Piri Reis Daim Ntawv Qhia Tsis Paub

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub xyoo yog 1929. Nyob rau hauv Istanbul Topkapi Palace ("Topkapi Sarayi"), ib feem ntawm ib tug tej yam nautical daim ntawv tau pom, tua ntawm parchment ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm ib tug gazelle. Nws yog ua tib zoo kawm thiab ntaus nqi mus rau lub eminent Turkish admiral Haji Muhiddin Piri ibn Haji Mehmed (Piri Reisu), yos rov qab mus rau 1513.

Cov neeg ncig tebchaws hla Dardanelles hauv thaj av Canakkale feem ntau yog li ntawd los ntawm cov dab neeg hais txog cov tub rog ntawm Xerxes thiab Alexander lub Great, uas hla lub Dardanelles ntau pua xyoo dhau los, uas lawv tsis quav ntsej txog qhov kev sib tsoo me me nyob rau sab Europe ntawm lub strait tom ntej. mus rau txoj kev hla. Tsawg tus neeg paub tias qhov kos npe qis qis "Piri Reis" nyob rau hauv lub bust txuas rau qhov chaw no nrog ib qho ntawm cov keeb kwm kev paub tsis meej tshaj plaws.

Daim ntawv qhia tej zaum yuav tsis muaj kev txaus siab ntau yog tias tsis yog rau cov duab ntawm ob lub tebchaws Amelikas ntawm nws (ib qho ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm) thiab kos npe ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm Turkish Piri Reis. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1920, nyob rau hauv lub wake ntawm lub teb chaws upsurge, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov Turks hais txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub Turkish cartographer nyob rau hauv tsim ib tug ntawm cov ntxov maps ntawm America. Lawv pib kawm daim ntawv qhia ze, nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm nws cov creation. Thiab qhov no yog qhov tau paub.

Nyob rau hauv 1513, tus admiral ntawm lub Turkish fleet, Piri Reis, ua tiav cov hauj lwm ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no rau nws thaj chaw atlas Bahriye. Nws tus kheej tsis tau mus ncig ntau, tab sis thaum ua ib daim ntawv qhia, nws siv txog 20 daim duab kos duab. Ntawm cov no, yim daim ntawv qhia yog nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm Ptolemy, ib co koom rau Alexander lub Great, thiab ib tug, raws li Piri Reis sau nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Seven Seas", "tsis ntev los no tau sau los ntawm ib tug tsis ncaj ncees lawm lub npe hu ua Colombo." Thiab tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj hais tias: “Ib tug tsis ncaj ncees lub npe hu ua Colombo, Genoese, nrhiav tau thaj av no. Nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm lub npe hu ua Colombo, ib phau ntawv poob rau hauv uas nws nyeem hais tias ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej sab hnub poob, nyob deb ntawm sab hnub poob, muaj shores thiab Islands tuaj. Txhua yam hlau thiab pob zeb muaj nuj nqis tau pom muaj nyob ntawd. Cov uas tau hais los saum no Colombo tau kawm phau ntawv no ntev heev… Colombo kuj kawm txog kev mob siab rau ntawm cov neeg ib txwm muaj rau iav hniav nyiaj hniav kub los ntawm phau ntawv no thiab coj lawv nrog nws mus pauv cov kub."

Cia peb tawm ntawm Columbus thiab nws phau ntawv tsis meej rau tam sim no, txawm hais tias qhov qhia ncaj qha tias nws paub qhov twg nws caij nkoj yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis yog phau ntawv no lossis daim ntawv qhia ntawm Columbus tuaj txog peb. Tab sis ob peb nplooj ntawv ntawm daim ntawv qhia los ntawm atlas "Bahriye" miraculously ciaj sia thiab nyob rau hauv 1811 tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tsis tau muab qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1956, thaum tus tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm Turkish pub daim duab qhia chaw rau US Naval Hydrographic Office, uas US cov tub rog cartographers tau tshawb fawb kom paub meej lossis tsis lees paub qhov zoo li tsis yooj yim sua: daim ntawv qhia qhia txog ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Antarctica - 300 xyoo ua ntej nws nrhiav pom!

