Alternative Education systems

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ntau tus niam txiv los xaus lus tias lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm dav dav niaj hnub no tsis yog raws nraim li lawv tus menyuam xav tau. Tias txoj kev kawm tam sim no tsis yog ib txwm muaj peev xwm loj hlob ntawm Tus Kheej. Tab sis cov lus nug tseem qhib: dab tsi yog cov kev xaiv? Thiab muaj ob peb txoj kev xaiv, los ntawm qhov me me mus rau feem ntau cardinal.

1. Kev hloov ntawm tus menyuam mus rau kev kawm sab nraud.

2. Tus menyuam hloov mus rau lwm hom tsev kawm ntawv (lyceum, tsev kawm qib siab, lwm tsev kawm ntawv).

3. Kev hloov pauv ntawm tus menyuam mus rau tsev kawm ntawv yam tsis tas yuav xeem dhau thiab tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj, lossis, yooj yim, lub neej nrog niam txiv.

Externship- Qhov no yog txheej txheem rau kev xeem rau cov chav kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab kev kawm tiav rau cov neeg uas tsis tau kawm hauv lawv (cov tub ntxhais kawm sab nraud). Qhov ntawd yog, tus menyuam tuaj kawm ntawv tsuas yog xeem dhau. Nws ua haujlwm li cas thiab nrog leej twg - tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsum saib xyuas. Tshem Tawm: Cov ntawv xeem tseem yuav tau xeem raws li tib lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm.

Lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab lwm txoj kev kawm

Hmoov tsis zoo, nyob rau tom qab-Soviet qhov chaw, txawm tias lub tswv yim ntawm "lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv" zoo li thuam peb cov kws qhia ntawv, thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no suav tau ntawm ib sab tes …

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam zoo ntawm lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis pom tias cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm tsis zoo ua ke nrog cov cai ntawm kev kawm loj. Yog li ntawd, ntev npaum li qhov System tam sim no muaj, lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis zoo li yuav muaj peev xwm ciaj sia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev koom tes tsis muaj txiaj ntsig koom ua ke cov neeg ua lag luam koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej (Tshooj 48). ntawm Txoj Cai Kev Kawm Ntawv). Cov haujlwm no tsis muaj ntawv tso cai thiab tsis raug rau ntau txoj cai lij choj tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv. Uas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsis tuaj yeem ntshai cov niam txiv ntau dhau, txij li tam sim no tsis muaj lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv teeb meem hauv xeev cov ntaub ntawv kawm …

Yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus nkag siab tias kev kawm hauv tsev kawm tsis tau lees paub kev kawm tiav, uas daim diploma (ntawm kev kawm qib siab) tsis tau lees paub txoj haujlwm siab thiab nyiaj hli loj, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau kev qhia tus menyuam kom nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv thaum nws xav tau, thiab tsis txhob cia nws nyob rau hauv nws lub taub hau nyob rau hauv loj ntim. Thiab ntau tus tau npaj siab rau lawv tus menyuam kom tsis txhob raug kev tsim txom castration, thiab ntxiv rau, lawv kuj kawm kom muaj kev ywj pheej, xa nws mus rau lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis txhawm rau ua qhov kev xaiv raug, koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog cov kev xaiv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv zoo li no.

Nov yog qee qhov nrov tshaj plaws:

Montessori tsev kawm ntawv systemthaum uas yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj ntawv tso cai system uas saib cov menyuam kawm ntawv raws li "cov neeg kawm ntawv ywj pheej," txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm qib kindergarten vim nws tsuas yog them rau cov menyuam yaus txog rau 6 xyoo xwb. Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem tham txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus siv hauv Montessori pedagogy, tab sis tsis yog hais txog cov tsev kawm ua haujlwm tiag tiag …

