tag nrho cov monuments ntawm Vashaktun, thiab ntseeg kuv, qhov no yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj heev. Yam tsawg kawg, txawm tias ua ntej ua tiav qhov project, nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj haujlwm no txawv ntawm cov duab tsim uas tsim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Thiab cov hauj lwm zoo sib xws tseem yuav tau ua nrog ntau qhov chaw Mayan archaeological.