Yog li daim ntawv qhia Piri Reis pib qhia nws cov lus zais. Nov yog ob peb tug xwb.

Naval Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Hauv Memorial Hall muaj plaques nrog cov npe ntawm cov neeg raug tua nyob rau hauv hiav txwv (hnub qub tshaj plaws yog 1319). Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv sau tsis tshua muaj ntawm cov ntawv qub navigational, thiab cov ntawv luam ntawm lawv tuaj yeem yuav ntawm lub khw muag khoom plig. Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog txoj kev npaj ntawm Admiral Piri Reis (1517)

Antarctica raws li lub teb chaws tau pom nyob rau hauv 1818, tab sis ntau tus kws sau ntawv, suav nrog Gerard Mercator, ntseeg tias muaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob thiab tau teeb tsa nws cov phiaj xwm hauv lawv daim duab qhia chaw. Daim ntawv qhia Piri Reis, raws li twb tau hais lawm, qhia txog ntug hiav txwv ntawm Antarctica nrog qhov tseeb siab - 300 xyoo ua ntej nws nrhiav pom!

Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov paub tsis meej loj tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li ob peb daim ntawv qhia qub tau paub, suav nrog Mercator daim ntawv qhia, uas, raws li nws tau muab tawm, Antarctica tau piav qhia, thiab raug heev. Yav dhau los, qhov no tsuas yog tsis tau them sai sai rau, vim hais tias "qhov tshwm sim" ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm daim ntawv qhia tuaj yeem cuam tshuam loj heev nyob ntawm cov duab kos duab siv: nws tsis yooj yim rau qhov project saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau lub dav hlau. Qhov tseeb tias ntau daim duab qhia hnub qub rov tsim dua tshiab nrog qhov tseeb tsis yog Antarctica nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lwm lub tebchaws, tau paub tom qab kev suav ua nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, suav nrog ntau yam kev kwv yees siv los ntawm cov qub cartographers.

Tab sis qhov tseeb tias Piri Reis daim ntawv qhia qhia lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Antarctica, tseem tsis tau npog nrog dej khov, yog qhov nyuaj rau kev nkag siab! Tom qab tag nrho, niaj hnub zoo li ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj yog teeb tsa los ntawm cov dej khov muaj zog uas txuas mus deb dhau ntawm thaj av tiag. Nws hloov tawm tias Piri Reis siv cov peev txheej uas tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg uas pom Antarctica ua ntej glaciation? Tab sis qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, txij li cov neeg no yuav tsum tau nyob ntau lab xyoo dhau los!

Tsuas yog qhov kev piav qhia rau qhov tseeb tau lees paub los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no yog txoj kev xav ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb tus ncej, raws li qhov kev hloov pauv zaum kawg tuaj yeem tshwm sim txog 6,000 xyoo dhau los, thiab nws yog thaum ntawd Antarctica pib npog nrog dej khov dua.. Qhov ntawd yog, peb tab tom tham txog cov navigators uas nyob 6,000 xyoo dhau los thiab ua daim ntawv qhia, raws li qhov twg (raws li hauv Piri Reis daim ntawv qhia) cov niaj hnub no tau ua kom zoo dua? Zoo kawg…

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 6, 1960, Tebchaws Asmeskas Tub Rog Tub Rog tau teb rau xibfwb Charles Hapgood ntawm Keene College hauv kev teb rau nws qhov kev thov rau kev kwv yees ntawm Piri Reis daim ntawv qhia qub:

Lub Xya Hli 6, 1960

Ntsiab lus: Daim ntawv qhia ntawm Admiral Piri Reis

Rau: xibfwb Charles Hapgood

Kiin College

Keene, New Hampshire Asmeskas

Kev tshawb fawb thoob plaws lub sijhawm no tau hais tias lub kaus mom dej khov ntawm Antarctica yog ib lab xyoo. Daim ntawv qhia qhia sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws no tsis muaj dej khov. Ces daim ntawv qhia yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog ib lab xyoo, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua, vim hais tias Tib neeg tseem tsis tau muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb ceev faj ntxiv qhia txog hnub kawg ntawm lub sijhawm dej khov kawg: 6,000 xyoo dhau los. Muaj kev sib cav txog hnub pib ntawm lub sijhawm no, txij li 13,000 txog 9,000 xyoo dhau los. Lo lus nug loj yog, leej twg tau kos duab huab tais Maud Av 6,000 xyoo dhau los? Dab tsi tsis paub txog kev vam meej muaj qhov thev naus laus zis no?