Waldorf kev kawm system- kuj yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm "American" hom. Nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab loj hlob sai tshaj plaws uas tsis yog kev ntseeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb nrog 800 lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv ntau dua 30 lub teb chaws. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias xws li cov phau ntawv no tsis muaj nyob rau hauv Waldorf cov tsev kawm ntawv: tag nrho cov me nyuam muaj ib tug workbook, uas yuav ua tau lawv phau ntawv ua hauj lwm. Yog li ntawd, lawv sau lawv tus kheej phau ntawv kawm, qhov twg lawv qhia txog lawv qhov kev paub thiab lawv tau kawm. Cov qib laus siv phau ntawv kawm los txhawb lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Waldorf cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ob peb lub nroog loj (Moscow, St. Petersburg, thiab lwm yam). Kuj tseem muaj qhov tsis zoo - feem ntau cov kws qhia ntawv zoo tib yam mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv no rau "ntev ruble", me ntsis kho lawv cov kev paub ua haujlwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv zoo tib yam. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov kev txheeb xyuas zoo sib xws:

- Undoubtedly, txij thaum pib, Waldorf pedagogy muaj ntau lub tswv yim zoo thiab zoo. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog tus me nyuam nws tus kheej, nthuav tawm nws lub peev xwm muaj tswv yim, kev loj hlob ntawm cov txuj ci uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, rau kuv tus ntxhais, qhov kev paub hauv tsev kawm Waldorf tsis muaj hmoo. Hauv Waldorf pedagogy, ntau, yog tias tsis yog tag nrho, nyob ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Thaum tsis muaj qhov kev kawm nruj thiab cov phau ntawv kawm, tus kws qhia ntawv dhau los ua tus choj ntawm tus menyuam thiab kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse uas tus menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum paub. Thiab ntawm no cov kws tshaj lij ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv tuaj txog, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws txoj kev hlub thiab kev tsis saib xyuas rau cov menyuam yaus. Kuv hais nrog kev iab liam tias hauv peb rooj plaub tsis muaj thawj, lossis thib ob, lossis thib peb. Ib xyoo tom qab ntawd, peb tau tsiv mus rau ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis tu ncua, uas peb tsis khuv xim hlo li. Thaum xa koj tus menyuam mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv no, nyeem ntxiv txog lub hauv paus ntawm anthroposophy, xav txog seb koj puas kam txais, seb koj tus menyuam puas yuav txais nws. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj - saib tus kws qhia ntawv hauv lub qhov muag: puas muaj kev hlub txaus hauv lawv … Margarita Andreevna, leej niam ntawm 8-xyoo-laus Vika

Cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm hom "dawb".… Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb los ntawm UK yog Samehill.

Lub Tsev Kawm Summerhill tau tsim muaj xyoo 1921 los ntawm Alexander Neill thiab tseem muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no. Cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv nws yog kev ywj pheej ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab lawv txoj kev tswj hwm tus kheej.

Nov yog qhov Alexander Neal nws tus kheej tau sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv Summerhill - Kev Kawm los ntawm Kev ywj pheej:

"Summerhill yog tej zaum lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Peb tsis muaj cov neeg taug kev thiab tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim uas cov menyuam yaus nyob hauv tsev. Peb yuav luag tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua - qhov tseeb, kev sib ntaus yog yam tsis muaj, tab sis kuv tsis tshua pom kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo li cov neeg hauv kuv koom nrog. Kuv kuj tsis tshua hnov cov me nyuam quaj vim cov me nyuam dawb, tsis zoo li cov neeg raug kev txom nyem, tsis muaj kev ntxub ntxaug, kev ntxub ntxaug, kev ntxub ntxaug, thiab kev sib hlub ntawm kev hlub, kev hlub txhais tau tias txais menyuam, thiab qhov no yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv twg. nyob rau ntawm cov me nyuam yog hais tias koj rau txim los yog thuam lawv, Summerhill yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv uas tus me nyuam paub tias nws txais."

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm "dawb" hom tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia - Shchetinin tsev kawm ntawv.

