Megalithic tuam tsev ntawm Maltese kab lis kev cai

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Maltese archipelago nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Mediterranean. Cov neeg uas ib zaug nyob hauv nws, pom tseeb, tuaj txog ntawm no nyob rau hauv VI-V millennia BC los ntawm Sicily, nyob 90 kilometers sab qaum teb ntawm Malta. Lawv tsis xaiv ib lub vaj kaj siab hlo li.

Cov Islands tuaj me me uas tsim cov archipelago yog cov neeg pluag heev. Yuav luag tsis muaj dej ntws ntawm no; kuj tsis muaj tej yam kev ua liaj ua teb. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau to taub yog vim li cas lub Maltese archipelago twb nyob rau hauv lub Neolithic era. Nws tseem ceeb dua yog vim li cas ib ncig ntawm 3800 BC - ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo ua ntej lub ntsej muag ntawm Cheops pyramid! - cov neeg nyob hauv cov Islands tuaj pib tsim cov tuam tsev loj megalithic.

Tsuas yog qee qhov 100 xyoo dhau los, cov qauv no tau raug ntaus nqi rau cov monuments ntawm Phoenician kab lis kev cai, thiab tsuas yog txoj kev sib tham tshiab tau ua kom paub meej lawv lub hnub nyoog. Txog thaum nrhiav tau ntawm Göbekli Tepe, lawv tau suav tias yog lub tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv sib cav txog yuav ua li cas cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov vaj tse no tshwm sim, txawm tias nws tau coj mus rau cov kob los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj lossis tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos.

Muaj 28 lub tuam tsev hauv Malta thiab cov Islands tuaj nyob ib sab. Lawv nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm phab ntsa ntawm pob zeb blocks thiab yog me ntsis reminiscent ntawm Stonehenge. Qhov ntev ntawm phab ntsa yog nyob rau nruab nrab ib thiab ib nrab puas meters. Cov tuam tsev yog taw qhia nruj me ntsis rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj, thiab hnub so, lub teeb poob ncaj qha rau ntawm lub thaj tseem ceeb. Qee lub tuam tsev nyob hauv av.

Qhov qub tshaj plaws yog ob lub tuam tsev uas tsim lub chaw dawb huv ntawm Ggantiya ("Giant") ntawm cov kob ntawm Gozo. Tso rau ntawm ib lub toj siab 115 meters siab, lawv tau pom meej los ntawm qhov deb. Ob lub tuam tsev nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ib phab ntsa.

Lub tuam tsev qub ("sab qab teb") muaj tsib lub voj voog apses, uas nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tshav puam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug trefoil. Nyob rau hauv ib co apses ntawm lub tuam tsev "sab qab teb" thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov apses ntawm lub "sab qaum teb" lub tuam tsev, koj tseem tuaj yeem pom qhov twg lub thaj. Qhov siab ntawm cov phab ntsa sab nrauv hauv qee qhov chaw nce mus txog 6 meters, thiab qhov loj ntawm qee qhov limestone squares tshaj 50 tons.

Cov lumps yog tuav ua ke nrog ib hom mortar. Cov kab ntawm cov xim liab kuj tau khaws cia. Nyob rau hauv cov feem ntau ancient cults, tej yam yees siv hwj chim yog ntaus nqi rau cov xim no; nws tuaj yeem hais txog kev yug dua tshiab, rov qab mus rau txoj sia. Ib feem ntawm ib tug poj niam pej thuam txog 2.5 meters siab kuj tau pom ntawm no. Qhov no tsuas yog cov duab puab loj uas pom nyob rau hauv Maltese archipelago.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho lwm cov tuam tsev thaum ub, tsuas yog cov duab me me uas muaj qhov siab tsis tshaj 10-20 centimeters. Raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb, Ggantija yog ib hom "Vatican" ntawm Neolithic era - qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho sab ntsuj plig thiab lub neej ntawm lub neej ntawm Maltese kev vam meej. Thaj, lub sanctuary yog ib zaug them nrog lub vault, tab sis nws cov seem tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob. Cov tuam tsev tau tsim tsa rau ntawm cov kob ntawm Malta raws li txoj kev npaj zoo sib xws.

Peb paub me ntsis txog cov neeg uas tsim cov kab lis kev cai megalithic no. Peb tsis paub tias lawv yog leej twg, lawv pe hawm dab tsi, kev ua koob tsheej dab tsi tau ua nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm cov sanctuaries. Cov kws tshaj lij feem ntau ntseeg tias cov tuam tsev hauv zos no tau muab siab rau tus vajtswv poj niam, uas nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm hu ua "Magna Mater" - Great Niam. Archaeological pom kuj txhawb qhov kev xav no.

Nyob rau hauv 1914, thaum lub sij hawm plowing, pob zeb ntawm Tarshin sanctuary tau yuam kev nrhiav pom, uas tau ntev tau muab zais rau hauv av. Tus thawj coj ntawm National Tsev khaws puav pheej Themistocles Zammit, tom qab kev tshawb fawb cursory ntawm cheeb tsam, txiav txim siab pib excavations. Rau rau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, plaub lub tuam tsev sib txuas tau pom ntawm no, nrog rau ntau cov duab kos duab, suav nrog ob lub duab puab ib nrab ntawm FatLadys, "The Maltese Venuses".