Raws li cov kev xav ib txwm muaj, thawj kev vam meej tau tsim 5,000 dhau los hauv Mesopotamia, thiab tsis ntev los no los ntawm Khab thiab Suav. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj ib qho kev vam meej tuaj yeem ua qhov no. Tab sis leej twg nyob 6,000 xyoo dhau los nrog cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no?

Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov kab kos tshwj xeeb nautical ("portolani") tau tshwm sim, uas txhua txoj kev hauv hiav txwv, shores, bays, straits, thiab lwm yam tau raug npaj kom raug. Ib daim duab qhia chaw no tau kos los ntawm Piri Reis. Tab sis ntawm qee qhov ntawm lawv, thaj av tsis paub tau pom, uas cov neeg tsav nkoj khaws cia hauv kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Nws ntseeg tau tias Columbus yog cov neeg tsav nkoj xaiv no.

Txhawm rau kos daim ntawv qhia, Reis siv ntau qhov chaw sau thaum nws mus ncig. Nws sau ntawv rau hauv daim ntawv qhia, uas peb tuaj yeem nkag siab tias nws ua haujlwm li cas. Nws sau tias nws tsis yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txawj ntse thiab daim ntawv qhia cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis tsuas yog rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua qhov chaw. Nws hais tias ib daim duab qhia chaw tau kos los ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj niaj hnub Reisu, thiab lwm tus nyob rau xyoo pua 4 BC. los yog ua ntej.

Dr. Charles Hapgood, nyob rau hauv lub foreword rau nws phau ntawv Maps ntawm Ancient Sea Kings (Turnstone phau ntawv, London, 1979), sau:

Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov ntaub ntawv tau kis tau zoo heev ntawm tib neeg. Keeb kwm ntawm daim npav tsis paub; Tej zaum lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov Minoans lossis Phoenicians, uas rau ntau txhiab xyoo yog cov neeg tsav nkoj zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg. Peb muaj pov thawj tias lawv tau sau thiab kawm lub tsev qiv ntawv zoo ntawm Alexandria hauv tebchaws Iziv, thiab lawv txoj kev paub tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub sijhawm ntawd.

Piri Reis tej zaum yuav tau txais qee daim ntawv qhia los ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Alexandria, qhov chaw paub zoo thiab tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub los ntawm lub sijhawm qub. Raws li Hapgood qhov kev tsim kho dua tshiab, cov ntawv theej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no thiab qee qhov chaw tau raug xa mus rau lwm lub chaw kab lis kev cai, suav nrog. thiab rau Constantinople. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1204 (xyoo ntawm 4th Crusade), thaum Venetians nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog, cov ntawv teev lus pib mus ncig ntawm European sailors.

Hapgood txuas ntxiv mus:

Feem ntau ntawm cov duab qhia chaw no yog rau Mediterranean thiab Dub Seas. Tab sis cov duab qhia chaw ntawm lwm thaj chaw kuj tseem muaj sia nyob: ob qho tib si Asmeskas, Arctic thiab Antarctic. Nws tau pom tseeb tias cov neeg laus tuaj yeem ua luam dej ntawm tus ncej mus rau tus ncej. Nws yuav zoo li tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis cov pov thawj tau lees tias qee cov neeg tshawb nrhiav thaum ub tau kawm Antarctica ua ntej nws tau npog nrog dej khov, thiab lawv muaj cov cuab yeej navigational tseeb rau kev txiav txim siab ntev, siab dua li cov neeg tshawb nrhiav qub, medieval thiab niaj hnub no. ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. […]

Cov pov thawj ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thaum ub no yuav txhawb nqa thiab ua tiav ntau lwm qhov kev xav txog kev ploj kev vam meej. Cov kws tshawb fawb txog tam sim no tau tswj xyuas qhov feem ntau ntawm cov kev xav no, hu rau lawv cov dab neeg, tab sis cov pov thawj no tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab. Nws kuj yuav tsum muaj kev pom dav dav ntawm txhua nqe lus dhau los."