Hom tsev kawm ntawv no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nce qib - thaum kawm, cov menyuam yaus nyob sib nrug ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv, uas yuav tsis haum rau txhua tus.

Tsev kawm ntawv-ParkMiloslav Baloban

Muaj peb txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Chaw Ua Si: tsis kam lees los ntawm kev kawm yuam kev, los ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog hauv kev kawm, thiab yuav luag tag nrho los ntawm qib. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tsis xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj lossis qib kawm.

Tsev kawm ntawv-chaw ua si yog ib qho kev kawm system (tag nrho lub npe - "Educational Park of Open Studios"), tus sau uas yog nto moo Lavxias teb sab xib fwb Miloslav Aleksandrovich Balaban. Nws qhov kev pom zoo sim tau ua los ntawm ob qhov chaw sim ntawm tsoomfwv: raws li Moscow Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Rau Tus Kheej, thiab raws li Yekaterinburg cov tsev kawm ntawv No. 95 thiab 19. Tam sim no, qhov project "School-Park" tab tom ua. Nyob rau hauv Kiev nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Yaroslav Kovalenko.

Hauv tsev kawm ntawv chaw ua si, txhua hom ntawv pov thawj (tshwj tsis yog qhov kawg, uas tseem yuav tsum tau ua) raug hloov los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv tus kheej ua tiav hauv studios; Cov ntawv sau rov qab no tsis yog kev txiav txim siab thiab tsis ntsuas tus kheej kev ua tiav rau ib qho qauv ntsuas. Daim ntawv pov thawj zaum kawg yog ua raws li txoj cai lij choj hauv cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm muaj. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim pom zoo ntawm txoj kev kawm "School-Park" hauv 1993-2007 qhia tias cov neeg kawm tiav ntawm lub tiaj ua si-tsev kawm ntawv tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj zaum kawg thiab txuas ntxiv lawv txoj kev kawm.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib raws li txoj kev ntawm V. I. Zhokhov

- Tsis cuam tshuam rau tsoomfwv cov qauv kev kawm ntawm Lavxias Federation.

- Raws li cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj, tab sis hloov kho raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tus menyuam MOVE, Tham thiab ua si.

- Tag nrho cov lus qhia TAM SIM NO TAM SIM NO los ntawm tus sau qhov program, uas tso cai rau koj ua raws li cov txheej txheem raws nraim.

- Kev kawm ua tiav TSIS TAU thiab noj qab nyob zoo.

- Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub subconscious.

- Kev ua haujlwm siab, uas sib haum rau qhov ceev ntawm kev xav ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog no.

- Kev hloov pauv hauv cov chav kawm tsis tuaj yeem lees txais. Vim hais tias cov tub ntxhais kawm thawj zaug, raws li Zhokhov txoj kev, ua kom tiav qib 1 hauv lub Cuaj Hli, thaum pib ntawm qib 2 lawv ua tiav qhov kev kawm ntawm tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib.

- Tsis muaj LAGGERS hauv cov chav kawm. Txawm tias ib txhia me nyuam tsis to taub ib yam dab tsi thawj zaug, lawv yuav txhawb nqa nws thiab tsis txhob dai ib tug stigma.

- Kev pab thiab MUTUAL ASSISTANCE tau txhawb nqa hauv chav kawm. Cov menyuam yaus tuaj yeem qhia ib leeg, pab, sim. Dhau kev paub rau ib leeg, cov me nyuam kawm tau ib txoj hauv kev zoo: yog tias koj piav tau rau lwm tus, ces koj nkag siab koj tus kheej.

Raws li Zhokhov cov txheej txheem, cov menyuam kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj, tsuas yog cov chav kawm tau tuav "raws li kev cai sib txawv."

Ib tug thawj qib ib txwm yog ib tug khiav thiab qw qw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom txav thiab qw. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob tag nrho.

Zhokhov V. I.

