Cov txheej txheem:

Vim li cas cov ntseeg thiaj xyaum noj phau ntawv?
Vim li cas cov ntseeg thiaj xyaum noj phau ntawv?

Video: Vim li cas cov ntseeg thiaj xyaum noj phau ntawv?

Video: Vim li cas cov ntseeg thiaj xyaum noj phau ntawv?
Video: Vajtswv phau ntawv peb yuav hu li cas (vajluskub & vajtswv txoj lus) 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, ib tug txawv txawv ritual thiab incomprehensible ritual rau ntau cov neeg niaj hnub no tau xyaum nyob rau hauv Christian kab lis kev cai - noj ib phau ntawv. Leej twg xav tau nws thiab vim li cas?

Keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm

Phau ntawv yeej ib txwm suav hais tias yog ib qho kev kawm tshwj xeeb thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Noj ib phau ntawv yog ib qho kev xaiv rau kev pib, kev sib raug zoo nrog Vajtswv txoj kev paub, qhov tseeb tshaj plaws. Lub tswv yim ntawm sab ntsuj plig appropriation yog ua ke nrog kev ua ntawm cov khoom tau. Li no cov lus paub ruaj khov "sab ntsuj plig", "nqus kev paub", "nqus cov ntaub ntawv", "tseem ceeb ntawm tus ntsuj plig."

Hauv pagan ritual khawv koob, nqos cov ntawv dawb ceev tau xyaum. Nyob rau hauv Vajluskub qub kev lig kev cai, kev nqus ntawm cov ntawv dawb ceev yog ib feem ntawm txoj cai ntawm txoj kev mus rau cov yaj saub. “Leej Tub! Pub koj lub plab thiab sau koj lub plab nrog phau ntawv no uas kuv muab rau koj!” - hais tias nyob rau hauv "Phau Ntawv ntawm tus Yaj Saub Ezekiel" (Eze 3: 3).

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm txoj kev cai dab qhuas no kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg nto moo ntawm Apocalypse, qhov twg John theologian coj Vajtswv Txojlus rau hauv nws tus kheej: “Thiab kuv pom lwm tus tubtxib saum ntuj uas muaj hwjchim nqis saum ntuj los … nws muaj phau ntawv qhib hauv nws txhais tes. Thiab kuv tau mus rau Angel thiab hais rau nws: Muab ib phau ntawv rau kuv. Nws hais rau kuv tias: coj nws mus noj; nws yuav iab nyob hauv koj lub plab, tab sis nyob rau hauv koj lub qhov ncauj nws yuav qab zib li zib mu” (Tshwm Sim 10:9).

Qhov no stunning scene yog paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws nto moo engraving los ntawm German Renaissance titan Albrecht Durer. Saint John tau piav qhia ntawm cov kob ntawm Patmos, qhov chaw nws sau cov ntawv Tshwm Sim. Cwj mem thiab inkwell pom nyob ib sab ntawm cov ntawv qhib.

Albrecht Durer
Albrecht Durer

Ib qho piv txwv zoo sib xws ntawm tib zaj dab neeg raws li kev ntseeg kev ntseeg tau muab los ntawm Fabkis tus kws kos duab Jean Duve. Noj cov phau ntawv me me uas muab los ntawm Angel txhais tau tias lees txais Vajtswv txoj lus nrog kev ntseeg. "Nyob" yog tantamount rau ua ib feem ntawm koj tus kheej: koj nco qab, worldview, kev paub.

Jean Duve
Jean Duve

Lub sijhawm ntawm Yauhas noj phau ntawv uas xa los saum ntuj los yog nthuav tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th raws li phau ntawv Augusburg ntawm Miracles thiab phau Vajlugkub tau txib los ntawm Palatine Count Ottinrich.

Tej yam me me los ntawm Augsburg Phau Ntawv Miracles, ca
Tej yam me me los ntawm Augsburg Phau Ntawv Miracles, ca
Matthias Gerung
Matthias Gerung

Tib lub ntsiab lus ntawm Apocalypse tsis tshua muaj, tab sis tseem pom ntawm lub tuam tsev frescoes - piv txwv li, hauv Padua Catholic Cathedral (Ltalis) lossis Athos Monastery of Dionysiates (Greece). Txawm hais tias qhov kev lees paub qhov sib txawv thiab lub sijhawm nyob deb ntawm cov duab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov rov tsis hloov pauv: noj ib phau ntawv raug txheeb xyuas nrog kev nrhiav tau, kev lees paub, thiab kev tsim nyog ntawm kev paub ntau dua.