Daim ntawv qhia khi rau Cairo

Interestingly, Piri Reis daim ntawv qhia kuj muab cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm qhov twg cov neeg caij nkoj thaum ub nyob. (Lossis tsis yog seafarers, yog tias lawv siv lwm txoj kev thauj mus los?) Qhov tseeb yog tias tus kws tshaj lij cartographer, kawm daim ntawv qhia qub thiab tshawb xyuas nrog cov niaj hnub no, tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb hom phiaj xwm tus tsim daim ntawv qhia siv. Thiab thaum Piri Reis daim duab qhia tau muab piv nrog cov niaj hnub no, kos nyob rau hauv lub polar vaj huam sib luag projection, lawv pom lawv yuav luag tag zoo sib xws. Hauv particular, daim ntawv qhia ntawm tus neeg tsav dav hlau Turkish ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th rov hais dua daim ntawv qhia uas tau kos los ntawm US Air Force thaum lub sij hawm Great Patriotic War.

Tab sis daim ntawv qhia kos nyob rau hauv ib tug polar vaj huam sib luag projection yuav tsum muaj ib qho chaw. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm American daim ntawv qhia, nws yog Cairo, qhov twg Asmeskas tub rog puag thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo. Thiab los ntawm qhov no, raws li Chicago tus kws tshawb fawb Charles Hapgood, uas tau kawm tag nrho Piri Reis daim ntawv qhia, qhia, nws ncaj qha ua raws li qhov nruab nrab ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub qub, uas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas daim ntawv qhia, nyob rau hauv raws nraim nyob rau hauv Cairo, los yog. nws ib puag ncig. Ntawd yog, cov neeg sau ntawv thaum ub yog cov neeg Iyiv uas nyob hauv Memphis, lossis lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv qub, uas ua rau qhov chaw no yog qhov taw qhia.

Tab sis lawv yog leej twg, lawv txawj txawj ntse lawv cov khoom siv tes ua. Sai li cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib kawm txog cov seem ntawm Turkish Adminal daim ntawv qhia uas tau nqis los rau peb, lawv tau ntsib nrog cov lus nug ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm nws qhov chaw qub. Daim ntawv qhia Piri Reis yog lub npe hu ua portolan, daim ntawv qhia nautical uas tso cai rau koj los tsim "kab ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj", uas yog, taug kev ntawm cov nroog chaw nres nkoj.

Nyob rau hauv lub 15th - 16th centuries, xws li daim ntawv qhia muaj ntau zoo meej tshaj daim ntawv qhia txog av, tab sis, raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov thawj kws tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, AE Nordenskjold, lawv tsis tau tsim. Ntawd yog, daim duab qhia ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th yog qhov zoo ib yam li daim npav ntawm xyoo pua 14th. Qhov no, los ntawm nws qhov kev xav, qhia tau hais tias cov txuj ci ntawm cov neeg kos duab tsis tau txais, tab sis qiv, uas yog, hauv lwm lo lus, lawv tsuas yog redrawn qub maps, uas yog ntuj nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej.