Video hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm Zhokhov V. I.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib txoj kev qhia ntawm Vladimir Filippovich Bazarny:

Lub Bazarny system yog siv nyob rau hauv lub Komi koom pheej, nyob rau hauv lub Stavropol Territory, nyob rau hauv ib co tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Moscow, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Tambov, Kaluga cheeb tsam, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Khakassia. Qhov kev pab cuam tau pom zoo los ntawm Ministry of Health ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation nyob rau hauv 1989.

Kev zaum ntev ntawm lub rooj thiab qhov muag pom loj cuam tshuam rau ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm qib thawj hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tsis pom kev pom thiab curvature ntawm tus txha nraub qaum. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub tsev kawm ntawv myopia loj hlob tuaj, posture yog cuam tshuam thiab lub cev kev loj hlob qeeb.

Bazarny cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias lub cev txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm nruab nrab nrog lub hauv siab qaij thiab nias rau ntawm lub rooj uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau 20 feeb ntawm zaj lus qhia tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsos mob ntawm angina pectoris. Kho xws li ib tug posture rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm pab rau deformation ntawm lub hauv siab thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm lub diaphragm, uas yog fraught nrog pathological hloov nyob rau hauv lub plawv.

Tsis tas li ntawd, V. F. Bazarny tsis lees paub qhov kev xav hais tias tus tub ntxhais kawm lub taub hau hneev qis dua ib phau ntawv yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov muag tsis pom kev. Tus kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias thaum xub thawj tus tub ntxhais kawm instinctively qaij nws lub taub hau thaum nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv, tom qab ntawd, dhau sij hawm, pom qhov pom kev pom kev poob qis. Ntawd yog, raws li Bazarny, myopia yog qhov thib ob thiab nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm "tsawg bowed head syndrome".

Ib qho (tab sis tsis yog tib qho xwb) qhov txawv ntawm txoj kev Bazarny yog cov menyuam kawm ntawv ib ntus sawv ntawm lawv lub rooj thiab siv ib feem ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm lub rooj - cov rooj tshwj xeeb nrog rau qhov chaw inclined, uas cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm thaum sawv. Hom kev ua haujlwm no tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv myopia thiab posture disorders. Thiab cov no tsis yog tib qhov zoo ntawm kev siv txoj kev Bazarny.

Cov menyuam kawm ntawv sawv ntsug xav tias muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua, lawv lub xub pwg tau so, lub diaphragm tsis yog nyem los ntawm lub rooj npog, uas tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pa thiab cov hlab ntsha, uas tso cai rau kev txhim kho cov khoom ntawm tag nrho cov kabmob, nrog rau lub hlwb.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, sawv tom qab rooj tso cai rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis txhob nyob ib leeg nyob rau lub sijhawm nyuaj ntawm zaj lus qhia, thiab pab txhawb kev sib koom siab. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv chav kawm muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau dua, muaj kev ywj pheej, muaj kev ntseeg siab rau lawv lub peev xwm, qhia kev txaus siab rau kev kawm.

Ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Bazarny system: nyeem cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws Yuav ua li cas tsev kawm ntawv cripples

Video hais txog cov txheej txheem Bazarny: Txuag cov me nyuam - cawm Russia

Tsev kawm ntawv

Tab sis qee cov niam txiv mus ntxiv thiab, dhau los ua neeg phem nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm txoj kev kawm, tag nrho coj lawv cov menyuam tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, uas yog, hloov lawv mus rau tsev kawm ntawv. Dab tsi ua rau cov neeg vwm uas tsis tshua muaj siab ntseeg uas tsis ntshai ua lub luag haujlwm rau lub neej ntawm cov menyuam yaus ntawm lawv tus kheej, uas tsis ntshai ntawm daim ntawv-bureaucratic teeb meem thiab kev npau taws ntawm lwm tus, tsis hais txog cov txheeb ze? Qhov tseeb tiag, yuav ua li cas ib tug neeg nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb tsis muaj tsev kawm ntawv, kev txawj ntse, kawm kev sib txuas lus nrog tib neeg, tau txais txoj haujlwm zoo, ua haujlwm, khwv tau nyiaj zoo, muab kev laus … thiab lwm yam, thiab lwm yam. ?