Giusto de Menabuoi
Giusto de Menabuoi
Fragment of a fresco from the Athos Monastery of Dionysiates, 17th caug xyoo
Fragment of a fresco from the Athos Monastery of Dionysiates, 17th caug xyoo

Cov zaub mov ntawm sab ntsuj plig

Kev tsis lees paub lub ntiaj teb tsis pom kev, kev nyeem Vajtswv lub siab nyiam thiab kev cawm seej tau zoo li cov ntseeg lub cim nco txog ntawm Eucharist (Holy Communion). Qhov kev nyeem ntawv no tau nkag siab tias yog "kev noj mov ntawm sab ntsuj plig." Cov lus uas iab nyob rau hauv saj coj koj mus rau txoj kev ncaj ncees, tiv thaiv koj los ntawm kev ntxias, thiab ntxiv dag zog rau koj hauv kev ntseeg.

Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas sab ntsuj plig tsim ntawm St. Abraham ntawm Smolensk tau piav qhia: "Nws pub rau Vajtswv txoj lus, zoo li tus muv uas ua haujlwm hnyav, ya ncig txhua lub paj, nqa thiab npaj zaub mov qab zib rau nws tus kheej." Ib yam yog nyob rau hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Ephraim tus neeg Syrian: "Tsis muaj leej twg tsim nyog ntawm phau ntawv no ib yam li Ephraim tus neeg Syrian," tus tim tswv hais tias thiab muab phau ntawv cim nco txog rau hauv nws lub qhov ncauj. Txoj kev tau txais lub txiaj ntsim los saum ntuj los hauv lub neej ntawm Roman tus Sau Nkauj Qab Zib zoo ib yam. Nyob rau hauv ib tug npau suav, tus Dawb Huv Theotokos tshwm sim rau nws, muab nws ib tug charter (lat. Charta - ib tug qub phau ntawv, ntaub ntawv) thiab hais tias: "Cia li charter no thiab noj nws."

Bertram von Minden
Bertram von Minden

Lub hom phiaj ntawm "kev sib txuas lus nrog cov lus" yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev cai dab qhuas Lavxias teb sab sau. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv "Lo lus ntawm Daniel tus raug kaw" peb nyeem: "Muab ib tug me me hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv lub sculpting ib tee ntawm kuv tus nplaig, thiab sau nws smoothly dua cov zib mu ntawm cov lus ntawm kuv lub qhov ncauj."

Lub cim kos npe rau sab nraum qab ntawm nplooj ntawv lub npe ntawm Simeon ntawm Polotsk's Soulful Lunch qhia txog ib phau ntawv ntawm lub zwm txwv, ua los ntawm phau Vajlugkub hais tias: “Tus txiv neej yuav tsis nyob ntawm mov ib leeg, tab sis los ntawm txhua lo lus uas los ntawm Vajtswv lub qhov ncauj.”

Rov qab ntawm nplooj ntawv npe ntawm Simeon Polotsky phau ntawv "Soul Lunch", 1681
Rov qab ntawm nplooj ntawv npe ntawm Simeon Polotsky phau ntawv "Soul Lunch", 1681

Hauv Byzantium, cov lus qhia hauv qab no tau ua raws li kev qhia ntawv. Cov tub hluas raug coj mus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, sau ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug diskos (liturgical hlab ntsha) 24 tsab ntawv ntawm Greek cov tsiaj ntawv, ntxuav tawm cov ntawv sau nrog cawv txiv hmab thiab muab cov me nyuam haus, "kua" nyob rau hauv cawv. Cov txheej txheem tau nrog los ntawm kev nyeem qee feem ntawm Phau Tshiab.

Nws yog funny thiab tu siab tib lub sijhawm

Txij li thaum Nrab Hnub nyoog lig, kev ua koob tsheej ntawm kev noj ib phau ntawv tau ua si hauv qhov kev iab liam. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws yog kev thuam ntawm cov hauj sam los ntawm German engraver Hans Sebald Beham. Tus neeg teev ntuj tau tuav rov qab los ntawm cov duab ntawm kev khav theeb, Lub siab nyiam thiab kev ntshaw. Tsav los ntawm Kev Txom Nyem, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb sim ua qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau "qhia" tus txiv plig nrog qhov tseeb hauv daim ntawv qhib folio.