Tab sis dab tsi tsis haum rau hauv kuv lub taub hau yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev tsim kho thiab cov cuab yeej siv lej, yam tsis muaj cov kev tsim kho no tsuas yog ua tsis tau. Nov yog ob peb qhov tseeb xwb.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias los tsim ib daim ntawv qhia thaj chaw, uas yog, los tso saib ib tug kheej kheej ntawm ib lub dav hlau, nws yog tsim nyog los paub qhov ntev ntawm lub sphere, uas yog, lub ntiaj teb. Eratosthenes muaj peev xwm ntsuas qhov ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, tab sis nws ua nws nrog ib tug loj yuam kev. Txog rau xyoo pua 15th, tsis muaj leej twg teev cov ntaub ntawv no. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom ntawm Peary daim ntawv qhia qhia tias qhov ntev ntawm lub ntiaj teb raug coj mus rau hauv tus account yam tsis muaj qhov yuam kev, uas yog, cov compilers ntawm daim ntawv qhia muaj cov ntaub ntawv raug ntau ntxiv txog peb lub ntiaj teb (tsis hais txog qhov tseeb. lawv sawv cev nws li pob).

Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm daim ntawv qhia Turkish kuj tau pom zoo tias cov compilers ntawm lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tsis paub meej muaj trigonometry (Daim ntawv qhia Reis yog kos siv dav hlau geometry, qhov twg latitudes thiab longitudes nyob rau ntawm txoj cai kaum. Tab sis nws tau theej los ntawm daim ntawv qhia nrog spherical trigonometry! Cov kws kos duab thaum ub tsis tsuas paub tias lub ntiaj teb yog pob, tab sis kuj suav qhov ntev ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab nrog qhov tseeb ntawm 100 km!) Thiab cov duab kos duab uas tsis paub txog Eratosthenes lossis txawm Ptolemy, thiab lawv tuaj yeem siv theoretically siv thaum ub. maps khaws cia hauv Library of Alexandria … Ntawd yog, thawj qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv qhia yog qhov tseeb dua qub.

Xyoo 1953, ib tug tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm Turkish xa daim ntawv qhia Piri Reis mus rau US Navy's Hydrographic Bureau rau kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm Chief Engineer M. Walters, uas tau hu rau hauv Arlington Mallary, ib tug saib xyuas daim ntawv qhia hnub qub uas nws tau ua haujlwm yav dhau los. Tom qab kev kawm ntev, Mallary pom daim duab qhia kev pom. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm daim ntawv qhia, nws tau npaj ib daim phiaj ntawm daim ntawv qhia, thiab tom qab ntawd xa mus rau lub ntiaj teb: daim ntawv qhia muaj tseeb tiag. Mallary sib cav tias kev yees duab dav hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov tseeb. Tab sis leej twg muaj dav hlau 6,000 xyoo dhau los?

Lub chaw lis dej num hydrographic tsis ntseeg lawv ob lub qhov muag: daim ntawv qhia ua kom raug ntau dua li cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub, yog li lawv tseem yuav tsum tau kho! Qhov tseeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov ntev ntawm kev sib koom ua ke tau qhia tias spheroid trigonometry tau siv ntawm no, tsis paub meej txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.

Hapgood ua pov thawj tias daim ntawv qhia Reis yog kos siv dav hlau geometry, qhov twg latitudes thiab longitudes nyob rau ntawm txoj cai kaum. Tab sis nws tau theej los ntawm daim ntawv qhia nrog spherical trigonometry! Ancient cartographers tsis tau tsuas yog paub tias lub ntiaj teb yog ib lub pob, tab sis kuj xam qhov ntev ntawm lub equator nrog qhov tseeb ntawm txog 100 km!

Hapgood tau xa nws cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov ntawv qub qub (thiab Reis daim ntawv qhia tsis yog tib qho) rau Richard Strachan ntawm Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Hapgood xav paub meej txog qib ntawm kev paub lej uas xav tau los tsim cov duab qhia chaw. Xyoo 1965, Strachen teb tias qib yuav tsum siab heev: siv spheroid geometry, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm curvature ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab txoj kev projection.

Saib ntawm Piri Reis daim ntawv qhia nrog kev sib piv thiab meridians:

Qhov tseeb ntawm daim duab qhia ntawm poj huab tais Maud Av, ntug hiav txwv dej, toj siab, suab puam, bays tau lees paub los ntawm Swedish-British Antarctic Expedition hauv 1949 (raws li Olmeyer tau hais hauv tsab ntawv rau Hapgood). Cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv lub suab nrov thiab lub suab nrov los txiav txim siab txog kev nyem hauv qab dej khov li 1.5 km tuab.