Peb yuav tsis nco qab tias nyob rau hauv tsarist lub sij hawm, kev kawm ntawv hauv tsev yog ubiquitous, peb yuav tsis nco qab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Soviet lub sij hawm, heev paub tus cwj pwm kawm nyob rau hauv tsev. Peb tsuas yog xav txog dab tsi tus txiv neej nruab nrab yog coj los ntawm thaum xa nws tus menyuam uas nws hlub mus kawm ntawv? Lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam yog kev txhawj xeeb rau yav tom ntej. Ntshai ua ntej nws. Lub neej yav tom ntej nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev yog heev tsis meej thiab tsis haum tus qauv: tsev kawm ntawv - lub koom haum - ua hauj lwm - nyiaj laus, qhov twg txhua yam mus raws li ib zaug tsim scheme.

Tab sis koj puas paub tseeb tias tus me nyuam zoo siab nrog "tus qauv tsim" no?

Sim ua qhov kev sim no: nqa ib daim ntawv thiab sau 100 ntawm koj cov phooj ywg ntawm nws. Tom qab ntawd hu rau lawv thiab nrhiav seb lawv tau txais kev kawm dab tsi, leej twg nyob hauv lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, thiab tom qab ntawd nrhiav seb lawv tau ua haujlwm ntev npaum li cas hauv qhov tshwj xeeb no. cuaj caum tsib tus neeg yuav teb tias tsis yog ib hnub…

Lo lus nug yog: vim li cas kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv?

Teb: kom tau daim ntawv pov thawj!

Lo lus nug: vim li cas thiaj tau txais daim ntawv hla tebchaws?

Teb: mus kawm hauv university?

Lo lus nug: vim li cas ho mus kawm hauv university?

Teb: kom tau daim diploma!

Thiab thaum kawg lo lus nug: vim li cas koj thiaj xav tau daim diploma yog tias tsis muaj leej twg ua haujlwm hauv lawv qhov tshwj xeeb?

Kuv pom zoo, txog rau tam sim no, yog tias koj tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj, koj tsuas tuaj yeem tsis tau ib txoj haujlwm, tsuas yog tus neeg saib xyuas, tus neeg ua haujlwm of elevator thiab loader. Muaj ob txoj kev xaiv: los ua tus neeg nqa khoom, lossis … tus neeg ua lag luam (uas, raws li kev xav yuam kev ntawm feem coob, tsis yog muab rau txhua tus). Hauv kev lag luam, daim diploma kuj tsis xav tau. Ntse txaus…

Niaj hnub no, ua Vajtswv tsaug, ntau lub cib fim rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tsis tau kawm tiav tau nthuav dav: feem ntau cov tuam txhab lag luam tsis xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev kawm, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv rov qab thiab cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog, cov npe ntawm koj qhov kev ua tiav. Thiab yog tias koj tus kheej tau kawm ib yam dab tsi thiab ua tiav ib yam dab tsi, ces qhov no tsuas yog ib qho ntxiv.

Thiab dab tsi, qhia rau kuv, koj tuaj yeem kawm yog tias tsis yog qhov uas tus menyuam nyiam, nws raug yuam kom kawm cov khoom siv thiab cov benzene rings rau rau mus rau yim teev tom tsev kawm ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd ua nws qhov homework?

Tam sim no cia peb rov qab mus rau lo lus nug dua: koj puas paub tseeb tias tus me nyuam txaus siab rau qhov txheej txheem no? Nws puas xav siv sijhawm 15 xyoo rau qee yam uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau nws, kawm qhov nws nyiam tam sim no, txhawm rau ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv qhov no hauv ib xyoos lossis peb xyoos?