Hans Sebald Beham
Hans Sebald Beham

Nthuav yog cov phiaj xwm ntawm kev sib tw ntoo los ntawm German tus tswv Matthias Gerung los ntawm lub voj voog tsis tiav "Lub Apocalypse thiab Satirical Allegories ntawm lub Koom Txoos" raws li ib qho kev piav qhia rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub Apocalypse los ntawm theologian Sebastian Meyer (1539). Cov duab raws li tib daim ntawv nyeem tau npaj los saib ua ke. Thawj engraving yog ib txwm rov qab noj ntawm ib phau ntawv los ntawm Saint John.

Matthias Gerung
Matthias Gerung

Cov engraving ua ke depicts Christian theologian thiab preacher Martin Luther nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug stern Angel ntawm Tshwmsim nrog ib tug haus luam yeeb phau ntawv, uas tus huab tais thiab nws cov neeg kawm ceev faj mus kom ze.

Matthias Gerung
Matthias Gerung

Ib qho kev txaj muag txawv txawv yog paub - cov pej xeem devouring ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees, heretical thiab nom tswv tsis raug sau los ntawm lawv cov kws sau ntawv. Txij li thaum phau ntawv muaj "ideological tshuaj lom" - yog li cia tus kws sau ntawv nws tus kheej raug tshuaj lom los ntawm nws. Raws li "kev pom zoo", tus neeg raug txim tau qee zaum tso cai ua ntej ua noj ua ntej qhov ua txhaum cai. Qhov kev tua neeg laus tshaj plaws ntawm hom no yog suav tias yog kev yuam noj los ntawm Saxon ntawm Jost Weisbrodt ntawm nws phau ntawv ntxeev siab hauv 1523.

Kev hloov pauv kev cai

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov txheej txheem ritual rau noj ib phau ntawv yuav siv ntau thiab ntau perverted thiab txawv txawv cov ntaub ntawv, distorting nws lub ntsiab lus qub. Yog li ntawd, Ethiopian huab tais Menelik II (1844-1913) tau mob siab rau thiab ntseeg qhov tseeb hauv phau Vajlugkub, siv nws cov nplooj ntawv rau zaub mov ua tshuaj. Xws li tus cwj pwm tsis xav txog thaj chaw thaj neeb, tsis muaj kev nkag siab txog lawv qhov tseeb yog hais nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov ntawv rau A. S. Pushkin: "Tus kws tshawb fawb tsis muaj txuj ci zoo li tus neeg pluag mullah uas txiav thiab noj Kaulees, xav kom muaj lub siab ntawm Magometov."

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, lub zeem muag apocalyptic ntawm John theologian tau npaj mus rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub sijhawm: "kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tshuab", lub foreshadowing ntawm ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj, militant atheism, thiab rampant ntawm fascism. Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Lub Xeem los ntawm Nicholas Roerich muaj ib phau ntawv scroll es tsis yog phau ntawv codex - qhov qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm, nyob mus ib txhis ntawm zaj dab neeg qub.

Nicholas Roerich
Nicholas Roerich

Tus kws kos duab Herbhard Fugel, tus tsim ntawm German Society rau Christian Art, suav nrog ntu ntawm John theologian noj phau ntawv hauv nws cov duab kos rau cov tsev kawm ntawv Catholic, raws li nws tau tsim frescoes rau lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Scheiern. Ua raws li cov tub txib thiab cov hom phiaj kev kawm, Fugel deprives dluab ntawm complex kev cai dab qhuas symbolism, ua rau lawv heev yooj yim thiab laconic.

Gerbhard Fugel
Gerbhard Fugel

Hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, "phau ntawv noj mov" raug pov rau hauv kev tawm tsam. Tus kws ua yeeb yam Spanish Abel Ascona tau muaj npe nrov rau nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam "Nyob hauv Kaulees", "Siv lub Torah", "Siv phau Vajlugkub" hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev ntseeg radicalism. Raws li Ascona xeeb, qhov no yog lub cim ntawm qhov xav tau "ua rau koj tus kheej nrog cov lus tseeb, lus dag thiab kev ntshai."

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