Xyoo 1953, Hapgood tau sau phau ntawv The Earth's Shifting Crust: A Key to Some Basic Problems of Earth Sciences, qhov uas nws tau npaj ib txoj kev xav los piav qhia tias Antarctica tuaj yeem muaj dej khov ua ntej 4000 BC. (saib Bibliography). Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev xav yog raws li nram no:

Antarctica tsis muaj dej khov (thiab yog li ntawd sov dua) vim qhov tseeb tias nws ib zaug tsis nyob hauv South Pole cheeb tsam, tab sis txog 3,000 km sab qaum teb, uas, raws li Hapgood, "yuav txhais nws sab nraum Arctic Circle, thiab sov dua. huab cua."

Qhov kev hloov ntawm lub teb chaws mus rau sab qab teb mus rau nws txoj hauj lwm tam sim no tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust (tsis yog yuav tsum tsis meej pem nrog continental drift thiab phaj tectonics). Cov txheej txheem no piav qhia yuav ua li cas "tag nrho lithosphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb muaj peev xwm qee zaum hloov mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, ib yam li tag nrho cov txiv kab ntxwv tev txav mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov tawv nqaij thaum nws poob kev sib cuag nrog nws." (Sau los ntawm Hapgood's Maps of Ancient Sea Kings, saib Phau Ntawv Qhia kom paub meej).

Qhov kev xav no tau xa mus rau Albert Einstein, uas tau muab nws cov lus pom zoo heev. Thiab txawm hais tias geologists tsis lees txais lub tswv yim, Einstein tau qhib ntau dua rau Hapgood cov lus zoo li no: "Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam polar, muaj ib qho monolithic deposit ntawm dej khov, asymmetrically nyob txheeb ze ntawm tus ncej. Kev sib hloov ntawm lub ntiaj teb cuam tshuam rau cov huab hwm coj no, tsim lub sijhawm centrifugal uas kis mus rau lub ntiaj teb tawv tawv. Lub sij hawm tas li nce nyob rau hauv txoj kev no yuav hloov lub crust hla tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum nws mus txog ib tug tej yam quab yuam."(Einstein's Foreword to the book "The Shifting Crust of the Earth…", ib feem.)

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias Hapgood txoj kev xav yog qhov tseeb, qhov tsis meej tseem nyob. Daim ntawv qhia Piri Reis yuav tsum tsis muaj nyob. Nws tsis tuaj yeem yog tias ntev dhau los ib tus neeg muaj peev xwm kos tau ib daim ntawv qhia tseeb. Thawj lub cuab yeej rau kev xam cov longitude nrog qhov tsim nyog precision tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1761 los ntawm John Harrison. Ua ntej ntawd, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los xam cov longitude kom raug: qhov yuam kev yog ntau pua kilometers. Thiab daim ntawv qhia Reis yog ib qho ntawm ntau qhov uas qhia txog thaj av uas tsis paub, kev paub tsis yooj yim, thiab qhov raug zoo heev uas ua rau xav tsis thoob txawm hnub no.

Reis tau qhia tias nws tau ua raws li daim duab qhia thaum ub, uas, dhau los, kuj tau theej los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub qub thiab tseem muaj tseeb dua. Piv txwv li, daim ntawv qhia "Portolano" Dulcert, kos los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv 1339, qhia lub meej longitudes ntawm teb chaws Europe thiab North. Teb chaws Africa, thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm Mediterranean thiab Black Seas yog npaj nrog qhov tseeb ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib qib. Ib qho kev xav tsis thoob ntxiv yog Zeno daim ntawv qhia los ntawm 1380. Nws npog thaj tsam kom deb li deb ntawm Greenland, thiab nws qhov tseeb yog amazing. Hapgood sau tias: "Nws tsis yooj yim rau leej twg hauv lub xyoo pua 14th kom paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov chaw no." Lwm daim ntawv qhia kev tawm tsam yog Turk Haji Ahmed (1559), uas qhia tau hais tias ib daim kab xev ntawm kwv yees. 1600 km ntev txuas Alaska thiab Siberia. Lub isthmus tam sim no yog them nrog dej vim lub hnub nyoog Ice, uas tsa cov dej hauv dej hiav txwv.