Cov slabs ntawm lub tuam tsev yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog reliefs depicting npua, nyuj, tshis, framed nrog abstract qauv, xws li spirals. Cov spirals tau ntseeg los ua lub cim rau txhua qhov pom qhov muag ntawm Leej Niam. Excavations tau qhia tias tsiaj txhu tau txi ntawm no.

Qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov sanctuaries tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm 3250 BC. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev complex, uas nyob ib ncig ntawm 10 txhiab square meters, blocks ntawm limestone tau siv, hnyav txog li 20 tons. Lawv tau tsiv nrog kev pab ntawm cov pob zeb - zoo li cov uas pom nyob ib sab ntawm lub tuam tsev.

Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj sab hnub tuaj ntawm Valletta yog Hal-Saflieni underground sanctuary (3800-2500 BC). Nyob rau hauv 1902, "txiv ntawm Maltese archaeology", lub Jesuit Emmanuel Magri, pib excavations ntawm no, thiab lawv txuas ntxiv tom qab nws tuag, Themistocles Zammit. Tsis ntev los no, cov catacombs loj heev tau pom, uas cov seem ntawm ntau dua 7,000 tus neeg tau so ntawm ntau theem.

Hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm lub vaults ntawm catacombs, ornaments tshwm sim, feem ntau spirals, xim nrog xim liab. Tam sim no nws paub tias qhov chaw no tau ua haujlwm ua ob qho tib si necropolis thiab lub tuam tsev. Tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm lub excavated sanctuary yog hais txog 500 square meters. Tab sis tej zaum cov catacombs stretch qab tag nrho lub peev ntawm Malta, Valletta.

Qhov no tsuas yog ib qho kev khaws cia tag nrho Neolithic sanctuary. Peb tsuas tuaj yeem twv seb hom scenes twg tau ua tawm hauv cov chav no. Tej zaum kev txi ntshav tau ua ntawm no? Koj puas tau nug lub oracle? Sib txuas lus nrog cov dab ntawm lub ntiajteb sab hauv? Puas yog lawv thov kom cov neeg tuag los pab lawv thaum muaj cua daj cua dub? Lossis tsa cov ntxhais hluas ua pov thawj ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev xeeb tub?

Los yog ntawm no, nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm kev tuag, lawv kho cov neeg mob los ntawm cov kab mob thiab, raws li ib tug token ntawm kev ris txiaj, lawv tau tso cov mlom rau tus vajtswv poj niam? Los yog nws tag nrho txwv rau kev pam tuag rituals? Los ntawm cov rituals ua rau lub cev ntawm cov neeg tuag? Los yog tej zaum txhua yam yog ntau prosaic thiab ntawm no, nyob rau hauv ib tug underground cache, lawv sau cov nplej sau nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam?

Ntawm ntau txhiab leej pom ntawm no - tsis yog noob, cov duab puab - Tus Poj Niam Pw Tsaug Zog, "Pleeping Lady" reminiscent ntawm ib tug giantess, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo. Nws so ntawm lub couch, xis tig ntawm nws sab. Nws muab nws sab tes xis rau hauv qab nws lub taub hau, nias nws sab laug kom nruj rau hauv siab.

Nws daim tiab, khawm lub duav loj, heaves zoo li lub tswb; taw peek tawm ntawm hauv qab nws. Tam sim no cov duab no, 12 cm siab, yog khaws cia hauv Archaeological Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Malta.

Qhov no thiab lwm yam kev tshawb pom pom tau hais tias 5000 xyoo dhau los muaj kev sib haum xeeb hauv Malta, thiab cov poj niam uas muaj koob muaj npe - cov kws tshaj lij, cov pov thawj, thiab lwm yam tau muab faus rau hauv av necropolis. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev txhais lus no muaj teeb meem.

Qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg mob nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau nrhiav tau seb cov figurines no sawv cev rau txiv neej los yog poj niam. Cov duab zoo sib xws tau pom thaum khawb ntawm Neolithic kev nyob hauv Anatolia thiab Thessaly. Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm txoj kev, ib pawg sculptural tau pom, uas tau txais lub npe "Lub Tsev Neeg Dawb Huv": ib tug txiv neej, ib tug poj niam thiab ib tug me nyuam yog sawv cev ntawm no.

Kev tsim kho ntawm cov tuam tsev tau tso tseg nyob ib ncig ntawm 2500 BC. Tej zaum qhov ua rau tuag ntawm megalithic kev vam meej ntawm Malta yog lub caij ntuj qhuav qhuav los yog depletion ntawm arable av. Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua III, cov pab pawg neeg sib ntaus sib tua, ua rog nrog cov riam phom muaj zog tshaj plaws, tau tawm tsam Malta.

Lawv tau kov yeej cov kev zoo siab no "cov kob ntawm cov neeg txawj khawv koob zoo, cov kws kho mob thiab cov neeg pom," raws li ib tus kws sau keeb kwm hais txog Ancient Malta. Ib kab lis kev cai uas vam meej rau ntau centuries raug puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv ib qho instant.

Archaeologists tseem tsis tau nthuav tawm ntau yam ntawm nws cov secrets. Tej zaum cov tib neeg yeej tsis tau nyob hauv lub archipelago? Lawv caij nkoj ntawm no los ntawm cov av loj los ua kev cai dab qhuas hauv cov tuam tsev lossis mus faus cov neeg tuag ntawm no, thiab tom qab ntawd tawm ntawm "kos ntawm cov vajtswv"? Tej zaum Malta thiab Gozo yog ib yam zoo li lub nroog dawb huv ntawm cov neeg ntawm Neolithic era?