Oronteus Fineus yog lwm tus txiv neej uas kos daim duab qhia nrog qhov tseeb tsis txaus ntseeg hauv xyoo 1532. Nws Antarctica kuj tsis muaj dej khov. Muaj cov duab qhia chaw ntawm Greenland ua ob lub tebchaws sib cais, uas tau lees paub los ntawm Fabkis txoj kev ntoj ke mus kawm, uas pom tias lub hau dej khov npog ob lub tebchaws sib cais.

Raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, ntau daim duab qhia txog keeb kwm yav dhau los npog yuav luag tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Lawv zoo li yog ib feem ntawm daim ntawv qhia qub ntawm lub ntiaj teb, ua los ntawm cov neeg tsis paub nrog kev pab los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tau tshawb pom tsuas yog niaj hnub no. Thaum cov neeg tseem ceeb xav tias nyob hauv txoj kev qub, ib tug neeg "muab rau hauv ntawv" tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Thiab qhov kev paub zoo li no tau poob rau hauv daim, tam sim no tau sau los ntawm ntau tus neeg uas tau poob qhov kev paub no thiab tsuas yog luam tawm qhov lawv pom hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv, bazaars thiab txhua yam ntawm lwm qhov chaw.

Hapgood tau coj nws ib kauj ruam ntxiv los ntawm kev tshawb pom ib daim ntawv cartographic uas luam ib daim ntawv qhia Suav laus ntawm xyoo 1137 thiab kos rau ntawm tus ncej zeb. Nws tau qhia tib theem siab ntawm kev siv tshuab, tib txoj kev sib tsoo thiab tib cov txheej txheem spheroid geometry. Nws sib koom ntau qhov sib xws nrog Western maps uas nws tuaj yeem xav tias lawv muaj qhov sib xws. Nws puas tuaj yeem yog kev ploj kev vam meej uas muaj ntau txhiab xyoo ua ntej?

Daim ntawv qhia qhia ob lub tebchaws Asmeskas

Daim ntawv qhia Piri Reis yog ib qho ntawm thawj zaug qhia ob lub tebchaws Asmeskas. Nws tau muab tso ua ke 21 xyoo tom qab lub voyage ntawm Columbus thiab "tsim" discovery ntawm America. Thiab tsis yog tsuas yog lub ntug hiav txwv tiag tiag yog cim rau ntawm nws, tab sis kuj yog cov dej ntws, thiab txawm tias Andes. Thiab qhov no txawm hais tias Columbus nws tus kheej tsis tau kos npe rau Asmeskas, tsuas yog caij nkoj mus rau Caribbean Islands tuaj!

Lub qhov ncauj ntawm qee tus dej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Orinoco, tau qhia rau ntawm Piri Reis daim ntawv qhia nrog "yuam kev": tus dej deltas tsis qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no hais tsis yog qhov yuam kev, tab sis ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov deltas uas tshwm sim dhau sijhawm, ib yam li cov Tigris thiab Euphrates hauv Mesopotamia hauv 3500 xyoo dhau los.

Columbus paub qhov twg nws caij nkoj

Piri Reis tau thov tias Columbus paub zoo qhov twg nws caij nkoj, ua tsaug rau phau ntawv uas poob rau hauv nws txhais tes. Qhov tseeb tias Columbus tus poj niam yog tus ntxhais ntawm Grand Master ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Knights Templar, uas twb tau hloov nws lub npe los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov phau ntawv qub thiab cov duab qhia chaw, qhia txog txoj hauv kev tau txais cov phau ntawv tsis meej (Txog rau hnub tim, ntau tau sau txog Templar fleet thiab qhov muaj feem ntau ntawm lawv cov voyages mus rau America).

Muaj ntau qhov tseeb tsis ncaj qha lees paub tias Columbus muaj ib qho ntawm cov duab qhia chaw uas tau ua lub hauv paus rau Piri Reis daim ntawv qhia. Piv txwv li, Columbus tsis nres nkoj thaum hmo ntuj, raws li kev cai rau kev ntshai poob rau hauv reefs nyob rau hauv cov dej tsis paub, tab sis mus nyob rau hauv tag nrho sail, zoo li yog paub tseeb tias yuav tsis muaj obstacles. Thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov tshwm sim ntawm cov nkoj vim qhov tseeb tias thaj av tau cog lus tsis tau pom, nws tau tswj xyuas kom cov neeg tsav nkoj hla dhau 1000 mais thiab tsis yuam kev - raws nraim 1000 mais tom qab lub ntug dej hiav txwv tos ntev tau tshwm sim. Columbus tab tom nqa ib qho khoom siv iav hniav nyiaj hniav kub, vam tias yuav pauv lawv rau kub los ntawm Khab Khaub Ncaws, raws li pom zoo hauv nws phau ntawv. Thaum kawg, txhua lub nkoj muaj ib pob ntawv kaw nrog cov lus qhia yuav ua li cas yog tias cov nkoj tsis pom ib leeg thaum muaj cua daj cua dub. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, tus discoverer ntawm America paub zoo tias nws tsis yog thawj.

Daim ntawv qhia Piri Reis tsis yog tib qho xwb

Thiab daim ntawv qhia ntawm tus neeg tsav dav hlau Turkish, qhov chaw uas tseem yog daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Columbus, tsis yog ib qho ntawm nws hom. Yog tias koj tau teeb tsa koj tus kheej lub hom phiaj, raws li Charles Hapgood tau ua, los sib piv cov duab ntawm Antarctica ntawm ob peb daim duab qhia chaw ua ntej nws qhov "official" discovery, ces yuav tsis muaj kev xyiv fab txog lawv qhov chaw nyob. Hapgood meticulously piv cov duab qhia chaw ntawm Piri, Aranteus Finaus, Haji Ahmed thiab Mercator, tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv thiab ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm ib leeg, thiab txiav txim siab tias lawv txhua tus siv tib yam tsis paub qhov chaw, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm piav txog lub teb chaws polar nrog kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. ntev ua ntej nws nrhiav pom.

Feem ntau, peb yuav tsis paub tseeb tias leej twg thiab thaum twg tsim qhov tseem ceeb no. Tab sis nws lub neej, convincingly proven los ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam ntawm lub Turkish admiral daim ntawv qhia, ua tim khawv rau lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug tej yam ancient civilization nrog ib theem ntawm kev txawj ntse piv rau niaj hnub ib, yam tsawg kawg nkaus nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm geography (piri daim ntawv qhia, raws li twb tau hais. tau hais, ua kom nws muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia qee cov duab qhia niaj hnub). Thiab qhov no ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg txog qhov kev xav ntawm qhov kev ua tiav ntawm cov kab ke ntawm tib neeg hauv kev dav dav thiab kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb. Ib tug tau txais kev xav tias qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm xwm, zoo li yog ua raws li kev cai lij choj tsis paub, ntawm ib theem yuav muaj rau noob neej, thiaj li yuav ploj mus thiab … rov qab los thaum lub sijhawm los txog. Thiab leej twg paub muaj pes tsawg qhov kev tshawb pom tom ntej yuav zais?

Daim ntawv qhia Piri Reis feem ntau ua pov thawj tias muaj ib qho kev vam meej tshaj plaws uas peb tam sim no nyuam qhuav pib kawm txog. Cov neeg paub txog kev vam meej tshaj plaws, Sumerian los ntawm Mesopotamia, tau tshwm sim zoo li tsis muaj nyob hauv 6,000 xyoo dhau los thiab tsis muaj kev paub txog kev caij nkoj hauv hiav txwv thiab kev taug kev. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv hais lus hwm lawv cov yawg koob Nephilim, uas lawv suav hais tias yog vajtswv.

Nov yog lub ntsiab tsis meej ntawm daim ntawv qhia: